ChEAS meeting. June, 2003Department of Meteorology, Penn State University Introduction Welcome,...

ChEAS meeting. June, 2003

Introduction

• Welcome, logistics.

• A brief history of the ChEAS.

• Scope of the ChEAS – participants, projects/funds, sites, measurements.

• Broader context – AmeriFlux, NACP, global flux network.

• Goals for this meeting


Overall goals of the ChEAS• Understand northern forest-atmosphere carbon and

water cycles and how they respond to – Climate variability and change– Land use change

• Up-scale forest-atmosphere fluxes from chambers to forest stands, and from forest stands to all upper Midwest forests.

• Down-scale atmospheric measurements to derive fluxes for the upper Midwest forests.

• Evaluate regional fluxes with multiple methods, and interpret with understanding of the governing mechanisms. Guide the study of other regions.


A brief history of the ChEAS• Unknown date in pre-history, U. Wisconsin begins

forestry research in the Chequamegon National Forest.• 1990 or so, NOAA-CMDL starts instrumenting tall

towers for trace gas measurements.• December 1991, Davis and Bakwin start talking in

Boulder, due to Michael Trolier and the Chemrawn VII meeting in Baltimore.

• 1994. NIGEC funds Bakwin and Davis for eddy flux measurements at WLEF. NOAA-funded CO2 measurements start in 1994. Flux measurements start in 1995. AmeriFlux takes shape ~ 1996(?).


A brief history of ChEAS• 1997. Bolstad, Davis, Denning, Gower, Gutschick, and

MacKay (others?) all begin new projects in the Chequamegon region, all focused to some extent around the WLEF flux and mixing ratio measurements. Gower organizes a winter 1998 meeting at Kemp. ChEAS is born. Bakwin creates the acronym at this meeting.

• Past ChEAS meetings:– Kemp, February 1998.– St. Paul, May 1999.– St. Paul, June 2000.– Madison, June, 2001

• ChEAS RCN funded in early 2002.


First ChEAS RCN workshop• August, 2002, Kemp – 5 days

(follow-up on interpretation of atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio measurements, Boulder, October 2002)

• Included tutorial lectures, hands-on experiments and demonstrations, research presentations and discussions of future research

• Gathered 25 participants, including 8 guests (6 presenting) and 8 graduate students. 11 institutions represented.

• Focus: Interannual variability in CO2 and H2O fluxes in northern temperate forests. Tutorials on multiple flux measurement methods.


The Chequamegon Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (ChEAS)

Research Collaboration Network (RCN)

• Funded by the NSF’s Biological Sciences Directorate.

• 5 year project, started ~ January 2002.• Proposal written by Eileen Carey and Bruce

Cook. Initiated at the suggestion of Jim Ehleringer, U.Utah, at the 4th ChEAS meeting, Madison, WI, June, 2001.


ChEAS RCN, continuedObjectives

– Provide multidisciplinary training and research opportunities to new scientists working across traditional boundaries in the fields of ecology, hydrology and atmospheric science.

– Promote the development of integrative research projects building upon the ChEAS infrastructure, especially those focusing on bridging the gap between leaf- and canopy-scale flux measurements and the global CO2 flask sampling network and understanding the causes of seasonal to interannual variability in forest-atmosphere exchanges.

– Promote data sharing.– Guide the future direction of ChEAS research.


ChEAS RCN, continuedStructure• Steering group + about 20 “core participants” (=

research group leaders with research interests matching the objectives of the RCN). Open to new members.

• Workshops. 2002, 2004, 2006. Funds to bring in guest scientists and participating students and scientists. 2 week duration.

• ChEAS meetings, each year. 1-2 days.• Laboratory exchanges. Up to 5 visits/year, duration of

2 weeks to a few months.


What/Who/Where is the ChEAS?Projects, sites, participants

• About 5-10 projects partly or wholly focused in the region have been ongoing since ~ 1997. At least 7 proposals are currently pending.

• Online documentation of the ongoing projects has not been very good.

• NOAA, NIGEC, DoE TCP, NASA Eosval, NSF Ecosystems and NSF/NCAR have provided funds.

• Research has often, but not always, focused around flux towers. 7 long term and 3 portable systems are currently operating.


Theme PI Description Sites Funding

Atmospheric carbon cycle measurements and analysis, global, continental and regional.

