Chapters 12Chapters 12 Freshwater Freshwater ResourcesResources

Chapter 12.1Chapter 12.1Fresh Water is an Fresh Water is an

Essential ResourceEssential Resource

State ObjectivesState Objectives

Explain how the impact of human Explain how the impact of human activities on the environment (e.g., activities on the environment (e.g., deforestation, air pollution, coral deforestation, air pollution, coral reef destruction) can be understood reef destruction) can be understood through the analysis of interactions through the analysis of interactions between the four Earth systems.between the four Earth systems.

Book ObjectivesBook Objectives

Explain how water is required for Explain how water is required for life.life.

List the ways in which water is used List the ways in which water is used for human activities.for human activities.

Warm-upWarm-up

If you had to get If you had to get water for your water for your family like this family like this each day, how each day, how might that affect might that affect the way you the way you thought about and thought about and used water at your used water at your house?house?

Water Uses and SourcesWater Uses and Sources FarmingFarming

Irrigation of crops Irrigation of crops • Flood irrigationFlood irrigation• Spray irrigationSpray irrigation

Water for animalsWater for animals Water sourcesWater sources

• RainRain• AquifersAquifers• RiversRivers• Lakes Lakes

Flood IrrigationFlood Irrigation

Spray IrrigationSpray Irrigation

Water Uses and SourcesWater Uses and Sources

IndustryIndustry MiningMining Cooling machinesCooling machines Manufacturing processesManufacturing processes

Sources:Sources:

• AquifersAquifers

• RiversRivers

• Lakes Lakes

Water Uses and SourcesWater Uses and Sources

TransportationTransportation Move cargo on large ships and bargesMove cargo on large ships and barges

Water Uses and SourcesWater Uses and Sources

RecreationRecreation Whitewater rafting, canoeing, Whitewater rafting, canoeing,

kayaking, fishing, swimming, boatingkayaking, fishing, swimming, boating

Water Uses and SourcesWater Uses and Sources

Fisheries and AquacultureFisheries and Aquaculture Fish farming provides food all over the Fish farming provides food all over the

worldworld Can add excess nutrients and pollution Can add excess nutrients and pollution

to local fresh waterto local fresh water HatcheriesHatcheries

Raise fish to release in the wildRaise fish to release in the wild

Water sources:Water sources: Lakes, rivers and aquifersLakes, rivers and aquifers

Fish FarmingFish Farming

Fish FarmingFish Farming

Water Uses and SourcesWater Uses and Sources

EnergyEnergy Water wheelsWater wheels Hydroelectric damsHydroelectric dams

• Provide electricityProvide electricity

Hoover DamHoover Dam

Water Uses and SourcesWater Uses and Sources DamsDams

Control the flow of riversControl the flow of rivers Creates manmade lakes (reservoirsCreates manmade lakes (reservoirs)) Can be part of a hydroelectric systemCan be part of a hydroelectric system Can be part of a lock systemCan be part of a lock system Changes ecosystemsChanges ecosystems Unintentional flooding problemsUnintentional flooding problems Fish problems (they can’t get past it)Fish problems (they can’t get past it)

Water Uses and SourcesWater Uses and Sources

LocksLocks Create “stair steps” in a river or canal Create “stair steps” in a river or canal

to allow boats to navigate areas that to allow boats to navigate areas that would otherwise be impassible.would otherwise be impassible.

Uses a series of gates to connect areas Uses a series of gates to connect areas of different elevationof different elevation

Can connect lakes of different Can connect lakes of different elevationselevations

St. Lawrence SeawaySt. Lawrence Seaway

St. Lawrence SeawaySt. Lawrence Seaway

Locks in the Panama CanalLocks in the Panama Canal

Panama CanalPanama Canal

Use What You LearnedUse What You LearnedUse the picture on page 399 to answer the Use the picture on page 399 to answer the

following:following:1.1. What river is shown?What river is shown?2.2. What change occurs between locks What change occurs between locks

and dams 11, 14, and 21?and dams 11, 14, and 21?3.3. How many locks and dams are there on How many locks and dams are there on

the Mississippi between Dubuque and the Mississippi between Dubuque and St. Louis?St. Louis?

