Characterization of Indiana’s Coal Resource: Availability of the Reserves,

Physical and Chemical Properties of the Coal, and the Present and Potential

UsesMaria Mastalerz, Agnieszka Drobniak,John Rupp, and Nelson Shaffer

Indiana Geological SurveyIndiana University

Center for Coal Technology Research

Indiana Department of Commerce

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

• Provide assessment how much coal is available for mining• Characterize quality of coal for those unique properties to

utilize it in an efficient and environmentally sound manner;

• Characterize current use of coal;• Characterize production and use of Coal Combustion

Products;• Characterize limestones and dolomites for Flue Gas

Desulphurization• Provide basis for potential uses of Indiana coals (CBM,

CO2 sequestration, non-traditional uses of CCP)

CONTENTSCONTENTS• 74 pages of text, 102 figures and 67 tables• Resource evaluation for all major coal beds (Danville, Springfield, Seelyville

from previous availability work at IGS, Hymera, Houchin Creek, Survant and Colchester – new evaluations, Lower and Upper Blocks and Buffaloville –extents and area available for mining). More than 50 maps of depth, thickness, areas available for underground and surface mining have been generated.

• Physical and chemical properties (sulfur, ash, heating value – summaries and maps for major coal beds, ash characteristics, summaries of 35 trace elements – Hg, Se, As, and Cl discussed in more detail).

• Utilization (coking properties, SR 64 by Valia and Mastalerz, CBM, CO2 sequestration – DOE-sponsored projects)

• Coal Combustion Products from Indiana coals;• Limestones and dolomites for Flue Gas Desulphurization – recent IDOC-

funded project to N. Shaffer; and • Summary of the unique properties of Indiana coals.

This document uses all the information that was available to us, both old and the most recent, on Indiana coals

Coal Production in Indiana 1879-1998

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

40,000,000

1879 1889 1899 1909 1919 1929 1939 1949 1959 1969 1979 1989

Sho

rt To

ns

Underground Surface Total

2002

Illinois Indiana W. Kentucky

Mattoon Fm.

Bond Fm.

Patoka Fm.

Danville (No.7)JamestownHerrin (No.6)

Springfield (No.5)

Houchin Creek

Survant

Colchester (No.2)DekovenDavis

Willis

Reynoldsburg

Gentry

Cas

eyvi

lleFm

.Tr

adew

ater

Fm.

Rac

oon

Cre

ekG

roup

Rac

oon

Cre

ekG

roup

Car

bond

ale

Fm.

Shel

burn

Fm.

McL

eans

boro

Gp.

McL

eans

boro

Gp.

Car

bond

ale

Gro

up

Mattoon Fm.

Bond Fm.

Patoka Fm.

Shelburn Fm.

Danville (VII)Hymera (VI)HerrinBucktown (Vb)Springfield (V)

Houchin Creek

Survant (IV)

Colchester (IIIa)

Seelyville (III)

Unnamed StauntonFm coals

Minshall Buffaloville

Upper Block

Lower BlockMariah HillBlue Creek

PinnickSt. Meinrad

French Lick

Rac

oon

Cre

ekG

roup

Cas

eyvi

lleTr

adew

ater

Fm.

Car

bond

ale

Fm.

Shel

burn

Fm.

Mattoon Fm.

Bond Fm.

Patoka Fm.

Baker (No.13)Paradise (no.12)Herrin (no.11)

Springfield (No.9)

Houchin Creek

Survant (No.8)

Colchester Dekoven (No.7)Davis (No.6)

(Mining City) No.4Empire

Lead Creek/Dunbar

Elm Lick

(Ice House) No.3FosterAmosBell

Battery RockNolin M

orro

wan

Ato

kan

Des

moi

nesi

anM

issou

rian

Virg.

Man

sfie

ldFm

.B

razi

lFm

.St

aunt

onFm

.Li

nton

Fm.

Pete

rsbu

rgFm

.D

ugge

rFm

.