Pieter Tans and Peter Bakwin, NOAA/CMDL

Tall tower CO2 and

trace gas measurements

Several across the U.S. including WLEF

NOAA OGP GCC

Pieter Tans and Peter Bakwin, NOAA/CMDL

Airborne CO2 and

trace gas profiling

Several across the U.S. including WLEF

NOAA OGP GCC

Paul Wennberg, UC Irvine

FTIR measurements of CO2 column

WLEF NASA

Kenneth Davis, PSU, and Scott Denning, CSU

Regional, seasonal atmospheric inversion study

ChEAS(2003) + an NACP study area (2004)

DoE TCP

Jim Ehleringer, Univ. Utah

Stable isotope observations, interpretation.

ChEAS, other BASIN sites around the globe.

GCTE

Britt Stephens, NCAR O2/N2 measurements,

interpretation

WLEF NSF

INTEX – N. America Airborne atmospheric chemistry project, 2004

ChEAS, east and west coast sites, continental transects

NASA (planning underway)

Steven Wofsy, Harvard

COBRA – airborne Lagrangian budgets

Many sites including WLEF

Multiple sources

Joe Berry, Carnegie Institute of Stanford

Regional carbon fluxes integrated by the ABL

Multiple sites. Focus on WLEF and ARM-CART towers.

NASA IDS


Ecosystem-atmosphere flux measurements and ecosystem processes.

Paul Bolstad, U. Minnesota and Kenneth Davis, PSU

Multi-scale fluxes at 3 towers & related stands.

WLEF, Willow Creek, Lost Creek flux towers

DoE – AmeriFlux

Eileen Carey, U. Minnesota

Old growth chamber, plot and eddy covariance fluxes

Sylvania/Helen Lake (UP of Michigan)

DoE TCP

Jiquan Chen, Univ. Toledo

Forest age, structure, and impact on carbon balance

Western district of the Chequamegon, UP of Michigan

NSF Biological Sciences

Davis and Arthur, PSU; Mackay, SUNY; Ewers, U. Wyoming

Coupled water, CO2 and CH4 cycles in a northern forest.

WLEF/ChEAS NSF Biocomplexity

Jiquan Chen, Univ. Toledo

Relating CO2 and CH4 fluxes to land use and climate change

ChEAS/Chequamegon National Forest

NASA IDS

Remote sensing, modeling of ecosystem processes

S. Thomas Gower, U. Wisconsin

MODIS validation ChEAS, other BIGFOOT sites around the Americas.

NASA

Faith Ann Heinsch, U. Montana

BIOME-BGC real time modeling

ChEAS, other AmeriFlux sites

NIGEC Great Plains

G. James Collatz, NASA Goddard

Disturbance history, climate, and regional carbon fluxes

ChEAS, eastern VA, northern BOREAS

NASA IDS

Scott Mackay, SUNY Buffalo

Sap flux measurements, regional flux modeling

WLEF/ChEAS NASA IDS


ChEAS flux tower sites


ChEAS long-term flux towersTower PIs Vegetation

TypeHeight of fluxes

Funding Start date

WLEF Bakwin, Bolstad, Davis

Mixed up/wet, decid/conif

30, 122 and 396m

DoE TCP 1995

Willow Creek

Bolstad, Davis

Mature upland decid

30m None at present

1999

Lost Creek Bolstad, Davis

Deciduous wetland

10m None at present

2000

Sylvania Carey, Davis Old growth upland

40m DoE TCP 2001

Bayfield A Chen Mature upland decid

30m? NSF Ecosystems

2002?

Bayfield B Chen Mature red pine

30m? NSF Ecosystems

2002?

UP site Chen Young jack pine

15m? ? ?


Broader context – AmeriFlux, NACP, global flux network

• Analyses of multi-tower and multi-year flux datasets are becoming more common and more sophisticated. Evaluation of flux measurements with biometric data is becoming more routine.

• Interest in making AmeriFlux more like a functional network is growing.

• A midwest ag regional intensive for the NACP is likely. Other regional studies may be considered.

• Joint synthesis of flux and mixing ratio data is becoming a very active field of research.


Goals of this workshop

• Identify scientific opportunities and needs.• Educate ourselves, especially grad students, about

these opportunities and needs.• Create a plan of action.• Examine our role in the NACP and the global flux

networks and act appropriately.• Identify new collaborators who can enhance

ChEAS.• Plan the 2004 ChEAS workshop and 2003-2004 lab

exchanges.


