Charter of the United Nations 10
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Transcript of Charter of the United Nations 10
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THE CHARTER OF THE
UNITED NATIONSUnit 26
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Preview
History
Origins of the Charter
Charter of the UN Purposes of the UN
Principles of the UN
Structure of the UN
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First International Organizations
1865 The InternationalTelecommunication Union
1874 International TelegraphUnion; Universal Postal Union
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First International PeaceConference
1899 1st International PeaceConference (The Hague):
1) the Convention for the PacificSettlement of International Disputesand
2) the Permanent Court ofArbitration (1902)
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The League of Nations
Established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles
to promote international cooperation and toachieve peace and security
1919 The International Labour Organisationcreated as an affiliated agency of the League
The League of Nations ceased its activities afterfailing to prevent the Second World War
Dissolved in 1946; transferral of functions andproperty to the UN
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United Nations: Name
The term UN was coined by FranklinD. Roosevelt;
first used in the Declaration byUnited Nations of 1 Jan. 1942 whenrepresentatives of 26 nationspledged their governments to
continue fighting together againstthe Axis Powers
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Origins of the UN Charter
1942 The Atlantic Charter
1943 The Moscow Conference
1944 Dumbarton Oaks Proposals
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The Atlantic Charter
Principles laid down by PresidentRosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill
The Charter did not contemplate the
establishment of an organization ofStates to replace the League
The need of creating a collective
security system and establishingstrong economic and socialcooperation between the States
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The Moscow Conference (1943)
The Declaration of the Four Nations (U.S.,Soviet Union, UK, China) recognized:
the necessity of establishing ...a general
international organization, based on theprinciple of the sovereign equality of allpeace-loving States and open tomembership by all such States, large andsmall, for the maintenance of internationalpeace and security
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Dumbarton Oaks Proposals (1944)
Representatives of the same 4Governments met to lay down thefoundations of the future worldorganization
Purposes of the Organization: tomaintain international peace and security,develop friendly relations among nations,promote cooperation in economic andsocial matters
Basic organs: the Assembly, the Council,the Secretariat, headed by the SecretaryGeneral, and the Court of Justice
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The San Francisco Conference(April 25 June 26, 1945)
Representatives of 50 states met todraw up the UN Charter based onDumbarton Oaks proposals by the
Great Powers (China, the SovietUnion, the UK, the US)
The Charter unanimously approved
and signed by all the participatingStates, original members of the UN
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United Nations Charter(www.un.org/aboutun/charter)
Constituting instrument of theOrganization
Rights and obligations of memberstates
UN organs and procedures
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Preamble
WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONSDETERMINED to save succeeding generationsfrom the scourge of war, which twice in ourlifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind,
and to reaffirm faith in fundamental humanrights, in the dignity and worth of the humanperson, in the equal rights of men and womenand of nations large and small, and to establishconditions under which justice and respect for the
obligations arising from treaties and othersources of international law can be maintained,and to promote social progress and betterstandards of life in larger freedom,
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Preamble
AND FOR THESE ENDS to practicetolerance and live together in peace withone another as good neighbours, and tounite our strength to maintain
international peace and security, and toensure, by the acceptance of principlesand the institution of methods, that armedforce shall not be used, save in thecommon interest, and to employ
international machinery for the promotionof the economic and social advanced of allpeoples,
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Preamble
HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUREFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS.Accordingly, our respective Governments,through representatives assembled in thecity of San Francisco, who have exhibitedtheir full powers found to be in good anddue form, have agreed to the presentCharter of the United Nations and do
hereby establish an internationalorganization to be known as the UnitedNations.
