CHARLEMAGNECHARLEMAGNE

SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and

economics. a. Explain the manorial system and feudalism; include the

status of peasants and feudal monarchies and the importance of Charlemagne.

CHARLEMAGNECHARLEMAGNE

http://www.history.com/topics/charlemagnehttp://www.history.com/topics/charlemagne

Charlemagne (c.742-814)Charlemagne (c.742-814) Karl and Charles the GreatKarl and Charles the Great medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to

814814 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in

present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and western Germanywestern Germany

embarked on a mission to unite all Germanic peoples into one embarked on a mission to unite all Germanic peoples into one kingdom, and convert his subjects to Christianitykingdom, and convert his subjects to Christianity

skilled military strategist, he spent much of his reign engaged in skilled military strategist, he spent much of his reign engaged in warfare in order to accomplish his goalswarfare in order to accomplish his goals

800, Pope Leo III (750-816) crowned Charlemagne emperor of the 800, Pope Leo III (750-816) crowned Charlemagne emperor of the RomansRomans

In this role, he encouraged the Carolingian Renaissance, a cultural In this role, he encouraged the Carolingian Renaissance, a cultural and intellectual revival in Europe with help of RCCand intellectual revival in Europe with help of RCC

When he died in 814, Charlemagne’s empire encompassed much of When he died in 814, Charlemagne’s empire encompassed much of Western Europe, and he had also ensured the survival of Christianity Western Europe, and he had also ensured the survival of Christianity in the Westin the West

father of Europe.father of Europe.

Einhard (c. 775-840), a Frankish scholar and Einhard (c. 775-840), a Frankish scholar and contemporary of Charlemagne, wrote a contemporary of Charlemagne, wrote a biography of the emperor after his deathbiography of the emperor after his death

In the work, titled “Vita Karoli Magni (Life of In the work, titled “Vita Karoli Magni (Life of Charles the Great),” he described Charles the Great),” he described Charlemagne as “broad and strong in the Charlemagne as “broad and strong in the form of his body and exceptionally tall form of his body and exceptionally tall without, however, exceeding an appropriate without, however, exceeding an appropriate measure…His appearance was impressive measure…His appearance was impressive whether he was sitting or standing despite whether he was sitting or standing despite having a neck that was fat and too short, having a neck that was fat and too short, and a large belly.” and a large belly.”

Charlemagne was the first Emperor Charlemagne was the first Emperor in Western Europe since the in Western Europe since the fall of the West Roman Empirefall of the West Roman Empire three three centuries earlier. centuries earlier.

The Frankish king Charlemagne was The Frankish king Charlemagne was

a devout Catholic and maintained a a devout Catholic and maintained a close relationship with the papacy close relationship with the papacy throughout his life. In 772, when throughout his life. In 772, when Pope Adrian IPope Adrian I was threatened by was threatened by invaders, the king rushed to Rome to invaders, the king rushed to Rome to provide assistance. Shown here, the provide assistance. Shown here, the pope asks Charlemagne for help at a pope asks Charlemagne for help at a meeting near Rome.meeting near Rome.

SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics.

b. Describe the political impact of Christianity;

include Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV.

CHRISTIANITYCHRISTIANITY

IN THE MIDDLE AGES…IN THE MIDDLE AGES… period of missionary activity and expansion period of missionary activity and expansion MonasticismMonasticism became a powerful force throughout became a powerful force throughout

Europe, and gave rise to many early centers of Europe, and gave rise to many early centers of learning learning

Pope Gregory the GreatPope Gregory the Great dramatically reformed dramatically reformed ecclesiastical structureecclesiastical structure and administration and administration (operational and governance structure )(operational and governance structure )

Development of medieval universitiesDevelopment of medieval universities Development of holy orders of RCC, groups which Development of holy orders of RCC, groups which

took ministry of church to urban areastook ministry of church to urban areas CrusadesCrusades

Pope Gregory VIIPope Gregory VII

best known for the part he played in best known for the part he played in the the Investiture ControversyInvestiture Controversy, his , his dispute with dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman EmperorHenry IV, Holy Roman Emperor that that affirmed the primacy of papal affirmed the primacy of papal authority and the new canon law authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by governing the election of the pope by the the College of CardinalsCollege of Cardinals