McL

eans

boro

Gro

up

Pen

nsyl

vani

an

Pennsylv anian System(coal-bear ing str ata)

Surf ace Mined AreaUnderg round Mined Area

10 0 20 Miles

10 0 30 Kilometers

I L

L I

N O

I S

K E N T U C K Y

WAB

ASH

RIVER

OHIORIV

ER

PatokaLake

EastFork

WhiteRiver

White

R iver

Wabash

River

MonroeLake

POSEY VANDER-BURGH

WARRICK

SPENCER

PERRY

CRAWFORD

DUBOISPIKEGIBSON

KNOX DAVIESS MARTIN

ORANGE

LAWRENCE

MONROE

BRO

WN

GREENE

SULLIVAN

VIGO

OWEN

CLAY

MORGAN

HENDRICKSPUTNAM

PARKEVERM

ILLI

ON

BOONEMONTGOMERY

FOUNTAIN

BENTON

WARREN

TIPPECANOE

WHITECARROLL

CLINTON

HO

WAR

D

CASSDelphi

Lafayette

Covington

Newport

WilliamsportFrankfort

LebanonCrawfordsville

DanvilleRockville

Greencastle

BrazilTerreHaute

Martins-ville

Spencer

Bloomington

BloomfieldSullivan

Bedford

Vincennes

Washing-ton

Shoals

Petersburg

PrincetonJasper

Paoli

English

CanneltonRockport

BoonvilleEvansville

MountVernon

INDIANA

! 1

!2

! 3

! 4 !5

!6

!7

!8 !9!10 ! 11

!12

! 13 !14 ! 15!16 ! 1721

! 23! 24!25!26

! 28 !29 !30

! 32! 33!34!35

! 36 !37! 38

! 39

!39

1819

20 !22

27

31

40

Mine ID Number

Active Underg round Coal Mine

Active Surf ace Coal Mine

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the active coal mines, and mined-out areas.

Availability of Coal Reserves in Availability of Coal Reserves in IndianaIndiana

• Indiana had approximately 59.5 billion short tons of original coal resources

• Available for mining is 17.5 billion (~30%)• Available for surface: ~ 2 billion

for underground ~ 16 billion

• Coal produced in Indiana so far: 2,124,417,385 tons (2 billion)

Rate of RecoveryRate of Recovery

• Continue to mine ~30 million tons per year, all that is available (17 billion tons)is mined in approximately 500 years.

• However, only 2.1 billion is available for surface m. – 70 year supply if surface mined only

• Not more than 20% Indiana production comes from underground mines.

COAL AVAILABILITYAvailable Coal Resources =

remaining coal resources –coal restricted by land use –

coal restricted by technological factors.

Technology is economically based:

e.g. stripping ratio

e.g. seam thickness underground

e.g. coal quality

Original extent of the coalCoal too deep for surface miningCoal removed by surface miningCoal removed by deep miningCoal too thin for surface miningStripping ratio > 25 : 1Unconsolidated dep. > 60 ft. thickWithin 200 ft. of deep minesMining restricted within townsMining restricted near pipelinesMining restricted near roadsMining block too small

coal available for surface mining>200ft deepcoal erodedsurface minedeep mine200ft buffer around deep minescoal <14 inchesstripping ratio >25:1unconsolidated >60ft thicktowns + 2,640ft bufferpipelines + 100ft bufferpaved roads + 100ft buffermine block too small

12

3583

59

88

91

84

85

62

8682

57

65

89

64

80

81

58

39

61

90

63

79

87

38

155

36

12

105

222

221

157

104

107

137

139

108

102

115

113

133

128

135

126

151

134

153

158

136

117

140

101

124

152

116

110

244

109

131

132

130

125

245

129

92

78

106

112

103

156

223

111

114

127

138

119

243

154

241

25

100

118

66

60

159

56

3

141

40

26

11

150

8225

123

5349

149

4

294

160

242

13

99

28

93

10

77

67

coal available for surface mining>200ft deepcoal erodedsurface minedeep mine200ft buffer around deep minescoal <14 inchesstripping ratio >25:1unconsolidated >60ft thicktowns + 2,640ft bufferpipelines + 100ft bufferpaved roads + 100ft buffermine block too small

0.6 0 0.6 1.2 Miles

Explanation

Map of the Wheatland Quadrangleshowing coal available for surface mining and coal restricted from mining

erages

Extent of Danville coal Extent of Pennsylvanian SystemSurface minesUnderground mines

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the extent of the Danville coal, the PennsylvanianSystem, and distribution of the Danville coal surface and underground mines (from Conolly, 2001).

