Chapters 6 & 7: Memory, Thinking, Language, and Intelligence.
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Transcript of Chapters 6 & 7: Memory, Thinking, Language, and Intelligence.
Chapters 6 & 7: Memory, Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
Part 1: Memory
Memory
• Process by which we recollect prior experiences and information and skills learned in the past
• Process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved
Explicit Memories
• Clear, includes specific information
• Episodic– Memory of a specific
event– Flashbulb memories
• Semantic – General knowledge
Implicit Memory
• Implied, automatic, not clearly stated
• Skills or procedures you may have learned
• Use priming – activation of specific associations in the memory – often as a result of repetition
Encoding
• Translation of information into a form in which it can be stored– Visual– Acoustic– Semantic
THUNSTOFAM• If you used a visual code to remember – you would
have mentally represented it as a picture (mental image)
• If you used an acoustic code, you may have read the list of letters to yourself in sequence
• If you saw the letters as a three-syllable word “thun-sto-fam” you were using both acoustic and semantic codes
• If the letters served as an acronym like The United States OF America this gives the letters meaning, which is a semantic code
Storage
• Maintaining information over time• A variety of processes used to store
information– Maintenance Rehearsal– Elaborative Rehearsal– Organizational Systems
Retrieval
• Locate storage information and return it to conscious thought– Context-Dependent Memory– State-Dependent Memory– Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
Three Stages of Memory
1. Sensory Memory - Immediate, initial recording of informationa. Iconic Memoryb. Eidetic Imagery c. Echoic Memory
2. Short Term Memory – working memorya) Primary and Recency Effect – recall first and last items on a listb) Chunking – organize information into manageable unitsc) Interference – only so much information can be retained; new stuff replaces
what was there
3. Long Term Memory – permanent storage
Basic Memory Tasks
• Recognition – identifying objects that’s been seen before (multiple choice tests)
• Recall – bring back into mind – forget half of information after first hour, then it slows
• Relearning – with some study and effort we can usually relearn things quickly
Types of Forgetting…• Decay – fading away of a memory• Repression• Amnesia – severe memory loss due to
brain injury, shock, fatigue, illness, repression
Amnesia• Dissociative – psychological
trauma
• Infantile – Can’t recall events before age of three
• Anterograde – Can’t form forming new memories
• Retrograde – forget period of time leading up to event
Improving Memory
• Drill and practice• Relate to things you already know• Form unusual associations• Construct links• Use mnemonic devices
Part 2: Thinking and Language
Thinking
• Paying attention to information, representing it mentally, reasoning about it, and making judgments and decisions about it.
Problem Solving
• Heuristics– Rules of thumb to find a solution– Analogies – partial similarity among things that
are different in other ways
• Algorithms – Specific procedure that will always lead to the
solution of a problem (formulas)
• Convert the temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius?
Problem-Solving Methods
1. Trial & Error2. Difference Reduction3. Means-End Analysis4. Working Backward5. Analogies
Incubation Effect
• Answer just comes to us without working on it• Not consciously thinking about it
• Reasoning– Use of information to reach conclusions
• Inductive Reasoning– individual cases / facts help to reach conclusion– Premises could be correct while conclusion is
wrong• Deductive Reasoning– conclusion is true if premises are true
Inductive Reasoning
1. All the tigers observed in a particular region have yellow black stripes, therefore all the tigers native to this region have yellow stripes.
2. Every time I go to Chick-Fil-A I get food poisoning. Therefore, if I go to Chick-Fil-A today, I will get food-poisoning
Deductive Reasoning
1. South Korea is in Asia2. The city of Seoul is in South Korea3. Therefore, Seoul is in Asia (conclusion)
Language
• Communication of thoughts and feelings through symbols that are arranged according to rules of grammar.
Stages of Language Development
1. Cry / Coo / Babble (pre-linguistic)
2. Words – usually around 1 year
3. By 18 mts – 24(ish words)
4. 2 Year Explosion
Part 4: Intelligence
Intelligence
• Underlying ability to understand the world and cope with its challenges
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence
• Verbal / Linguistic• Logical / Mathematical• Visual / Spatial• Bodily / Kinesthetic• Musical / Rhythmic• Interpersonal• Intrapersonal• Naturalist• Existential
Stanford – Binet Scale
• Measurement of intelligence• Score yields a mental age (intellectual level at
which a person is functioning)• IQ = relationship between mental age & actual
age• Mental Age / Chronological Age x 100 = IQ• Only measures verbal ability
Wechsler Scales
• Measurement of Intelligence• Verbal & nonverbal• Avg. score = 100• Answers compared to others the same age• 50% scores 90-110• 2% above 130• 2% below 70
Mental Retardation
• IQ of 70 or below• But more than just an
IQ score– Borderline (IQ 70-85)– Mild (IQ 50-70)– Moderate (IQ 35-49)– Severe (IQ 20-34)– Profound (IQ below 20)
• Causes– Accidents– Difficulties in child birth– Pregnant woman that
abuses alcohol, drugs or malnourished
– Genetic disorders
Giftedness
• IQ above 130• Creativity and motivation, outstanding abilities
(music, language arts, math, science)• Identify early• Can be highly creative and not be gifted
What influences Intelligence?
• Heredity & Environment• What can parents do to improve
environment?– Be emotionally / verbally responsive– Involved in kids activities– Preschool– Well-organized and safe home environment– Independent kids
Adults & Intelligence
• Drop off in intelligence among older adults– Usually in response time, not vocabulary
• How to maintain health– Income level– Education level– Stimulating jobs– Intact family life– Attend cultural events, read, travel– Marriage to spouse w/ high intellectual ability– Flexible personality