LEVEL 3

Class N°1: Past Perfect Structure

USE 1: Completed Action Before Something in the Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. Examples:

- I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

- I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.

- Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Examples:

- We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.

- By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.

- They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for

more than forty years. Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs. IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect

Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary. Example:

- She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

MOREOVER If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct. Examples:

- She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

- She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

HOWEVER

If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used. Examples:

- She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct.

- She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples:

- You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.

- Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples:

- George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license. ACTIVE

- Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license. PASSIVE

Past Perfect Continuous

structure

USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past

We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past. Examples:

- They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.

- She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.

USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past

Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect. Examples:

- Jason was tired because he had been jogging.

- Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.

Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference. Examples:

- He was tired because he was exercising so hard. THIS SENTENCE EMPHASIZES THAT HE WAS TIRED BECAUSE HE WAS EXERCISING AT THAT EXACT MOMENT.

- He was tired because he had been exercising so hard. THIS SENTENCE EMPHASIZES THAT HE WAS TIRED BECAUSE HE HAD BEEN EXERCISING OVER A PERIOD OF TIME. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT HE WAS STILL EXERCISING AT THAT MOMENT OR THAT HE HAD JUST FINISHED.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non- continuous cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed –verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Past Perfect. Examples:

- The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought it. Not Correct

- The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples:

- You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived.

- Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples:

- Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. ACTIVE

- The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris. PASSIVE

NOTE: Passive forms of the Past Perfect Continuous are not common.

Activity N°1: Fill the gaps using Past perfect

1. She (never be) to the North Pole until 2002.

2. They (never fight) before they (move) together.

3. He (never break) anything before he (start) to crawl.

4. When we (arrive), we (discover) that the

bus (leave).

5. When I (call), she (go) to sleep.

6. Ashley t (never meet) him, so she (want) more details.

7. He (never kiss) a girl, so he (be) embarrassed.

8. Patrick (save) a lot of money before he (buy) the house.

9. They (go) some place, because they (be) not there when

I (arrive).

10. It (be) too late, because the car (sell) to someone else.

11. You said (say) you (be) to Turkey 5 times.

12. They (tell) us they (paint) the entire apartment.

13. The boss (tell) us he (hire) some new staff.

14. Jason and Amy (eat) before they (come) to see you.

15. I had (have) all the papers, but I (lose) them.

Activity N°2: Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect progressive).

1. We (sleep) for 12 hours when he woke us up.

2. They (wait) at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived.

3. We (look for) her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom.

4. I (not / walk) for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain.

5. How long (learn / she) English before she went to London?

6. Frank Sinatra caught the flu because he (sing) in the rain too long.

7. He (drive) less than an hour when he ran out of petrol.

8. They were very tired in the evening because they (help) on the farm all day.

9. I (not / work) all day; so I wasn't tired and went to the disco at night.

10. They (cycle) all day so their legs were sore in the evening. Activity N°3: Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets. Use the past perfect continuous or the past perfect.

1 When the student revolution came, I _____________________________________ there for 6 months. ( work )

2 Before Jim finally decided to go to Thailand, he _____________________________________ about it for months. ( think )

3 They _____________________________________ all the chocolate cake by the time Michael got to the party. ( eat )

4 I _____________________________________ Scarlett Johansson on three previous occasions. Lucky me! ( met )

5 The forensic evidence shows that he _____________________________________ his nose just before he was murdered. ( pick )

6 When the doctor told him his liver was seriously bad, he _____________________________________ hamburgers for a month. (eat )

7 Prior to the explosion, the fat man _____________________________________ seven large chocolate cakes. ( eat )

8 When they cancelled the flight to Alicante, the storm _____________________________________ all afternoon with no sign of abating. ( rage )

http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omlisten2/articles/longlife.htm http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-9553.php

Class N°2: PASSIVE VOICE

It is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. Example:

My bike was stolen. In this example, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it. Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows: Example:

A mistake was made. In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

ACTIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

- the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

- the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

- the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Tense Subject Verb Object

Simple Present Active: Rita Writes a letter.