Posey

Vanderburgh

Gibson

Knox

Daviess

Sullivan

Greene

VigoClay Owen

Putnam

Parke

Verm

illio

n

Martin

DuboisPike

Warrick

Spencer

Perry

Fountain

Warren

0 10 miles

1 : 1,250,000

Map scale

Indiana

Danville coal

Extent and mined out areas

Map showing a subset of the Danville coal stratigraphic data points that were used to create the Danville coal thickness and depth maps (confidential data are not shown, afterConolly, 2001).

Extent of Danville coal

Danville coal data points

0 10 miles

1 : 1,000,000

Map scale

Danville coal absent

Indiana

Danville coal

Data points used

Map of the southwestern Indiana showing the depth of the Danville coal (after Conolly, 2001).

Less than 50 feet50 - 100 feet100 - 150 feet150 - 200 feet200 - 500 feetGreater than 500 feet

0 10 miles

1 : 1,000,000

Map scale

Danville coal absentDanville coal absent

Indiana

Danville coal

Depth to the coal

Map of the southwestern Indiana showing the thickness of the Danville coal (after Conolly, 2001).

Less than 14 inches14 - 28 inches28 - 42 inches42 - 63 inchesGreater than 63 inches

Danville coal absent

0 10 miles

1 : 1,000,000

Map scale

Indiana

Danville coal

Thickness

Danville coal available for surface miningDanville coal absentDanville coal mined outDepth to Danville coal greater then 200 feet

Surface mining restricted by land-use features

0 10 miles

1 : 1,000,000

Map scale

Surface mining restricted by technological factors

Map of the southwestern Indiana showing the areas where the Danville coal is available for surface mining and where surface mining is restricted (after Conolly, 2001).

Indiana

Danville coal

Areas available for surface mining

Map of the southwestern Indiana showing the areas where the Danville coal is available for underground mining and where underground mining is restricted (after Conolly, 2001).

Danville coal available for underground miningDanville coal absentDanville coal mined outDepth to Danville coal less then 100 feet

Underground mining restricted by land-use features

0 10 miles

1 : 1,000,000

Map scale

Underground mining restricted by technological factors

Indiana

Danville coal

Areas available for underground mining

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Indiana CoalsIndiana Coals

• Physical properties• Coal quality• Ash chemistry• Trace elements• Coal rank and petrographic composition• Methane and Carbon Dioxide sorption

Quality of Indiana coals - Moisture and BTU

Danville

Hymera

Springfield

Seelyville

Lower Block

Blue Creek

0 20 40 60 80 100

Moisture <12%Btu>12500

Percent of the total resource

These coals account for about 30% of Indiana coal production

These coals account for about 70% of Indiana coal production

Quality of Indiana coal - Sulfur and ash

Danville

Hymera

Springfield

Seelyville

Lower Block

Blue Creek

0 20 40 60 80 100

Sulfur <2%Ash <10%

Percent of the total resource

These coals account for about 30% of Indiana coal production

These coals account for about 70% of Indiana coal production

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the heating value (Btu/lb on dry basis) of the Danville coal.

Less than 10.000 Btu/lb10.000 - 10.500 Btu/lb

11.500 - 12.000 Btu/lb12.000 - 12.500 Btu/lb12.500 - 13.000 Btu/lb

Danville coal absent

0 10 miles

1 : 1,000,000

Map scale

More than 13.000 Btu/lb

Data points

10.500 - 11.000 Btu/lb11.000 - 11.500 Btu/lb

Indiana

Danville coal

Heating value (Btu/Lb, dry basis)

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the sulfur content (total, dry basis) of the Danville coal.

Less than 1 %1 - 1.5 %1.5 - 2 %2 - 2.5 %2.5 - 3 %

Danville coal absent

0 10 miles

1 : 1,000,000

Map scale

More than 3 %

Data points

Indiana

Danville coal

Sulfur content (dry)

Less than 1%

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the sulfur content (total, dry basis) of the Springfield coal.