HENRY VIIHENRY VII

He twice He twice excommunicatedexcommunicated Henry, who in the end Henry, who in the end appointed appointed Antipope Clement IIIAntipope Clement III to oppose him in to oppose him in the political power struggles between the the political power struggles between the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church and his empire and his empire

The The Investiture ControversyInvestiture Controversy or or Investiture Investiture ContestContest was the most significant conflict was the most significant conflict between between Church and state in medieval EuropeChurch and state in medieval Europe. In . In the the 11th11th and and 12th centuries12th centuries, a series of , a series of PopesPopes challenged the authority of European monarchies challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of appointments, or over control of appointments, or investituresinvestitures, of , of church officials such as church officials such as bishopsbishops and and abbotsabbots..

RESULT: CONCORDAT OF WORMS (VURMS) RESULT: CONCORDAT OF WORMS (VURMS)

THE RRC APPOINTS BISHOPS BUT THE RRC APPOINTS BISHOPS BUT THE HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR, THE HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR, GERMAN KING, COULD VETO.GERMAN KING, COULD VETO.

HENRY IV (4)HENRY IV (4)

d. Describe how increasing trade led to the growth of towns and

cities.

TRADETRADE most of the peasants were involved with industry or trade most of the peasants were involved with industry or trade most people had animals and grew their own food most people had animals and grew their own food once a week they held a market where they rented stalls once a week they held a market where they rented stalls tradesmen bought goods and sold them in their own villages tradesmen bought goods and sold them in their own villages pots, pans, knifes and tools were traded in their villages pots, pans, knifes and tools were traded in their villages larger towns had fairs drawing people from all over Europe larger towns had fairs drawing people from all over Europe fairs were held once a year but lasted weeks, sometimes months fairs were held once a year but lasted weeks, sometimes months kings and nobles sent agents to the fairs to buy goods kings and nobles sent agents to the fairs to buy goods the towns need trade to grow the towns need trade to grow the trade was the beginning of small shops the trade was the beginning of small shops the towns grew rapidly were fortunate to be a good trade route the towns grew rapidly were fortunate to be a good trade route goods locations attracted merchants goods locations attracted merchants merchants attracted buyers during the Crusades merchants attracted buyers during the Crusades tempted by the goods such as silk, spices,tapestries and sugar tempted by the goods such as silk, spices,tapestries and sugar in the beginning traders sold their goods in local markets and fairs in the beginning traders sold their goods in local markets and fairs all over Europe people began learning and perfecting the skills needed to all over Europe people began learning and perfecting the skills needed to

produce goods produce goods

during the middle ages there were no really during the middle ages there were no really large cities large cities

most towns had 1000 to 10,000 people most towns had 1000 to 10,000 people the medieval towns became crowed and the medieval towns became crowed and

smellysmelly The Middle Ages saw the rapid expansion of The Middle Ages saw the rapid expansion of

Medieval trade and commerce. The most Medieval trade and commerce. The most important factor was the Crusades. important factor was the Crusades.

Growth of trade results in growth of Italian Growth of trade results in growth of Italian citystates…GENOA, VENICE, PISA, FLORENCEcitystates…GENOA, VENICE, PISA, FLORENCE

SSWH9 The student will analyze change and continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation.

a. Explain the social, economic, and political changes that contributed to the rise of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli.

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE RENAISSANCE?RENAISSANCE?

RENAISSANCERENAISSANCE

The The RenaissanceRenaissance"to be reborn""to be reborn"cultural movementcultural movement that spanned the that spanned the

period roughly from the 14th to the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in 17th century, beginning in Italy in the the Late Middle AgesLate Middle Ages and later and later spreading to the rest of Europe spreading to the rest of Europe

THE RENAISSANCE LED TO…THE RENAISSANCE LED TO…

Growth of Latin and vernacular literaturesGrowth of Latin and vernacular literatures resurgence of learning based on resurgence of learning based on classicalclassical

sources (by Petrarch…)sources (by Petrarch…) development of development of perspectiveperspective and other and other

techniques of rendering a more natural techniques of rendering a more natural reality in paintingreality in painting

educationaleducational reform reform development of diplomacy (the art of development of diplomacy (the art of

conducting negotiation-relations with conducting negotiation-relations with nations)nations)

