Characterization of Seismic Anisotropy of the Marcellus Shale … · 2015. 9. 8. · Thomsen...
Transcript of Characterization of Seismic Anisotropy of the Marcellus Shale … · 2015. 9. 8. · Thomsen...
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Characterization of Seismic
Anisotropy of the Marcellus Shale
from Borehole Data
Sharif Morshed
Ph.D. Aspirant
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Advisor : Dr. Robert Tatham
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Talk Outline
Seismic Anisotropy : Theoretical Basics
Dipole Sonic Tool
Anisotropy Characterization The Marcellus Shale Data
VTI Analysis
Backus Average
HTI Analysis
Fracture Modeling
Conclusion
Future Work
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Isotropic Anisotropic
Seismic Anisotropy
Velocities are same in all
directions
Velocities are NOT same in all
directions
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Simple Anisotropic System
Tatham & McCormack, 1991
VTI HTI
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Transverse Isotropy Tensor
Voigt notation for VTI system
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Voigt notation for HTI system
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Engelder, 2009
Milner, 2010
• Fractures
• Bedding parallel
cracks/ layering
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Anisotropy in the Marcellus Shale
Outcrop
Thin Section and SEM image
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Anisotropy Characterization
Lab Measurement data
Borehole Sonic data
Surface Seismic data
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Velocities from Borehole Sonic Data
Compressional and Shear slowness
Monopole Source (7-20kHz)--Vp(0o), Vs(0o)
Shear Slowness Fast and Slow
Dipole Source (2-4kHz)—Vs1,Vs2
Stoneley Slowness
Horizontal Shear wave slowness
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Dipole Sonic Tool
Shear Slowness Fast and Slow
Dipole Source (2-4kHz)—Vs1,Vs2
-> Estimate of C44, C55
Zemanek et al, 1991 Brie et al, 1998
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Anisotropy (ϒ) 10
The Marcellus Shale
Middle Devonian marine organic shale extensive in New York,
Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia
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• For VTI, Thomsen (1986) parameters
C33=ρ(Vp(0o))2
C44=C55=ρ(Vs(0o))2
C66=ρ(Vs(90o))2
C11=?, C13=?, Ɛ=?, δ=?
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Estimation of VTI Anisotropic parameter
from Dipole log
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Thomsen (1986) ϒ from Monopole log
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.30
20
40
60
80
100
120
Thomsen Gamma
Co
un
t
C44--Vertical monopole shear slowness C66--Horizontal shear slowness from stoneley slowness
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VTI Anisotropy at Seismic Scale
Upscaling
Seismic frequency--~order of 10’s, like 50 Hz
Borehole monopole frequency--~ 5-10kHz
Borehole dipole frequency -- ~ 2 kHz
Backus (1962) Average
a. Upscaling at seismic wavelength
b. Full VTI tensor
c. Estimation of Ɛ, γ, and δ
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Thomsen parameters from Backus (1962)
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-0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
8340
8360
8380
8400
8420
8440
8460
8480
8500
8520
Thomsen (1986) Parameter
De
pth
(ft
)
Epsilon
Gamma
DeltaUpper
Marcellus
Lower
Marcellus
Averaging
Length= 20 ft
Ɛ ϒ δ
Upper Marcellus 0.0052 0.0071 -0.0012
Lower Marcellus 0.0029 0.0033 -0.0001
Total Marcellus 0.0065 0.0086 -0.0014
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Upscaled Velocities using Backus (1962)
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HTI Anisotropy
Voigt notation for stiffness
tensor of HTI system
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C44=ρ(Vs2)2
C66=C55=ρ(Vs1)2
Average Wave length ~ 3.5 ft
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Fracture Modeling
Hudson (1982) for isolated
penny shaped cracks,
𝑐𝑖𝑗𝑒𝑓𝑓
= 𝑐𝑖𝑗0 + 𝑐𝑖𝑗
1 + 𝑐𝑖𝑗2
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0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.060
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Crack Induced Porosity
Co
un
t
Aspect ratio : 0.07 - 0.15
Crack density : 0.005-0.09
First Order correction for
dry cracks
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Fracture Modeling Results
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Dry cracks are substituted with Gas, Using Gassmann (1951)
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Conclusion
• The Marcellus shale is complex in terms
of anisotropy.
• The Marcellus Shale is very weakly VTI at
seismic frequency.
• The Marcellus shale may be fractured.
• More complex model like Orthorhombic
consideration may give better result.
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Future Work
AVOZ
Orthorhombic model
Orientation distribution function with Organic
porosity consideration
Calibration and tie with core and surface seismic
data
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Acknowledgements
EDGER Forum
Dr. Robert H. Tatham
Dr. Kyle Spikes
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