Less than 1 %1 - 1.5 %1.5 - 2 %2 - 2.5 %2.5 - 3 %

Springfield coal absent

0 10 miles

1 : 1,000,000

Map scale

More than 3 %

Data points

Indiana

Springfield coal

Sulfur content (dry)

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the ash content (dry basis) of the Danville coal.

Less than 5 %5 - 10 %10 - 15 %15 - 20 %20 - 25 %

Danville coal absent

0 10 miles

1 : 1,000,000

Map scale

More than 25 %

Data points

Indiana

Danville coal

Ash content (dry)

Furnace Furnace SlaggingSlagging* Indices* IndicesSlagging Index(Base/Acid)*(% Sulfur)

Base Acid Ratio(Base/Acid)

Silica Percentage(Si02) (100) /Si02+Fe203+Ca0+Mg0

<0.6 low0.6-2 medium>2 high<0.5 (0.3)dbot wbot

<30 low30-82 medium>82 high

*Slagging – buildup of molten ash in the lower furnace

MINERAL MATTER IN COALMINERAL MATTER IN COAL

Furnace Fouling* Indices

Fouling Index(Base/Acid) * Na20

Alkalies in Coal(% Ash)*(Na20 + 0.659 K20)Sodium in Ash% Na20

Chlorine in Coal% Cl

< 0.2 low0.2 - 0.5 medium> 0.5 high< 0.3 low0.3 - 0.5 medium> 0.5 high< 0.5 low0.5 - 1 medium> 1.0 high< 0.1 low0.1 - 0.3 medium> 0.3 high*fouling – buildup on upper furnace.

0.9

1.61

1.84

2.02

2.93

4.3

0.42

0.43

Danville

Hymera

Springfield

Houchin Creek

Survant

Colchester

Seelyville

Upper Block

Lower Block

0 1 2 3 4 5

Slagging index

0.19

0.17

0.22

0.36

0.33

0.43

0.08

0.13

Danville

Hymera

Springfield

Houchin Creek

Survant

Colchester

Seelyville

Upper Block

Lower Block

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Fouling index

Ash fusion T – low may cause slag deposits

Slagging index – low - below 0.6medium – 0.6-2.0high - above 2.0

Fouling index – low - below 0.2medium – 0.2-0.5high above 0.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7WKY #18/Lisman

WKY #13 (Baker)

WKY #11 (Herrin)

WKY #9 (Springfield)

WKY#6 (DeKovan)

WKY #4

Dunbar/Lead Creek

Bell

SlaggingSlagging Index Index –– western Kentuckywestern Kentucky

< 0.6 = Low 0.6-2.0 = Medium > 2.0 = High

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4WKY #18/Lisman

WKY #13 (Baker)

WKY #11 (Herrin)

WKY #9 (Springfield)

WKY#6 (DeKovan)

WKY #4

Dunbar/Lead Creek

Bell

Fouling Index Fouling Index –– western Kentuckywestern Kentucky

< 0.2 = low 0.2 - 0.5 = moderate >0.5 = high

Map of southwestern Indiana showing vitrinite reflectance (R random) of the Seelyville coal.

0 10 miles

1 : 1,000,000

Map scale

O

0.50 - 0.55 %

0.55 - 0.60 %

0.60 - 0.65 %

< 0.50 %

Seelyville coal absent

0.65 - 0.70 %

Data points

dashed lines are used in areas with very limited number of data points

Indiana

Seelyville coal

Vitrinite reflectance

Coal rank and petrography

Indiana coals are of high-volatilebituminous rank

C – Ro 0.47-0.57%B – Ro 0.57-0.71%A – Ro 0.71-1.1%

0 20 40 60 80

Lycopod Trees Small Lycopods Tree Ferns Small Ferns

Calamites Cordaites Unknown Affinity

Volume %

B

100

0.0-3.0

3.0-9.5

9.5-30.0

30.0-45.0

45.0-57.0

57.0-59.0

59.0-60.0

0 20 40 60 80 100

Vitrinite Liptinite Inertinite Mineral matter

Thickness (cm)

Volume %

A

Maceral composition and palynology of the Upper Block coal in Daviess County.

