Chapters 3-6: Ecology. Ecology study of interactions that take place between organisms and their...
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Transcript of Chapters 3-6: Ecology. Ecology study of interactions that take place between organisms and their...
![Page 1: Chapters 3-6: Ecology. Ecology study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e035503460f94aee032/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapters 3-6: Ecology
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Ecology• study of interactions that take place
between organisms and their environment
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Biosphere
• Part of the Earth that holds all living things• Air, land, and sea• Living things affected by nonliving and
living things
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• Abiotic factors– Nonliving parts of an environment– Temperature, moisture, light, soil…etc
• Biotic factors– All living organisms that inhabit an environment– Plants, other animals– Depend on others directly or indirectly
• Food, shelter, reproduction, protection
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Levels of Organization
• Organisms make up population
– Group of organisms of the same species
– Interbreed and live in the same area
– Can compete for food, water, mates
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• # of populations make up community
–Made up of interacting populations
–Change in a population can affect entire community
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• Populations + abiotic factors make up ecosystem–Terrestrial (land): forests, meadows–Aquatic (water): oceans, lakes, ponds,
rivers
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• Habitat: place where an organism lives
• Can change or disappear because of natural and human causes
• Niche: all the ways and adaptations a species uses in its environment
• How it meets its needs for food, shelter, survival, reproduction
– Biotic + abiotic parts of the environment
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Predation• consumers
• Eat plants and animals
• Eat prey (animals that predators eat)
• Fight for survival
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Symbiosis• Relationship where there is a
close and permanent association between different organisms
• Means “living together”
• 3 kinds
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Mutualism
• Both species benefit (+,+)
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Commensalism
• one benefits and the other does not benefit or is harmed (+,o)
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Parasitism
• one benefits and the other is harmed (+,-)
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How Organisms Get Energy
• Sun is the ultimate form of energy and source for energy
• Producers: autotrophs
–Uses light to make own food (photosynthesis) and energy
• Ex: grass, trees, green algae
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Consumers
• Heterotrophs
• Eat other organisms to get energy
• CANNOT make its own food
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Herbivores• Only eat plants
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Carnivores• Only eat animals
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Omnivores• Eat both plants and animals
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Scavengers• Eat on dead organisms
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Decomposers• break down and
release nutrients from dead organisms
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Flow of Matter and Energy
• You consume matter when you eat food
–Carbon, nitrogen, other elements
• Energy flows through levels of the entire ecosystem
–Only some energy is transferred from 1 energy level to the next
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Food Chains• show how matter and
energy move through an ecosystem– Nutrients and energy
move from autotrophs to heterotrophs and then decomposers
– Ex: grass rabbit wolf
– Arrows indicate the direction energy is transferred from one organism to the next
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Ecological Pyramid• shows how energy
flows through an ecosystem
– Energy that is transferred from one trophic level to the next is only 10%
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Trophic Level• A feeding step in passing of energy
and materials
Heterotroph
Heterotroph
Herbivore
Autotroph
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Food Webs• all the possible relationships at each
trophic level of a community
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Chapter 3-6 Review #1:1. Which of the following types of heterotrophs eat
other animals? a. omnivores & carnivores c. carnivores only
b. herbivores & omnivores d. carnivores & herbivores
2. Which of the following types of heterotrophs would bacteria and fungi be classified as?a. detritivores b. herbivores c. carnivores d. decomposers
3. What is the one-way flow of energy in an ecosystem called?
a. food chain b. energy pyramid c. food web d. biomass pyramid
4. What is each step in a food chain or food web called?
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Limiting Factors• Affect an organism’s ability to survive in its
environment
• Ex: water, food, predators, temperature
• Density-dependent: disease, competition, parasites, food
– Depend on the density of a population
• Density-independent: affects all populations regardless of their density
– Temperature, storms, floods, drought, and habitat disruption
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Succession
• Natural changes and species replacement that takes place in communities in an ecosystem– Occurs in stages
• Primary succession– Colonizing bare land where there are no
organisms– Pioneer species: 1st species in an area
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Climax Community• Stable, mature community that
has little or no changes in species
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Secondary Succession
• Changes that occur when existing community is disrupted by natural disasters or human actions
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Biomes• Large group of
ecosystems that share the same type of climax community
• Terrestrial or aquatic– Aquatic: marine,
estuaries, freshwater, swamps
– Terrestrial: tundra, taiga, desert, grassland, rain forest, temperate forest
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Population Growth• Organisms can
grow exponentially
• Exponential growth: as a population gets larger, it also grows faster
– J-shaped curve (diagram):
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• Growth will be limited at some point by limiting factors
• Food availability, disease (ex: AIDS, influenza, TB, Dutch Elm disease, Pfiesteria), predators, lack of space
• Results in an S-shaped curve• Diagram:
• Carrying capacity: the number of organisms of a species that an environment can hold
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Define these terms:
• Birth rate
• Death rate
• Emigration
• Immigration
• Zero population growth
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Biological Diversity• Biodiversity: the variety of species in a specific area
• Loss of biodiversity is increasing
• Extinction: disappearance of a species when the last organism dies
• Ex:
• Endangered species: # of species become low that can lead to extinction
• Ex:
• Threatened species: population likely to become endangered
• Ex:
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Cycles in Nature• Matter is constantly being
recycled
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Water Cycle• Water evaporates from lakes and oceans to
become water vapor in the air
• Water vapor in the air condenses to form clouds
• More water condensation leads to precipitation, falling as rain, ice, or snow back to the ground
• Cycle repeats constantly
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• Problems with the cycle:
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Carbon Cycle• Starts with autotrophs
–Makes carbon molecules from CO2 during photosynthesis
• Heterotrophs feed on autotrophs, getting those carbon molecules
• Release CO2 back into the atmosphere
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Problems with Cycle
• Global Warming:
–Greenhouse effect
–Gases that lead to global warming
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Nitrogen Cycle• Lightning and some bacteria convert nitrogen in the air
into a usable form• Plants use nitrogen to make proteins• Herbivores eat plants
– Convert nitrogen-containing plant proteins into animal proteins
• Humans eat plants– Convert animal proteins to human proteins
• Excess nitrogen in animals released in urine– Returned to water or soil
• Nitrogen molecules return to the soil when animals die– Re-used by plants– Bacteria put nitrogen back into the air
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Phosphorous Cycle• All organisms need phosphorus for
growth and development
• Plants get phosphorus from the soil
• Animals get phosphorus by eating plants
–Decompose when they die, returning phosphorus to the soil
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Problems:
• Eutrophication
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Impact of Human Activities on the Environment
• Population growth
• Pollution
• Global warming
• Burning fossil fuels
• Habitat destruction
• Introducing nonnative species
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Chapter 3-6 Review #2:1. A lone elephant joining another herd of
elephants is an example of a. emigration c. immigration
b. parasitism d. exponential growth
2. What term is used to describe a species whose population is rapidly shrinking and might disappear completely?a. endangered c. extinct
b. threatened d. invasive