4.4. What do the dams along the river do?What do the dams along the river do?5.5. What do the locks do?What do the locks do?6.6. What is in the lock in the picture?What is in the lock in the picture?

Learning CheckupLearning Checkup1.1. What are some of the ways that What are some of the ways that

humans make use of water?humans make use of water?

2.2. Explain how a dam or lock system can Explain how a dam or lock system can change the hydrosphere, geosphere change the hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere in a region.and biosphere in a region.

3.3. Look at the picture on page 400, what Look at the picture on page 400, what do you think the landscape looked like do you think the landscape looked like before the dam? How does this picture before the dam? How does this picture illustrate one of the problems with illustrate one of the problems with dams that we discussed yesterday?dams that we discussed yesterday?

Chapter 12.2Chapter 12.2Society Depends on Society Depends on

Clean and Safe WaterClean and Safe Water

State ObjectivesState Objectives

Explain how water quality in both Explain how water quality in both groundwater and surface systems is groundwater and surface systems is impacted by land use decisionsimpacted by land use decisions

Book ObjectivesBook Objectives

Explain how drinking water and Explain how drinking water and wastewater are treated.wastewater are treated.

Identify ways that fresh water can Identify ways that fresh water can become polluted.become polluted.

Explain how water pollution can be Explain how water pollution can be prevented.prevented.

Three Minute WarmupThree Minute Warmup

Imagine that the Imagine that the water supply is water supply is cut off for one cut off for one day. How would day. How would this affect your this affect your life and the lives life and the lives of other people of other people and organisms?and organisms?

Water QualityWater Quality

ConcentrationConcentration:: the amount of a the amount of a substance that is in another substance that is in another substance.substance. Often expressed in Often expressed in parts per millionparts per million..

The The Environmental Protection Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)Agency (EPA) sets the standards for sets the standards for water qualitywater quality..

Water QualityWater Quality Water quality is the physical, chemical Water quality is the physical, chemical

and biological characteristics of water and biological characteristics of water in relationship to a set of standards. The in relationship to a set of standards. The primary uses considered for such primary uses considered for such characterization are parameters characterization are parameters which relate to drinking which relate to drinking water, safety of human water, safety of human contact, and for health contact, and for health of ecosystems. of ecosystems.

EPA StandardsEPA Standards

EPA sets standards for:EPA sets standards for: Disease causing organismsDisease causing organisms MetalsMetals ChemicalsChemicals Radioactive materialsRadioactive materials

Water is treated for safe drinking.

Water is stored and distributed.

Water is drawn from a river or lake.

Water is treated.

See a water treatment plant in action.

VISUALIZATION

DrinkingDrinking Water Treatment Water Treatment PlantsPlants

DrinkingDrinking Water Treatment Water Treatment PlantsPlants

Four major steps in treating Four major steps in treating drinkingdrinking water water

1.1. Adding disinfecting chemicals and Adding disinfecting chemicals and clumping agentsclumping agents

2.2. Letting huge dirt clumps sink outLetting huge dirt clumps sink out

3.3. Filtering out dust and dirtFiltering out dust and dirt

4.4. Killing bacteria with chlorineKilling bacteria with chlorine

WastewaterWastewater Treatment Treatment Sewage systemSewage system: a system that : a system that

collects and treats wastewater from a collects and treats wastewater from a city or town.city or town.

WastewaterWastewater: water that runs down the : water that runs down the drain (or is flushed down the toilet); it drain (or is flushed down the toilet); it comprises liquid waste discharged by comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial domestic residences, commercial properties, industry, and/or properties, industry, and/or agriculture.agriculture.