(A, in volume %) (B)

Petrography and Petrography and palynologypalynology

Danville

Hymera

Springfield

Seelyville

Upper Block

00.02

0.040.06

0.080.1

0.120.14

Mercury (ppm)

Trace elements in Indiana coalsTrace elements in Indiana coals

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the mercury content of the Danville coal.

Less than 0.05 ppm0.05 - 0.10 ppm0.10 - 0.15 ppm

Danville coal absent

0 10 miles

1 : 1,000,000

Map scale

More than 0.15 ppm

Data points

Indiana

Danville coal

Mercury content (ppm)

Map of southwestern Indiana showing the mercury content of the Springfield coal.

Less than 0.05 ppm0.05 - 0.10 ppm0.10 - 0.15 ppm

Springfield coal absent

0 10 miles

1 : 1,000,000

Map scale

More than 0.30 ppm

Data points

0.15 - 0.20 ppm0.20 - 0.25 ppm0.25 - 0.30 ppm

Indiana

Springfield coal

Mercury content (ppm)

Mercury concentration in in-ground coal on an equal-energy basis (lb/ 1012 Btu).

In Indiana

X=9.2 raw

5.2 float

Regulatory approachesRegulatory approaches

• Bituminous – 2/TBtu• Subbituminous 5.8/TBtu• Lignite – 9.2/TBtu

• MACT – Compliance data – 08

Danville Coal

The concentrations of numerous trace elements decrease significantly as a result of washing. In this report we have comparison between raw and washed coal for trace elements as well as sulfur and ash.

Cd Hg Se 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2CoalWashed product

As Cr Pb0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70CoalWashed product

In ppm, whole coal basis

<50 50-70 70-90 >90Gas content (scf/t, raw basis)

0

10

20

30

40

A. Springfield

<50 50-70 70-90 90-110 >1100

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

B. Seelyville

Gas content (scf/t, raw basis)

Coalbed MethaneCoalbed Methane

Seelyville coal may contain

1.5 to 3.0 Tcf of gas(Drobniak et al., 2002)

Seelyville - Posey County

0100200300400500600700800900

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Pressure (PSI)

CO2

CH4

Springfield - Warrick County

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Pressure (PSI)

CO2

CH4

Danville - Sullivan County

0100

200300

400500

600700

800

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Pressure (psi)

CO2

CH4

Danville - Knox County

0100200300400500600700800900

0 500 1000 1500

Pressure (psi)

CO2

CH4

Upper Block - Parke County

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 500 1000 1500

Pressure (PSI)

CO2

CH4

Upper Block - Parke County

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 500 1000 1500

Pressure (PSI)

CO2

CH4

3.44.4

4.8 5.0

3.73.9

CO2 sequestration

At pressure of 400 psi,Indiana coal beds can accommodate

560-790 Scf/ton CO2

Our coal can accommodate

~4.8 times more CO2than CH4

UtilizationUtilization

• Electricity generation• Steel industry

– Coke blends– Pulverized coal injection– CBM– CO2 sequestrationUnconventional uses (gasification, liquefaction)

Indiana coal and steel industryIndiana coal and steel industry

• Coking blends – fluidity, plasticity, reactive/inert ratio, etc. – Brazil Formation coals have superior coking properties

• Pulverized coal injection (PCI) – good coals are those that have high combustibility and replace more coke – high replacement ratio (RR).

• Significant proportion of Indiana coals have high RR

Valia and Mastalerz, 2004. IGS Special Report 64.

Non-coking, but some good for PCIe.g. Danville coal

Superior coking propertiesLower Block coal

240 micrometers

Indiana Limestones and Dolomites for FGDIndiana Limestones and Dolomites for FGD

• Specific gravity, grindability, acid solid residue

• Mineralogy• Chemical composition• Reactivity

Excellent sources of limestone for FGD applications exist in Indiana

91.31.20698.3Temple Unit Bench III

92.91.09689.7Putnamville Unit 1

92.81.09989.9Pipe Creek Jr.

