Charles-Miller Wabeno, MPH student

Walden University

PUBH 6165-03

Instructor: Dr. Howard Rubin

Spring, 2010

 

Rabies

Rabies was first described by Girolamo Fracastoro in 1530 (Yolanda).

Rabies is a viral disease that affects the nervous system of warm blooded animals (including humans), and caused encephalitis, or death if unthreated.

Rabies virus is a member of a rhabdovius of the gene of Lysavirus.

It is also a preventable disease.

Reference:

Ascension of wildlife Rabies. Yolanda Rotivel. Pasteur Institute, Paris. Retrieved on April 24th, 2010 from: http://www.fas.org/ahead/docs/rabies.htm

Rabies

Mode of transmissionsThe general mode of

transmission is through a bite by an infected animal.

In the United States, people get infected when they are bitten by infected wild animals, such as raccoons, foxes, skunks, coyotes, and bats.

A Caracas of an infected wild dead animal can still transmit the disease to human or to other animals, if humans or animals are exposed to it.

Mode of transmission cont.Infected domestics

farm animals, cats and infected dogs can also transmit the disease to humans.

The virus is present in the nerve and saliva gland of an infected rabid animal.

Human to human transmission is very rare (Torton, 2000).

Incubation timeIn Humans:

3 to 8 weeks

9 days

7 years

Reference: http://www.wwhd.org/rabies.htm

In animals:

Several weeks

Or few months

FevermalaiseanorexiaHeadacheSore throatIncreasing nervousnessAnxietyGeneral weakness or discomfort

Non-specific Symptoms

Rabid symptoms include:Violent movementsUncontrolled

excitementDepressionHydrophobiaPsycho-maniac

disorderLethargyComaDeath.

In humans

Manifestation of the disease

In animals

IncidenceMore than 55 000

people died of rabies every year.

About 95% of human death occur in Asia and Africa.

30% to 60% of victims of dog bite are children under the age or 15

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Statistics

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.Wash the site of the

bite with water and soap.

Apply 1% quaternary ammonium compounds after washing the bite areas with water and soap.

Treatment

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1. Quarantine the

pet for 10 days.

2. Observe if the

pet does not

develop a disease.

3. If the animal

become ill, it is

important to get

rabid shuts.

Measures to do after an healthy animal bites someone

Vaccines availableRabies vaccineDuck embryo

vaccineAttenuated virus

vaccine grown in human diploid cells

Antirabies antiserum

Treatment continuedIntramuscular vaccine

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Vaccination of domestic animals (dog, cats)

If a domestic animal is bitten by a wild animal, contact the veterinary as soon as possible.

Do not approach, or try to feed a wild or stray animals (ECDP).

Prevention.

Rabies virus can be transmitted to humans though a bite by wild animals, or even unvaccinated domestic animals. Therefore, it is important to stay away from those animals.

Avoid touching dead animals body. Avoid trying to feed wild animals or stray dogs.

Rabies is a deadly disease is untreated.In case of exposure it is important to seek medical

help; begin rabies post vaccine therapy, if the suspected animal is a stray or wild.

The sooner the treatment, the better the prognostic.

Conclusion

WHO expert consultation on Rabies. Technical support First report. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-publication Data. 2004: Geneva, Swizerland). Retrieved from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_931_eng.pdf

CDC: http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/

Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: http://edcp.org/factsheets/rab_fsht.cfm

Further readings

Ascension of wildlife Rabies. Yolanda Rotivel. Pasteur Institute, Paris. Retrieved on April 24th, 2010 from: : http://www.fas.org/ahead/docs/rabies.htm

Wilkinson L. Understand the nature of rabies: An historical perspective. In:Campbell JB.Charlton KM, editors. Rabies. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1988. P. 1-23

Robert V. Gibsons, Charles Rupprecht. Twelve common questions about human rabies and its prevention. Viral and Rickettsial zoonese branch. CDC, 2000.

Ascension of wildlife Rabies. Yolanda Rotivel. Pasteur Institute, Paris. Retrieved on April 24th, 2010 from: http://www.fas.org/ahead/docs/rabies.htm

Rabies. Retrieved on April 25th, 2010 from: http://www.wwhd.org/rabies.htm

Rabies. Retrieved on April 25th, 2010 from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/

REFERENCES:

WHO expert consultation on Rabies. First report. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-publication Data. 2004: Geneva, Swizerland). Retrieved from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_931_eng.pdf

Rabies around the World. Retrieved on April 30th, 2010 from: http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/location/world/index.html

Rabies around the World. Retrieved on April 30th, 2010 from: http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/location/world/index.html

WHO expert consultation on Rabies. First report. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-publication Data. 2004: Geneva, Swizerland). Retrieved from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_931_eng.pdf

References continued

THANK YOU .

If you have any question, please direct it to charles-miller.wabeno@waldenu.edu

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