Characteristics of Ocean Water. Oceanography covers physical properties of the ocean: –Dissolved...
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Transcript of Characteristics of Ocean Water. Oceanography covers physical properties of the ocean: –Dissolved...
![Page 1: Characteristics of Ocean Water. Oceanography covers physical properties of the ocean: –Dissolved materials: minerals and salts (salinity) and gases –Properties.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e055503460f94af156d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Characteristics of Ocean Water
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• Oceanography covers physical properties of the ocean:
–Dissolved materials: minerals and salts (salinity) and gases
–Properties that change with depth: light, temperature and pressure
–Motion: Waves, tides, currents
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Waters Unique Properties…
-Found in 3 states of matter on our planet
-High heat capacity: ability of water to hold heat energy and regulate our climate
-Universal solvent: can dissolve more things than any other solvent
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Unique Properties of water are due to
Hydrogen Bonding-attraction between water molecules because of the unequal charges of O & H
• Charges on O and H help it dissolve things like salts
• Attraction between water molecules- a lot of heat is needed to increase water temp and when water cools it release a lot of heat
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Salinity
• Result of weathering of rocks on land carried by rivers to the ocean
• Materials from the earth’s interior– Hydrothermal vents– Volcanic eruptions
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Materials in Seawater
–Oceans have an average salinity of 3.5% or 35 ppt (35 ‰)
– ppt= parts per thousand
–More than 70 elements in seawater but the main ones are..
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ChlorideSodiumSulphateMagnesiumCalciumPotassium
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Dissolved Gases
• Oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen
• Dissolve into the ocean from the atmosphere through wave action
• Dissolve better in cold water
• Animal life can change the chemistry of ocean gases
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• Around 500 m water runs out of oxygen
–Bacteria and other animals are using it during decomposition and respiration
• Animals in this region and lower have large gills, modified hemoglobinor are inactive
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Pressure
• We are under 1 atmosphere (atm) of pressure on land
• Water is heavier than air so every 10 m deep = 1 more atm of pressure
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Animal Adaptations and Pressure
• Ocean life has adapted to deep ocean and 1000x our pressure with lightweight skeletons, little musculature, and reduced metabolic, growth and reproductive rates.
• Diving mammals have rib cages that collapse and expand in result to changing pressure
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Water Depth vs Light• Photosynthetic organisms use light to
make sugars.
• Sunlit area (top 100 meters) contains 90% of marine life
• Colors of penetrate thru water differently
– Red light filters out first and blue light goes the furthest
– Red animals are essentially invisible in deep waters
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Energy in the Ocean
• Ocean takes longer to heat and cool than land due to its specific heat
• Water temp decreases with depth
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Animal Adaptations and Temperature• Colder temps reduce the metabolic rate• In very cold waters fish have a special
protein like antifreeze to keep tissues from freezing
• Lighter colored animals stay cooler than darker colored animals and are found in warmer waters
• Some marine life have thick layers of fat to insulate their bodies
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Motion in the Ocean…Tides• Daily rise and fall of the ocean (high
and low tide)• Range as small as 1 m & as high as
20m• Some areas have 1 or 2 high & low
tides• Caused by gravitational pull of moon
on our ocean basin
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TIDES•Tides rise (FLOOD) to produce a HIGH TIDE
• And fall (EBB) (LOW TIDE)
Moon/
Sun
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This side is pulled towards the Sun and/or Moon by gravitational attraction
This side bulges out because of inertia
Therefore, there are two high tides on Earth at any one time
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Marine Life and Tides• Some marine life time their
reproduction to the high or low tide cycle
• Horseshoe crabs come ashore to mate on the night of a high tide in May
• Eggs hatch 2 wks later on a high tide and are washed into the ocean
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Motion in the Ocean…Waves
• Winds produce waves as it blows across the ocean’s surface
• When waves enter shallow water they drag along the ocean floor
• The wave top is moving faster than the wave bottom so it topples forward
• Specialty waves: rogue waves, tidal waves and tsunamis
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At the shoreline
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• Surf - sequence of breaking waves
• Swash - water sliding up beach
• Backwash - water flowing back down beach to sea
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Longshore drift• Waves arrive at a
coast at an angle (swash)
• Backwash returns at 90 degrees
Sand is moved along the beach = longshore drift or longshore current
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Coastal deposition
• Result of longshore drift and a lot of sediment
• produces extensions of deposit from the shoreline
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• May grow across a bay (baymouth bar)
• May link an island to the main land (tombolo)
spit = curved extension
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Motion in the Ocean-Currents
• Rivers of water moving through the ocean
• Surface currents caused by major wind belts
• Deflected by the Coriolis Effect• Important in moving marine life
and nutrients around the oceans
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Vertical Ocean Currents
• Differences in temperature and salinity change the density of water.
• This causes sinking and rising of water in the ocean
• Ocean conveyor belt- convection current of water moving between the equator and poles in the oceans
• Takes 1600 years to cycle
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