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Purposes of the UN
To maintain international peace and security
To develop friendly relations among nationsbased on respect for the principle of equal rightsand self-determination of peoples
To cooperate in solving international economic,social, cultural and humanitarian problems and inpromoting respect for human rights andfundamental freedoms
To be a centre for harmonizing the actions ofnations in attaining these common ends
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UN Principles
It is based on the sovereign equalityof all members
All members are to fulfil in good faiththeir Charter obligations
They are to settle their internationaldisputes by peaceful means andwithout endangering internationalpeace, security and justice
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UN Principles
Members are to refrain from the threat oruse of force against any other state
They are to give the UN every assistance
in any action it takes in accordance withthe Charter
Nothing in the Charter is to authorize theUN to intervene in matters which areessentially within the domestic jurisdictionof any state
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Membership
Open to all peace-loving nations whichaccept the obligations of the Charter
The General Assembly admits new
member states on the recommendation ofthe Security Council
The Charter provides for the suspension orexpulsion of a member for violation of theprinciples of the Charter (no such actionhas ever been taken)
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Official languages
Arabic
Chinese
English French
Russian
Spanish
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Structure of the Organization
The General Assembly
The Security Council
The Economic and Social Council The Trusteeship Council
The International Court of Justice
The Secretariat
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General Assembly(www.un.org/ga)
Representatives of all memberstates, each of which has one vote
Decisions on important issues, e.g.Peace and security, admission of newmembers, budgetary matters requirea two thirds majority
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Security Council
Maintenance of international peace ofsecurity
15 members: 5 permanent (China,France, the Russian Federation, theUK, the US); 10 members elected bythe General Assembly for two-year
terms
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Security Council
Decisions on procedural andsubstantive matters require 9 votes
Permanent members: power of veto
All members of the UN have areobliged to accept the decisions of theSecurity Council
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Economic and Social Council(www.un.org/esa/coordination/ecosoc)
Coordinates the economic, social andrelated work of the UN and thespecialized agencies and institutions
54 members, who serve for three-year terms
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International Court of Justice(www.icj-cij.org)
The principal judicial organ of the UN
Settles legal disputes between states
Gives advisory opinions to the UN Open to all member states; not open
to private persons and entities or
international organizations
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Jurisdiction of the ICJ
Decides disputes by applying:
International conventions establishingrules recognized by the contesting states;
International custom as evidence of ageneral practice accepted as law;
The general principles of law recognizedby nations
Judicial decisions and the teachings of themost qualified scholars of the variousnations
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Membership of ICJ
15 judges elected by the GeneralAssembly and the Security Council,voting independently
Chosen on the basis of theirqualifications; care is taken thatprincipal legal systems of the world
are represented
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Membership of ICJ
No two judges can be from the samecountry
Serve 9-year term and may be re-elected
They cannot engage in any otheroccupation during their term of office
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Secretariat(www.un.org/documents/st)
Secretary General appointed by theGeneral Assembly on the recommendationof the Security Council for a five-year,
renewable term Administering peacekeeping operations,
mediating international disputes,surveying economic and social trends,
preparing studies on human rights andsustainable development
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Secretariat
Informs the worlds media about the workof the UN, organizes internationalconferences, translates documents intothe official languages
Staff of 7,500 drawn from 170 countries
Headquarters: New York; main centres ofactivities: Geneva (disarmament, human
rights), Vienna (crime prevention,international trade law, peaceful uses ofouter space), Nairobi (environment,human settlements)
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Secretary-General(www.un.org/News/ossg/sg)
Symbol of UN ideals and aspokesman for the interests of theworlds peoples
Chief administrative officer of the UN
Brings to the attention of theSecurity Council any matter which
may threaten the maintenance ofinternational peace and security
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Secretary General
Consultations with world leaders,government officials, representativesof civil society groups, the private
sector and others
Annual report on the work of theOrganization
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The UN family of organizations
UN secretariat
UN funds and programmes (e.g.UNICEF)
Specialized agencies (e.g. UNESCO,WHO)
Related organizations (e.g. WTO)
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International tribunals
International Criminal Tribunal forthe Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
International Criminal Tribunal forRwanda (ICTR)
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
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International Criminal Tribunal for the FormerYugoslavia (ICTY)(www.un.org/icty)
Created by the Security Council in1994
Mandate to prosecute persons
responsible for serious violations ofinternational humanitarian lawcommitted since 1991