Scientific observationScientific observation

best known for its artistic developments best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such men as and the contributions of such men as Leonardo Leonardo dada Vinci Vinci and and MichelangeloMichelangelo, who , who inspired the term "inspired the term "Renaissance manRenaissance man““

ART (PAINTING, SCULPTURE, MUSIC, ART (PAINTING, SCULPTURE, MUSIC, LITERATURE, ARCHITECTURE)LITERATURE, ARCHITECTURE)

A A polymath ipolymath is a s a Renaissance ManRenaissance Man, a , a person whose expertise spans a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subject significant number of different subject areas areas

http://www.history.com/topics/italian-renaissance/videos#the-renaissancehttp://www.history.com/topics/italian-renaissance/videos#the-renaissance

CITY-CENTER OF CITY-CENTER OF RENAISSANCE-RENAISSANCE-FLORENCE (ITALY)FLORENCE (ITALY)

PITTI AND MEDICI PITTI AND MEDICI FAMILIES OF FAMILIES OF FLORENCEFLORENCE

FLORENCEFLORENCE capital city of the capital city of the

ItalianItalian regionregion of of TuscanyTuscany and of the and of the provinceprovince of Florenceof Florence. .

center of center of medievalmedieval European trade and European trade and finance and one of the finance and one of the wealthiest cities of the wealthiest cities of the timetime

birthplace of the birthplace of the RenaissanceRenaissance

AthensAthens of the of the Middle AgesMiddle Ages

ruled by the powerful ruled by the powerful MediciMedici family family

late Middle Ages, Florentine money—in the form of late Middle Ages, Florentine money—in the form of the gold the gold florinflorin—financed the development of industry—financed the development of industry

CosimoCosimo de' Medici de' Medici was the first Medici family was the first Medici family member to essentially control the city member to essentially control the city

Medici were bankers to the pope also contributed to Medici were bankers to the pope also contributed to their rise (ascendancy.)their rise (ascendancy.)

Cosimo was succeeded by his son Cosimo was succeeded by his son PieroPiero, who was, , who was, soon after, succeeded by Cosimo's grandson, soon after, succeeded by Cosimo's grandson, LorenzoLorenzo

Lorenzo was a great patron of the arts, Lorenzo was a great patron of the arts, commissioning works by commissioning works by MichelangeloMichelangelo, , Leonardo Leonardo dada Vinci Vinci and and BotticelliBotticelli

"Lorenzo the Magnificent" (Lorenzo il Magnifico)."Lorenzo the Magnificent" (Lorenzo il Magnifico).

COSIMO COSIMO PIERO PIERO

LORENZOLORENZO

LORENZOLORENZO

ItalianItalian statesman statesman ruler of the ruler of the Florentine RepublicFlorentine Republic during the during the

Italian RenaissanceItalian Renaissance Lorenzo the MagnificentLorenzo the Magnificent ( (Lorenzo il MagnificoLorenzo il Magnifico) )

by contemporary Florentinesby contemporary Florentines diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists, diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists,

and poetsand poets gave large amounts of money to artists so they gave large amounts of money to artists so they

could create master works of artcould create master works of art His life coincided with the high point of the Italian His life coincided with the high point of the Italian

Renaissance and his death coincided with the end Renaissance and his death coincided with the end of the Golden Age of Florence of the Golden Age of Florence

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0

The The Republic of FlorenceRepublic of Florence , or the , or the Florentine RepublicFlorentine Republic, was a , was a city-statecity-state that was centered on the that was centered on the citycity of of FlorenceFlorence, located in modern , located in modern TuscanyTuscany, , ItalyItaly. The republic was . The republic was founded in 1115 founded in 1115

ANOTHER FAMOUS FLORENTINE…ANOTHER FAMOUS FLORENTINE…NiccolòNiccolò Machiavelli Machiavelli

NiccolòNiccolò Machiavelli Machiavelli

Machiavelli - political thinkerMachiavelli - political thinkermost renowned for his political most renowned for his political

handbook titled, handbook titled, The PrinceThe Prince, which is , which is about ruling and the exercise of about ruling and the exercise of powerpower

Commissioned by the Medici, Commissioned by the Medici, Machiavelli also wrote the Machiavelli also wrote the Florentine HistoriesFlorentine Histories

Niccolo MachiavelliNiccolo Machiavellidiplomat for 14 years in Italy's diplomat for 14 years in Italy's

Florentine Republic during the Medici Florentine Republic during the Medici family's exilefamily's exile

wrote wrote The Prince, a handbook for , a handbook for politicians on the use of ruthless, politicians on the use of ruthless, self-serving cunning, inspiring the self-serving cunning, inspiring the term "machiavellian." term "machiavellian."