Goals of the 1st ChEAS workshop, 2002

• Understand interannual variability in CO2 and H2O fluxes observed during ChEAS.

• Understand differences in fluxes observed among ChEAS research sites.

• Draft new papers and proposals following the results of our proceedings.– Includes renewals of WLEF and Willow/Lost Creek

projects, due to NIGEC on 3 September, 2002. Core projects. Both rejected!


2002 workshop action items• Get locations/descriptions of Chen sites added to the

ChEAS web site/database.• Generate footprint models for NEE vs. GPP comparisons.

Not as critical for R vs. R comparisons, since soil properties vary less in space than LAI and species composition varies.

• Can someone monitor ChEAS phenology and pass the data on to M. Schwartz? Proposal rejected.

• Evaluate models of CO2 transport and mixing at diurnal, synoptic and annual time scales. Observational check of the TransCom models.– Progress. Hurwitz, Bakwin, Yi papers.


2002 action items, continued• Use continental [co2] data in inverse models. 1999, 2000,

etc effort. Progess underway.• EDemographics and/or Biome-bgc runs of the towers,

ChEAS landscape. Recruiting colleagues.• Write a caterpillars paper. Progress, B Cook.• Nighttime NEE/R at WCreek puzzle. Analyze:

– Undercanopy R measurement– Daytime NEE to derive R – Chamber flux data– Nighttime above canopy R– Comparison to past literature – Progess: Many analyses; chamber flux experiment underway(?).


2002 action items, continued• Lost Creek fluxes and water table paper.• Sylvania annual flux paper. Being drafted.• WLEF/WCreek/LCreek comparison work.• Why is WLEF a source of C? (Future effort with Chen

portable tower at aspen stand? 2002 wet = test of wetland hypothesis. Test harvest idea with back of envelope remaining C from harvest – 30% of biomass – and time scale of decay – approx 5 years – and area harvested.) Work underway.

• WLEF interannual variability. Paper outlined. Interpretation needs input from foresters.


2002 action items, continued• Synoptic climatology of [co2] – connect Hurwitz and

Bakwin. • C biometry intercomparison for WCreek. • Whole canopy WUE and VPD responses vs. leaf-level

responses. • Determine age of respired C at sites (esp WLEF – drying

wetlands) plus respiration measurements at wetland margins. Proposals for wetland studies in.

• Canopy structure and elevation from airborne lidar. • Add someone interested in root growth, belowground

processes in general. Recruit among us?


2002 action items, continued• Add someone interested in ecosystem demographics

and forest inventory across the entire ChEAS domain. • Enhance spatial remote sensing work to complement

added spatially distributed forest inventory analyses. Complement with spatially distributed ecosystem modeling. Address all of northern Wisconsin, or even the whole lake states region. Recruiting/proposals in preparation.

• Use changes in satellite data/land use over time to interpret regional fluxes in addition to FIA work. Proposal submitted.


2002 action items, continued• Extend eddy covariance flux sampling (via

aircraft, Chen sites) and component flux sampling across the landscape to determine the representativeness of the WLEF and WCreek/LCreek sites, and answer the problems we are having in getting the Creeks and WLEF to agree via upscaling. Proposals, some rejected.

• Micromet study of possible 2-d transport. Ideas.• Do side by side measurements with a continuous

chamber flux system.


2002 action items, continued• Increase temporal density of the soil respiration

measurements at a single forest stand to increase our ability to observe changes in the soil respiration vs. soil temperature and moisture relationships from year to year.

• Study of water dynamics and their impact on CO2 fluxes. Include methane emissions. Proposals in review.


Needs and opportunities, 2003(?)• ChEAS is strong in flux measurement density and quality,

and inverse methods, but weak in upscaling, mechanistic interpretation of flux measurements, and data-model integration.

• Current puzzles in the flux data (carbon source, upscaling difficulty, interannual changes) are scientific opportunities.

• The ChEAS flux network and regional inverse study underway should be fully utilized. Unique scientific opportunities and relevance to NACP.

• Publication record is slow. We need to produce publications that take advantage of existing data and results.

ChEAS meeting. June, 2003Department of Meteorology, Penn State University Introduction Welcome,...

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