Passive: A letter is written by Rita.

Present

continuous

Active: Rita Is writting A letter

Passive A letter Is being

written

by Rita

Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.

Passive: A letter was written by Rita.

Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.

Passive: A letter has been

written

by Rita.

Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.

Passive: A letter will be by Rita.

written

Modal Verb Active: Rita can write a letter.

Passive: A letter can be

written

by Rita.

Tense Subject Verb Object

Present

Progressive

Active: Rita is writing a letter.

Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.

Past Progressive Active: Rita was writing a letter.

Passive: A letter was being

written

by Rita.

Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.

Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.

Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.

Passive: A letter will have been

written

by Rita.

Conditional II Active: Rita would write a letter.

Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.

Conditional III Active: Rita would have

written

a letter.

Passive: A letter would have been

written

by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one

of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which

object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

Active: Rita Wrote a letter to me.

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes

the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object

(transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example:

They build houses.

Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal

passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the

passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you

need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal

Passive.

Example:

He says

It is said

Activity N°1: Put the following sentences into the passive voice or form.

1-.They make shoes in that factory.

Shoes ______________ in that factory.

2-.People must not leave bicycles in the driveway.

Bicycles ______________ in the driveway.

3-.They built that skyscraper in 1934.

That skyscraper _________________ in 1934.

4-.The students will finish the course by July.

The course_________________ by July.

5-.They are repairing the streets this month.

The streets_____________________ this month.

6-.They make these tools of plastic.

These tools ____________________ of plastic.

7-.They have finished the new product design.

The new product design ____________________ .

8-.They were cooking dinner when I arrived.

Dinner ____________________ when I arrived.

9-.Smithers painted 'Red Sunset' in 1986.

'Red Sunset' __________________in 1986 by Smithers.

10-.Did the plan interest you?

_____________________ in the plan?

11-.They had finished the preparations by the time the guests arrived.

The preparations _____________________ by the time the guests arrived.

12-.You should take care when working on electrical equipment.

Care _________________ when working on electrical equipment.

13-.They are going to perform Beethoven's Fifth Symphony next weekend.

Beethoven's Fifth Symphony ______________________ next weekend.

14-.Someone will speak Japanese at the meeting.

Japanese _______________________at the meeting.

15-.Karen is going to prepare the refreshments.

The refreshments____________________________ by Karen.

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive http://www.ego4u.com/en/read-on/animals/snowboarding?param=&mark=simpapassive http://www.aprenderinglesfacil.es/2009/03/ejercicios-passive-voice-to-active.html

Class N°3: Causative Verbs (Get and Have) We use the structure have/get something done when we want to say that we ask someone else to do something for us. Compare the sentences: - I fixed the washing machine. (I did it myself) - I had my washing machine fixed. (I asked someone to fix it for me) FORM

Tense have/get something done

Present Simple I have/get my hair cut.

Past Simple I had/got my hair cut.

Present Continuous I'm having/getting my hair cut.

Past Continuous I was having/getting my hair cut.

Present Perfect I have had my hair cut.

Past Perfect I had had my hair cut.

Will I will have my hair cut.

Must I must have my hair cut.

be going to I'm going to have my hair cut.

Causative verb: Have We use CAUSATIVE HAVE to show that you ask someone to do something.

Have + someone + infinitive (WITHOUT TO.)

Examples:

I had my sister do my exercises. They had their mothers pick them at school.

Causative verb: Get We use CAUSATIVE GET to show the idea that someone convinces another person to do something.

Get + someone + infinitive (WITH TO)

Examples:

I got her to let me copy her homework. He'll get them to arrive before 10 pm.

Causative verb: Make We use CAUSATIVE MAKE to show the idea 'to force someone to do something'.

Make + someone + infinitive (without TO.)