Italian historian, politician, diplomat, Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, philosopher, humanisthumanist and writer and writer based in Florence during the based in Florence during the RenaissanceRenaissance

official in the official in the Florentine RepublicFlorentine Republic, , with responsibilities in diplomatic and with responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairsmilitary affairs

a founder of modern a founder of modern political sciencepolitical science

BASILICA OF SANTA CROCE, FLORENCE, ITALYBASILICA OF SANTA CROCE, FLORENCE, ITALY(BASICLICA OF THE HOLY CROSS)(BASICLICA OF THE HOLY CROSS)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s25kX24j250http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s25kX24j250 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mgSPiAiBjUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mgSPiAiBjU

Scholars often note that Machiavelli glorifies Scholars often note that Machiavelli glorifies instrumentality in statebuilding - an approach instrumentality in statebuilding - an approach embodied by the saying that "embodied by the saying that "the ends justify the meansthe ends justify the means." Violence may be ." Violence may be necessary for the successful stabilization of power necessary for the successful stabilization of power and introduction of new legal institutions. Force and introduction of new legal institutions. Force may be used to eliminate political rivals, to may be used to eliminate political rivals, to coerce resistant populations, and to purge the coerce resistant populations, and to purge the community of other men strong enough of community of other men strong enough of character to rule, who will inevitably attempt to character to rule, who will inevitably attempt to replace the ruler. Machiavelli has become replace the ruler. Machiavelli has become infamous for such political advice, ensuring that infamous for such political advice, ensuring that he would be remembered in history through the he would be remembered in history through the adjective, "Machiavellian."adjective, "Machiavellian."

QUOTES, THE PRINCEQUOTES, THE PRINCE

THE ENDS JUSTIFIES THE MEANS.THE ENDS JUSTIFIES THE MEANS. IT IS BETTER TO BE FEARED THAN IT IS BETTER TO BE FEARED THAN

LOVED.LOVED.

HUMANISMHUMANISM

SSWH9 The student will analyze change and continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation. o.

Explain the main characteristics of humanism; include the ideas of Petrarch, Dante, and Erasmus.

HUMANISMHUMANISMRenaissance Renaissance humanismhumanism intellectual reform initiated by intellectual reform initiated by

scientists, academics, and civic scientists, academics, and civic leaders during the post-Medieval leaders during the post-Medieval Renaissance periodRenaissance period

The roots of Renaissance humanism can be traced to The roots of Renaissance humanism can be traced to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuriesthe fourteenth and fifteenth centuries

arose out of medieval scholastic education which arose out of medieval scholastic education which emphasizing practical, pre-professional and scientific emphasizing practical, pre-professional and scientific studiesstudies

ScholasticismScholasticism that focused on preparing men to be that focused on preparing men to be doctors, lawyers or professional theologians was doctors, lawyers or professional theologians was often derived from surviving Greco-Roman texts on often derived from surviving Greco-Roman texts on logic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and theologylogic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology

development of Renaissance humanism was fostered development of Renaissance humanism was fostered by scholastic institutions in the cities of by scholastic institutions in the cities of FlorenceFlorence, , NaplesNaples, , RomeRome, , VeniceVenice, , MantuaMantua, , FerraraFerrara, and , and UrbinoUrbino..

sought to create an informed citizenry who sought to create an informed citizenry who were textually literate, and not only able to were textually literate, and not only able to read and write but also able to employ read and write but also able to employ critical knowledge in the civic realmcritical knowledge in the civic realm

accomplished through providing study of accomplished through providing study of the broader the broader studiastudia humanitatishumanitatis curriculum: curriculum: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophymoral philosophy

Renaissance humanist scholars often saw Renaissance humanist scholars often saw their work as a means to revive the cultural their work as a means to revive the cultural legacy and academic productivity of legacy and academic productivity of classical antiquity.classical antiquity.

http://www.history.com/videos/humanism-triggers-the-renaissance#humanism-triggers-the-http://www.history.com/videos/humanism-triggers-the-renaissance#humanism-triggers-the-renaissancerenaissance

HUMANISTSHUMANISTS

Explain the main characteristics of humanism; include the ideas of Petrarch, Dante, and Erasmus.