91.21.36598.3Paoli Cave Stone

92.81.10689.9Orleans Unit Y

92.91.07589.8Orleans Unit X

92.91.07089.8Orleans (A)

92.31.12493.1Mill Town Unit 2ABCD

92.61.10991.1Mill Town Bench I

93.01.07789.4Mill Town Bench II

92.31.13293.7Mill Town Bench IV

92.81.08490.0Gosport

no dataColumbus

93.11.10988.9Cloverdale Unit Bench I

93.01.12489.2Cloverdale Bench (II) Duplicate

92.91.10689.7Cloverdale Bench II

92.61.12891.3Cloverdale (III) Triplicate

92.31.18693.2Campbellsburg

93.51.08188.1Bloomington Bench I

93.01.10589.1Bloomington Bench II

92.91.09489.7Bainbridge Unit 4

93.01.12389.4Bainbridge Unit 1-4

93.11.19988.9Bainbridge Unit 1-3

Utilization(S:CaRatio)

Reagent Rate(pounds/min x104)

SO2Removal(percent)

Sample

from Shaffer and Sadowski, 2000

Coal Combustion ProductsCoal Combustion Products

Source: Indiana Legislative Services Agency Office of Fiscal and Management Analysis -- Fiscal Impact Statement for SB 417.

42%3,466,7138,229,009Total

43%497,4201,162,642Bottom Ash

49%1,839,1413,779,295FGD Materials

34%1,130,1523,287,072Fly ash

Percent ReusedTons ReusedTons ProducedProduct

Indiana Coal Combustion Products Totals in 1999

Disposal in coal mines – currently ~ 1 million tons a year (Division of Reclamation)

Unconventional applications

-Low-grade ore

-Carbon whiskers

-Composites

-Fullerenes

SUMMARY: Availability SUMMARY: Availability Coal availability studies shows:

17-18 billion short tons of coal are available for mining (surface and underground) in Indiana.At current production rate, this reserve would

last for more than 500 years.But this can only be accomplished by a significant increase in the percentage produced by underground mining.Production using current practices (80% surface -20% underground) will last only 100 years.

Indiana coals, being part of the Illinois Basin, have many common characteristics with the coals of Illinois and western Kentucky.

Similar coalification level; high volatile bituminous rank dictates such properties as calorific value, moisture, carbon content, etc.

High volatile bituminous rank: very suitable for combustion, but also useful for gasification or liquefaction because of their reactivity.

SUMMARY: SUMMARY: BasinwideBasinwideCharacteristics Characteristics

SUMMARY: Heating Value

Indiana coals (and those of the entire Illinois Basin) have good heating value

Better than most Western coals but lower than Appalachian coals.Compared to western coals, we need to burn

less Indiana coal to get the same amount of energy.

SUMMARY: Heating Value SUMMARY: Heating Value

Most of Indiana coal is high in sulfurSignificant portions of the Danville and the

Brazil Fm. coals are low-sulfur compliance coals.Illinois and western Kentucky do not have this

low sulfur resource.Availability of good quality limestones (for

FGD) close to our power plants helps utilize high sulfur coals.

SUMMARY: Sulfur Content SUMMARY: Sulfur Content

SUMMARY: Trace Elements SUMMARY: Trace Elements

Trace elements in Indiana coals are usually on the low side for Illinois Basin coals and low in other elements in comparison with Western coals.

Mercury is generally low. Washing results in significant reduction not only sulfur but numerous trace elements as well.

SUMMARY: Alternative Uses SUMMARY: Alternative Uses

There is an increasing interest in CBM and CO2 sequestration potential of Indiana coalsPrevious and current projects provide

more data and indicate some potential areasMore research needed

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To the Center for Coal Technology Research andIndiana Department of Commerce for

sponsoring the project.

To industrial cooperators in Indiana for assistance and access to coal mines, especially to

Black Beauty Coal Company for financial support and coal quality analyses.

To our colleagues: Phil Ames, Kathy Shaffer, Paul Irwin, Sally Letsinger,

Rachel Walker, and Amy Foster

CHARACTERIZATION OF INDIANA’S COAL RESOURCE: AVAILABILITY OF THE RESERVES,

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COAL, AND THE PRESENT AND POTENTIAL USES.

Maria Mastalerz, Agnieszka Drobniak, John Rupp, and Nelson Shaffer

Indiana Geological SurveyIndiana University

611 North Walnut GroveBloomington, IN 47405-2208

Open-File Study 04-02