Examples:

The mother made her kid do his homework. Did teacher make you memorize all the poem?

Activity N°1: Rewrite these sentences using have or get. 1. The mechanic changed the oil in my car. _______________________________________________________________ 2. The hairdresser cut my hair in a completely different style. _______________________________________________________________ 3. A decorator has repainted our house. _______________________________________________________________ 4. A friend of mine, who´s an electrician, is going to repair my DVD player next week. _______________________________________________________________ 5. My jacket is being cleaned at a specialist cleaner´s. ______________________________________________________________ 6. The town hall has just been rebuilt for the council. _______________________________________________________________ Activity Nº2: Fill the gaps using Make, Have or Get. 1. Why don't you have Bill __________________ that report? 2. When can you get him___________________ with you? 3. They made the store manager_______________ them a guarantee. 4. Can't you get someone______________________ you with that job? 5. The doctor got Richard______________________ that he'd stop smoking. 6. Nancy will have the children__________________ games at the party. 7. He couldn't make the answers__________________ out right. 8. She can't make her husband_____________________ his medicine. 9. She always makes us__________________________ these exercises. 10. If the major can't attend the meeting, he'll have the captain________________ instead.

http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/221.html http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-27474.php http://random-idea-english.blogspot.com/2011/02/mostly-causatives-look-at-have-get-make.html

Class Nº4: So, Either, Neither

SO So is used to show agreement with positive statements. The Auxiliary needs to agree with the verb tense in the original statement. It is similar to using too at the end of a sentence.

SO + Auxiliary + Subject (pronoun)

Examples:

Person A

Person B

I am happy.

So am I. = I am happy too.

I'm going to Brazil in the

summer.

So am I. = I am going to Brazil too.

You look nice today.

So do you. = you look nice too.

Stephanie has a new

boyfriend.

So does Mary. = Mary has a new one

too.

We went to the concert last

night.

So did I. = I went to the concert

too.

I would love a coffee right now.

So would I. = I would love a coffee

too.

He will win a prize.

So will I. = I will win one too.

They have finished their

homework.

So have I. = I have finished too.

I can speak two languages.

So can I. = I can speak two too.

He should study more.

So should I. = I should study more too.

We could see the mountains.

So could we. = We could see them too.

My brother had eaten too So had I. = I had eaten too much

much. too.

NEITHER Neither is used to show agreement with negative statements. The Auxiliary needs to agree with the verb tense in the original statement. It is similar to using either at the end of a sentence, although Neither is more commonly used, especially in spoken English

Neither + Auxiliary + Subject (pronoun)

Examples: A: I don't understand Spanish. B: Neither do I. (= I don't understand Spanish either.) A: I cannot swim. B: Neither can I. (= I can't swim either.) Sometimes people respond Me Neither instead of

Neither + Auxiliary + Subject

This is very informal spoken English. EITHER Either is used in negative sentences to add an agreeing thought.

Subject + auxiliary + not + either

Examples:

- Jane doesn't speak French. Sam doesn't speak French either. - I don't love chocolate. I don't love pizza either. - Frank cannot come with us. Nancy cannot come with us either.

Either usually comes at the end of a clause. Examples:

- I cannot speak French either. - I am not studying economics either. - I don't want to eat either. - I didn't like the movie either.

Activity Nº1: Fill the gaps using Neither and So. 1. You are late for school. ___________________________ I. 2. You don't like red skirts. ___________________________ Jane. 3. My children go to St Johana's School. _______________________ yours 4. Paul should behave more carefully.__________________________ Kathrin. 5. Students were not tired at the end of the day. _____________ the teachers. 6. Guy speaks English very well. __________________________Veronique. 7. I am a teacher. _______________________________ you. 8. Vivian can never be rich. _________________________________Paul 9. I am not expecting any prize. ______________________________you. 10. I will be at the party. ___________________________________Alfred. 11. Karim studied in the U.S.A. ______________________________ Henry. 12. You didn't see him. __________________________________ I. 13. Sam should not have left school so early. __________________ Lillian. 14. They must obey the instructions. __________________________ we. 15. We won't be long. ____________________________________they. 16. Mary goes by train at 3 pm. ______________________________ I. 17. I did not wash my car yesterday. __________________________ Kan. 18. Camin is a computer scientist. ______________________________ you. 19. Catherine has eaten rice. __________________________________ they. Activity Nº2: Look at the table below. Write a short dialogue between George and Susan using So, Either, and Either. Try to add an extra detail to make your answers more interesting. Example: George: I really love baseball.