PETRARCHPETRARCH

Francesco PetrarcaFrancesco Petrarca (20 July 1304 – 19 (20 July 1304 – 19 July 1374)July 1374)

in in EnglishEnglish as as PetrarchPetrarch ItalianItalian scholar and scholar and poetpoet, and one of the , and one of the

earliest earliest humanistshumanists "Father of Humanism“"Father of Humanism“ Petrarch's sonnets were admired and Petrarch's sonnets were admired and

imitated throughout Europe during the imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetrylyrical poetry

developed the concept of the "developed the concept of the "Dark AgesDark Ages““

the first touristthe first touristcollected crumbling Latin collected crumbling Latin

manuscripts and was a prime mover manuscripts and was a prime mover in the recovery of knowledge from in the recovery of knowledge from writers of Rome and Greece writers of Rome and Greece

Love sonnets to LauraLove sonnets to Laura

DANTEDANTE

Durante degli AlighieriDurante degli AlighieriDanteDante , Italian, c. 1265–1321) , Italian, c. 1265–1321) Italian poet of the Italian poet of the Middle AgesMiddle AgesDivine ComedyDivine Comedygreatest literary work composed in greatest literary work composed in

the the Italian languageItalian language and a and a masterpiece of world masterpiece of world literatureliterature

DANTE;DANTE;DIVINE COMEDYDIVINE COMEDY

("the Supreme Poet") ("the Supreme Poet") He, He, PetrarchPetrarch and and BoccaccioBoccaccio are also are also

known as "the three fountains" or known as "the three fountains" or "the three crowns“"the three crowns“

called the "Father of the Italian called the "Father of the Italian language". language".

DIVINE COMEDYDIVINE COMEDY

A poemA poem imaginative and imaginative and allegoricalallegorical vision of the vision of the

afterlifeafterlife (device in which characters or events represent (device in which characters or events represent

or symbolize ideas and concepts) or symbolize ideas and concepts) culmination of the culmination of the medieval world-viewmedieval world-view as it as it

had developed in the had developed in the Western ChurchWestern Church Helped establish the Helped establish the Tuscan dialectTuscan dialect, in which it , in which it

is written, as the standardized is written, as the standardized Italian languageItalian language divided into three parts: divided into three parts: InfernoInferno, , PurgatorioPurgatorio, ,

and and ParadisoParadiso

describes Dante's travels through describes Dante's travels through Hell, Purgatory, and HeavenHell, Purgatory, and Heaven

represents represents allegoricallyallegorically the soul's the soul's journey towards Godjourney towards God

At this deeper level, Dante draws on At this deeper level, Dante draws on medieval Christian theology and medieval Christian theology and philosophy philosophy

ERASMUSERASMUS

Desiderius Desiderius Erasmus Erasmus RoterodamusRoterodamus

1466 – 1536)1466 – 1536) Erasmus of Erasmus of

RotterdamRotterdam DutchDutch

Renaissance humaniRenaissance humanistst, , CatholicCatholic priestpriest, , social critic, teacher, social critic, teacher, and theologianand theologian

Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin stylestyle

proponent of religious tolerationproponent of religious toleration "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists“"the crowning glory of the Christian humanists“ prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the

New TestamentNew Testament influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic

Counter-ReformationCounter-Reformation wrote wrote The Praise of FollyThe Praise of Folly Erasmus lived against the backdrop of the growing Erasmus lived against the backdrop of the growing

European religious Reformation and supported RCC reformEuropean religious Reformation and supported RCC reform recognized the authority of the poperecognized the authority of the pope emphasized a middle way, with a deep respect for emphasized a middle way, with a deep respect for

traditional faith, piety and grace, and rejected Luther's traditional faith, piety and grace, and rejected Luther's emphasis on faith aloneemphasis on faith alone