Charts n Graphs

7/31/2019 Charts n Graphs

1/7

GRAPHIC AIDS:

It is a combination of graphic and pictorial material designed

for the orderly and logical visualizing of relationships between key facts and ideas

ex: comparisons, relative amounts developments, processes, classification or

organization. It includes the following

CHARTS

INTRODUCTION:

These visual symbols used for summarizing, comparing, contrasting or performing

other services in explaining subject matter. A chart is a combination of pictorial,graphic, numerical or vertical material, which presents a clear summary.

DEFINITION:

Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial and written key

information in systematic way to summarize, compare, ex: anatomical charts and

figure, diagrams etc.(- Adrom Audio visual aids.com)

Charts can be defined as illustrative visual media for depicting a logical

relationship between main ideas and supporting facts.

(-B.T.Basavanthappa)

Charts are the graphic aids depicting information in the form of tables, pictures,

graphic and diagram.

PURPOSES:

For presenting material symbolically

For summarizing information

For showing continuity in process

For presenting abstract ideas in visual forms

For showing development of structure

For stimulating critical thinking

For encouraging the utilization of other media of communication


2/7

For motivating the students

TYPES OF CHARTS:

Narrative chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the events in the

process or development of a significant issue to its point of resolution or we can

show an improvement over a period of years.

The cause and effective chart:Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing

the relationship between rights and responsibilities or between a complex of

conditions and change or conflict.

The chain chart: arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transitions or

cycles. The evolution chart: facts and ideas for expressing changes in specific items

from beginning data and its projections in to future.

Strip tease chart: it enables speaker to present the information step by step. It

increases the interest and imagination of the audience. The information on the chart

is covered with thin paper strips to which it has been applied either by wax, tape or

sticky substance or pins.As the speaker wishes to visually reinforce a point with words or symbols, he

removes the appropriate strip or paper. It produces interest. It increases learning and

aids recall.

Pull chart: it consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick

paper. The message can be shown to the viewer, one after another by6 pulling out

the concealing strips.

Flow chart: diagrams used to show organizational elements or administrative orfunctional relationships. In this chart lines, rectangles, circles, are connected by lines

showing the directional flow.

Tabulation chart: it shows the schedule of an activity or of an individual ex: time-

table of a class. These are very valuable aid in the teaching situation where

breakdown of a fact or a statement is to be listed. Also it is a useful aid for showing

points of comparison, distinction, and contrasts between two or more things.

While making the table charts the following points must be kept in the mind.The chart should be 50 X 75 cm or more in size.


3/7

The chart should be captioned in bold letters.

The vertical columns should be filled in short phrases rather than complete

sentences.

Flip chart: a set of charts related to specific topic have been tagged together and

hang on a supporting stand. The individual charts will carry a series of related

materials or messages in sequence. The silent points of specific topic will be

presented.

Pie chart: a circle will be drawn and divisions will be made into different sections,

each section will be coded differently and code key will be given at right corner of the

chart as legend. The circumference is divided into suitable sections. It is relevant for

showing the component part.

Tree chart: this an effective way of showing the development of growth of a thing,

the origin, trunk and the various developments are shown in branches.

Overlay chart: it consists of illustrated sheets such as petals in a flower. These

can be placed one over the other conveniently and in succession. The illustration on

each sheet forms a part of whole picture

e.g. Floral chart

PREPARATION OF CHARTS:

Usual materials required to prepare a chart are sheets of thick white or light colored

paper, fiber tipped round-point and chisel point color markers, graphic materials,

scissors, drawing aids and adhesives. Before making a chart, one should plan the

content in terms of the objectives and decide the layout. The layout should be balanced

and should use the space effectively. One should draft the plan on a small sheet of

paper with the aspect ratio, or, as is required for the chart. Having done so, one may

start directly on the chart fixed on a drawing table by looking at the draft. The followingpoints may be observed while preparing a chart.

1. the size of the chart, size of the letters and the contrast of the display material

should be such that it is readable by the farthest viewer, standard chat paper in

sizes 90x60cm and 70x55cm is suitable for most purposes. The size of letters for

the captions, labels and keywords written on a chart should be between 2 and

3cm for a classroom of depth 6cm. The thickness of the lines should be between

2 and 3mm. The display material should be contrasted with background so that itstands out. Light colored chart paper, e.g., yellow, light green and white are


4/7

better suited for dark colored pens, be enlarged sufficiently before placing on

charts.