Susan: So do I. I never miss it if it's on TV.

George Susan

loves baseball Yes No

cooks every day No No

loves classical music No No

always works on Sundays

No Yes

goes to the gym quite often

No Yes

http://www.grammar.cl/Games/So_Neither_Either.htm http://www.5minuteenglish.com/mar4.htm http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/esl-too-either-neither1.html http://www2.cambridge.org/interchangearcade/launch.do?activityID=473&level=1&unit=13&type=Cup_fib&stage=2

Class Nº5: Both … and, Either… or, neither… nor Both … and It is used to include two terms in the action or statement. Examples:

I liked both the movie and the play. The producers ended up both extending and expanding their filming

hours. The movie is being shown both at The Fox Theater and in neighborhood

theaters. Either … or It is used to include one of the terms and exclude the other from the action or statement (or to express that the two terms are alternatives). Examples:

Either the clerk or the secretary has the keys to the Rover. He must be either mad or drunk. We must either go now or stay till the end.

Neither … nor It is used to exclude the two terms from the action or statement. Examples:

Neither my mother nor my father went to university. The article is neither interesting nor accurate.

There were neither cakes nor ice-cream at the party.

Activity Nº1: Do the exercise below. Write either / or and neither / nor on the blank.

1. In this game you ___win ___ lose. It depends on you

2. ___ Sue ___ Sara will help you with your homework. They are both busy

at the moment.

3. This is my offer. You ___ take it ___ leave it.

4. When I go to the restaurant, I eat ___ fish ___ roast chicken. These are

my favorite meals.

5. His father believed ___ his son ___ his friend. He thought that both were

lying.

6. I need ___ your help ___ your compassion. I can perfectly handle my

problems all alone.

7. ___ Charly ___ Bill will write the report. Just ask one of them.

8. ___ you return the money you had stolen ____ I'll call the police.

9. My mum can ___ read ___ write. She is illiterate.

10. You can use ___ this computer ___ the other one. Someone must fix

them first.

Activity Nº2: Rewrite the sentences using the paired conjunctions given in brackets.

1. Fred likes helping his friends. So does Linda. (both...and)

2. Harry used to date Ann. Or was it Helen? (either...or)

3. He never listens to or advises his friends when they have a problem.

(neither...nor)

4. He felt disappointed. He felt misunderstood. (both...and)

5. Brian isn't very considerate. Neither is Tom. (neither...nor)

6. A true friend is someone who is caring and loving. (both...and)

7. Rachel should apologize or leave. (either...or)

8. Richard and John didn't keep her secret. (neither...nor)

http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-52845.php http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/esl-too-either-neither2.html http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/conj-paired.html

Class Nº6: Indirect Questions

To ask for information using an indirect question you need:

“Introduction” + Wh / If + affirmative structure

Example:

Direct Question: Where is the bank? Indirect Question: Could you tell me where the bank is?

If you want to ask a question that is quite sensitive, try using one of the indirect phrases below:

Can you tell me… Could you tell me… I'd be interested to hear… I'd like to know… Would you mind telling me…

These questions are followed by either about, a "wh word" or if. Then you add the subject, then the sentence. You don't need an 'auxiliary', such as 'do', 'does', 'did', or 'can'. Example: "Can you tell me what you like most about your present job?" Not "Can you tell me what do you like?" "I'd be interested to hear about your experiences." "Would you mind telling me if you have applied for a similar position before?" Do, does, did If the direct question contains do, does or did, we omit it in the indirect question.