16 permanent judges, 27 ad litemjudges, staff of 1,238 from 84countries
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Fill in the missing words:
Observance, rule, development,recognition, conscience, foundation,realization, freedom, standards,
promotion
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Universal Declaration of HumanRights: Preamble
Whereas _____of the inherentdignity and of the equal andinalienable rights of all members of
the human family is the_____offreedom, justice and peace in theworld,
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Preamble
Whereas disregard and contempt ofhuman rights have resulted inbarbarous acts which have outraged
the___of mankind, and the adventof a world in which human beingsshall enjoy___of speech and belief
and freedom from fear and want hasbeen proclaimed as the highestaspiration of the common people,
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Preamble
Whereas it is essential, if man is notto be compelled to have recourse, asa last resort, to rebellion against
tyranny and oppression, that humanrights should be protected by the __of law,
Whereas it is essential to promotethe ____of friendly relationsbetween nations,
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Preamble
Whereas the peoples of the UnitedNations have in the Charterreaffirmed their faith in fundamental
human rights, in the dignity andworth of the human person and inthe equal rights of men and women
and have determined to promotesocial progress and better___of lifein larger freedom,
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Preamble
Whereas Member States have pledgedthemselves to achieve, in co-operationwith the United Nations, the ___of
universal respect for and ___ of humanrights and fundamental freedoms,
Whereas a common understanding ofthese rights and freedoms is of the
greatest importance for the full ___ of thispledge,
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Universal Declaration of HumanRights: Preamble
Whereasrecognition of the inherentdignity and of the equal andinalienable rights of all members of
the human family is the foundationof freedom, justice and peace in theworld,
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Preamble
Whereas disregard and contempt ofhuman rights have resulted inbarbarous acts which have outraged
the conscience of mankind, and theadvent of a world in which humanbeings shall enjoy freedom ofspeech and belief and freedom from
fear and want has been proclaimedas the highest aspiration of thecommon people,
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Preamble
Whereas it is essential, if man is notto be compelled to have recourse, asa last resort, to rebellion against
tyranny and oppression, that humanrights should be protected by therule of law,
Whereas it is essential to promotethe development of friendlyrelations between nations,
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Preamble
Whereas the peoples of the UnitedNations have in the Charterreaffirmed their faith in fundamental
human rights, in the dignity andworth of the human person and inthe equal rights of men and women
and have determined to promotesocial progress and betterstandards of life in larger freedom,
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Preamble
Whereas Member States have pledgedthemselves to achieve, in co-operationwith the United Nations, the promotion of
universal respect for and observance ofhuman rights and fundamental freedoms,
Whereas a common understanding ofthese rights and freedoms is of the
greatest importance for the fullrealization of this pledge,
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Preamble
Now, therefore,
The General Assembly
Proclaims this Universal Declarationof Human Rights as a commonstandard of achievement for allpeoples and all nations..
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The International Court of Justice
ICJ is the principal judicial body ofthe UN. Its seat is in The Hague. Itbegan work in 1946, when it
replaced the Permanent Court ofInternational Justice which hadfunctioned in The Hague since 1922.
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The International Court of Justice
Below is some information about thecourt and its activities. Match theinformation to the following
headings. You will need to use someheadings more than once:
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Exercise
Functions of the Court
Composition
The Parties in Cases between States
Jurisdiction in Cases between States
Procedure in Cases between Sttes
Sources of Applicable law Advisory Opinions
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Exercise
ICJ Headings
One of the roles of theCourt is to settle in
accordance withinternational law thelegal disputes submittedby States
The advisory procedureof the Court is opensolely to internationalorganizations
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Exercise
ICJ Headings
The Court decides inaccordance with
international treatiesand conventions inforce, internationalcustom, the general
principles of law and,as subsidiary means,
judicial decisions andthe teachings ofurists
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Exercise
ICJ Headings
The Members of theCourt do not represent
their governments butare independentmagistrates
The court is competentto entertain a disputeonly if the Statesconcerned have acceptedits jurisdiction
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Exercise
ICJ Headings
The other role is togive advisory
opinions on legalquestions referred toit by duly authorizedinternational organs
and agenciesOnly States mayapply to and appear
before the Court
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Exercise
ECJ Headings
The Court is composed of15 judges elected tonine-year terms of officeby the UN GeneralAssembly and SecurityConcil
After the oral
proceedings, the Courtdeliberates in cameraand then delivers itsjudgement at a public
sitting
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Exercise
ECJ Headings
If one of the Statesinvolved fails to
comply with it, theother party may haverecourse to theSecurity Council of
the UN
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Exercise
ECJ Headings
The Court may notinclude more thanone judge of anynationality
The judgement isfinal and withoutappeal