2. Simple hand-drawn charts with non-decorative lettering are more effective than

elaborately drawn or machine-made charts.

3. One chart should convey just one idea or one principle. Charts crowded with

information are less effective.

4. charts are arranged to create one or more of the following visual effects

a. Revelation: The whole chart can be covered with three or more paper

strips from top to bottom. During display, the strip may be removed one by

one in the desired sequence. Alternatively, one may mask off some

information when it is no more required. Such techniques catch the

attention of the students and maintain their interest.b. Overlay effect: A part of the chart may be overlaid by another chart or by a

cellophane paper chart. The former is useful for filling in details and the

latter for shading the desired area of a diagram or for labeling the

components.

c. Flow effect: Single charts can be displayed one by one and so arranged

on the board as to make a pattern, a flow diagram on the sequence of

steps. For this, the charts should be shown in quick succession.

d. Magical effects: A teacher may prepare the outlines of a complicated

diagram in advance by using monochromatic harmony. He can then trace

the diagram quickly with bright colors during the class.

5. Numerical data should be presented in the form of tables. Relationships between

two or more variables are better demonstrated by drawing graphs.

6. Classifications, organizations and processes are better represented by means of

flow diagrams

7. colors should be used meaningfully, ie, to simulate real colors, to highlight some

items, etc.


5/7

GRAPHS

Definition:

Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical information and

contrasting the trends or changes of certain attributes.

(-B.T.Basavanthappa)

Graphs may be defined as two dimensional clear representation of a quantitative

data. Graphs reveal important relationship from data such as trends. They also

show variations from normal.

(K.Tripathi)

BAR GRAPHS:

A bar graph consists of the bars arranged either horizontally or vertically from an

origin base.Two perpendicular lines from a point (called origin) work as the

reference lines. The length of bars represent the magnitude of a given attribute while

the spaces between bars represent second variable which should be uniformly

changing.

Besides making the bar charts personally as teaching aids by coloring the bars, they

can also be produced by self-sticking color tapes of different lengths. Bar graphs are

especially useful in comparing and contrasting two variables or two groups on the

same attributes.

When graph chart is made, it is desirable to write the title of chart in bold letters, a

key for different attributes, and numbers on the top and bottom of each bar.

Some useful points to be kept in mind while preparing a bar chart are as follows:

1.Before making the bar chart make a rough sketch of it in a notebook.

2.For drawing the bar graph use the chart paper of 50 x 70 cm size .

3.use two different colors shades for the two contrasting groups.

4.the bars should be equi-spaced.

5.write the key to the bar graph in a box on the right hand side corner of the chart

paper.

6.Numbers specifying the magnitude of the bars should be on the top on the bars.


6/7

LINE GRAPH:

A free hand smooth line through various points indicating the instantaneous values

of two variables at various moments is called line graph. The line may be a straight

line or curved indicating the relationship between two variables. if there are abrupt

changes between the variables at some instances, those are shown by dotted lines.

PIE GRAPH (DISTRIBUTION GRAPH):

This graph is usually shown as a disc (resembling a pie) or circle divided into sectors

of different angles to represent the fractions or percentages of the divisions of a

distributive attribute.

As there are 360degrees with the percentage or fraction. The various sector angles

are drawn with the help of a protector.

The following points should be borne into mind while preparing a pie graph :

1.find out the angles from the percentages or fractions .

2.Draw the circle on a chart paper of full size using a big compass carrying a sketch

or marker pen.

3.Divide the circle into appropriate sectors using the protactor.

4.color each section and write the corresponding percentage it represents.

5.caption the pie graph with a descriptive title.

PICTORIAL GRAPH:

It is an out standing method of graphic representation. Pictures are used for the

expression of ideal; they are more attractive and easily understood. Vivid pictures

will be used to create rapid association with the graphic message; each visual

symbol may be used to indicate quantity.


7/7

BIBLIOGRAPHY:-

1) B.T.Bavantappas Nursing Education, first edition, 2003, Jaypee

brothers publication, New Delhi.

2) Francis M. Quinns The principles and practice in nursing education,third edition, 1997, Stanley thrones publications ltd., United Kingdom.

3) Loretta E. Heidgerkens Teaching and Learning in Nursing Education

twelfth impression, 2003, Konark publishers ltd, Delhi.

4) KP,Neerajas Text book of Nursing Education first edition,2003, Jaypee

brothers medical publishers, Delhi,

5) Web site: Adrom audio visual aids.

6) WEB : Google search

Charts n Graphs

Documents

Transcript of Charts n Graphs