Example: Direct question: What do you want? Indirect question: Can you tell me what you want? Direct question: When did she leave? Indirect question: Do you know when she left? Yes/no questions In yes / no questions, we use if or whether and we have to change the word order. Example: Direct question: Have you seen my dog? Indirect question: Could you tell me if you have seen my dog?

Activity Nº1: Write indirect questions.

1. Have you ever been to Kapadokya?

I wonder ………………………………………………………..

2. Who scored Fenerbaçe’s first goal last night?

Do you know………………………………………………….?

3. When is Hakan going to move to Ankara?

I have no idea …………………………………………………

4. Who brought this computer to the office?

I want to know………………………………………………..

5. Does your new girlfriend smoke?

I wonder…………………………………………………………

6. How many times has Mel been to Bodrum?

Could you tell me ……………………………………………?

7. Can she play the guitar?

I wonder …………………………………………………………

8. What were you doing when the earthquake happened?

I don’t remember………………………………………………

9. Has Aylin moved to Izmir?

I don’t know……………………………………………………….

10. What time did Osman leave the office?

I don’t remember………………………………………………….

http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.inqu.p.htm

http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.inqu.i.htm

http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/bl_indirect.htm

http://www.rong-chang.com/book/bksound/2apartment.mp3

Class Nº7: Reported Speech

Use

If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s

exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need

to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a

little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement,

question or request.

Statements When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:

pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

For example: 1) If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in

Reported speech.

Example: Susan: "I work in an office." Susan says that she works in an office.

2) If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in

Reported speech.

Example: Susan: "I work in an office."

Susan said that she worked in an office.

Backshift of tense

From To

Simple Present Simple Past

Simple Past

Past Perfect Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Will Would

Continuous Form

Am /are / is Was / were

Were / was

Had been Has been

Had Been

Examples:

From To

Peter: "I work in the garden." Peter said that he worked in the garden.

Peter: "I worked in the garden."

Peter said that he had worked in the garden. Peter: "I have worked in the

garden.”

Peter: "I had worked in the garden."

Peter: "I will work in the garden."

Peter said that he would work in the garden.

Peter: "I can work in the garden." Peter said that he could work in the garden.

Peter: "I may work in the garden." Peter said that he might work in the garden.

Peter: "I would work in the garden." (could, might, should, ought to)

Peter said that he would work in the

garden. (could, might, should, ought

to)

Continuous form

Peter: "I'm working in the garden."

Peter said that he was working in the

garden.

Peter: "I was working in the

garden."

Peter said that he had been working

in the garden.

Peter: "I have been working in the

garden."

Peter: "I had been working in the

garden."

If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well. Example:

Peter: "I worked in the garden yesterday." Peter said that he had worked in the garden the day before.

Shifting of expressions of time

this (evening)

that (evening)

today/this day

that day

these (days)

those (days)

now

then

(a week) ago

(a week) before

last weekend

the weekend before / the previous

weekend

here

there

next (week)

the following (week)

tomorrow the next/following day

Questions When you are transforming questions note that you have to:

transform the question into an indirect question use the wh- interrogative word or if / whether

Examples:

Direct speech “Why don’t you speak English?” Reported speech He asked me why I didn’t speak English Direct speech “Do you speak English?” Reported speech He asked me whether / if I spoke

Requests

When you transform requests, check whether you have to change:

pronouns place and time expressions

Example:

Direct speech “Carol, speak English”. Reported speech He told Carol to speak English.

Activity Nº1: Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a question. He said, "I like this song." → He said "Where is your sister?" she asked me. → She asked me "I don't speak Italian," she said. → She said "Say hello to Jim," they said. → They asked me "The film began at seven o'clock," he said. → He said

"Don't play on the grass, boys," she said. → She told the boys "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him. → She asked him "I never make mistakes," he said. → He said "Does she know Robert?" he wanted to know. → He wanted to know "Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience. → The stuntman advised the audience

Activity Nº2: Imagine you want to repeat sentences that you heard two weeks

ago in another place. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Change pronouns and expressions of time and place where necessary. They said, "This is our book." → They said She said, "I went to the cinema yesterday." → She said He said, "I am writing a test tomorrow." → He said You said, "I will do this for him." → You said She said, "I am not hungry now." → She said They said, "We have never been here before." → They said They said, "We were in London last week." → They said He said, "I will have finished this paper by tomorrow." → He said He said, "They won't sleep." → He said She said, "It is very quiet here." → She said

http://www.ego4u.com/en/read-on/literature/canterville-ghost?part7

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/reported.htm

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech-exercises.html

Class Nº8: Third Conditional

Use We can use the Third Conditional to talk about 'impossible' conditions, impossible because they are in the past and we cannot change what has happened. The third conditional is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the past. This means that it is used to imagine consequences of things that did not happen in the past. It is often used to express criticism or regret

Structure

If + Past Perfect, + Would have + Past Participle

Example:

If I had worked harder at school, I would have got better grades. If I had had time, I would have gone to see him. But I didn't have time. If we had bought that house, we would have had to rebuild the kitchen. If we had caught the earlier train, we would have got there on time but

we were late.

Might have or could have are used instead of would have if the consequence is less definite. Example:

If you had asked me earlier, I might have been able to help.

If I had seen him at the meeting, I could have asked him.

Activity Nº1: Fill the gap using the verb in brackets. Think very carefully about the meaning of the phrase before deciding whether to use a negative or positive verb form.

1. I wouldn't be angry if you _____________________ my chocolate

mousse. (to eat)

2. If he had known you were in hospital, he _____________________ you.

(to visit)

3. We wouldn't have come by taxi if we _____________________ the right

bus. (to find)

4. We would have visited the Prado gallery if we _____________________

time. (to have)

5. If you hadn't been asking me questions all the time, I

_____________________ the film.(to enjoy)

6. If I _____________________ your number, I would have phoned.(to

know)

7. If just one person had remembered my birthday, I

_____________________ sad. (to be)

8. I would have understood the film if it _____________________ in

German. (to be*)

9. They _____________________ to see you if they hadn't been away. (to

come)

10. If she _____________________ on a double yellow line, she wouldn't

have got a fine. (to park)

11. If I'd known you were coming, I _____________________ a cake. (to

bake)

12. If she _____________________ the shed unlocked, they wouldn't have

stolen her bike. (to leave)

13. If you had told me about the concert, I _____________________. (to go)

14. The storm _____________________ a lot of damage if it had come this

way. (to do)

15. The holidays would have been great if the weather

_____________________ better. (to be)

Activity Nº2: Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type III. Mind the position of the if-clause.

1) If it__________ (to be) warmer, we__________ (to go) swimming.

2) My parents __________ (to buy) this house if the man__________ (not/to

sell) it to someone else.

3) If he__________ (not/to fail) his driving test, his parents__________ (to lend)

him their car.

4) If my uncle__________ (to tell) me the way to his office, I __________ (not/to

arrive) so late.

5) She __________ (to be) at the airport if she __________ (to read) the

message carefully.

6) Lucy __________ (not/to hurt) her foot if she __________ (not/to drop) the

old box.

7) If you__________ (to use) a sharp knife, you __________ (not/to cut)

yourself.

8) If Victoria __________ (to celebrate) her birthday at home, I __________ (to

bring) her some flowers.

9) We __________ (to take) the train to Edinburgh if it__________ (to run) on

time.

10) If Max __________ (not/to forget) my schoolbag, he __________ (to give)

you your USB flash drive.

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-

3/exercises

http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional3.htm

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=4001