WastewaterWastewater Treatment Treatment

WastewaterWastewater Treatment Treatment Main steps of cleaning Main steps of cleaning

wastewaterwastewater in a treatment plant in a treatment plant::1.1. Straining and letting sludge settle outStraining and letting sludge settle out2.2. Adding chlorineAdding chlorine3.3. Pumping in oxygen to help grow bacteria Pumping in oxygen to help grow bacteria

that eat sludge and oilthat eat sludge and oil4.4. Skimming grease and letting more Skimming grease and letting more

sludge settle outsludge settle out5.5. Adding chemicalsAdding chemicals

Water Use CycleWater Use Cycle

Which parts of drinking water Which parts of drinking water treatment are similar to wastewater treatment are similar to wastewater treatment?treatment?

Wastewater TreatmentWastewater Treatment Septic SystemSeptic System: a small wastewater : a small wastewater

system used by a home or a business. system used by a home or a business. More common in rural areas.More common in rural areas.

Water PollutionWater Pollution

Point-source pollutionPoint-source pollution Known sourceKnown source Easy to spot & easier to stopEasy to spot & easier to stop

Non-point source pollutionNon-point source pollution Unknown source (often found in Unknown source (often found in

runoff)runoff) Hard to find and stop sourceHard to find and stop source

Sources of Water PollutionSources of Water Pollution Look at the picture on pg 407, and answer Look at the picture on pg 407, and answer

the following:the following:1.1. What are five major categories of water What are five major categories of water

pollution sources?pollution sources?2.2. What causes What causes urban pollutionurban pollution??3.3. What is the plane doing?What is the plane doing?4.4. How is the ship causing water pollution?How is the ship causing water pollution?5.5. Why might a part of the river downstream be Why might a part of the river downstream be

more polluted than a part of the river more polluted than a part of the river upstream?upstream?

6.6. Which sources of pollution have you seen Which sources of pollution have you seen occurring?occurring?

Ways to Reduce Water Ways to Reduce Water PollutionPollution

Don’t pour toxic chemicals down the Don’t pour toxic chemicals down the drain or onto the ground.drain or onto the ground.

Instead take them to hazardous waste Instead take them to hazardous waste collection sites.collection sites.

Don’t put computers and other Don’t put computers and other electronic devices, batteries, etc. in the electronic devices, batteries, etc. in the trash.trash.

Dispose of them properly or recycle them.Dispose of them properly or recycle them. Stop or cut down on the use of toxic Stop or cut down on the use of toxic

chemicals (weed killers, chemical chemicals (weed killers, chemical fertilizers, etc.)fertilizers, etc.)

Learning CheckupLearning Checkup

Answer the review questions 1 – 6 Answer the review questions 1 – 6 on page 409.on page 409.

3 minute 3 minute WarmupWarmup

How is How is the water the water quality of quality of this river this river impacted impacted by human by human land use land use decisionsdecisions

??

Chapter 12.3Chapter 12.3Water Shortages Water Shortages Threaten SocietyThreaten Society

Book ObjectivesBook Objectives

Explain how overuse causes water Explain how overuse causes water shortages.shortages.

Identify ways that water can be Identify ways that water can be conserved.conserved.

Does Water Cost More Than Does Water Cost More Than Gasoline?Gasoline?

How much is a liter bottle of water?How much is a liter bottle of water? How much is a gallon of gas?How much is a gallon of gas?

Multiple the cost of a gallon of gas by Multiple the cost of a gallon of gas by 0.26 to find the price of a liter of gas.0.26 to find the price of a liter of gas.

Which is more expensive?Which is more expensive? What does that tell you about the What does that tell you about the

value of drinking water?value of drinking water?

Causes of Water ShortagesCauses of Water Shortages

1.1. Increasing Increasing world world populationpopulation

Water is going Water is going to cities instead to cities instead of farms.of farms.

2.2. DroughtDrought: long : long period of period of abnormally low abnormally low rainfall.rainfall.

Causes of Water ShortagesCauses of Water Shortages

3. Overuse3. Overuse Agriculture uses 2/3 (60%) of world’s Agriculture uses 2/3 (60%) of world’s

available fresh water, but almost HALF available fresh water, but almost HALF of that (20 - 30% of world’s available of that (20 - 30% of world’s available fresh water) is lost to evaporation due fresh water) is lost to evaporation due to poor irrigation methods.to poor irrigation methods.

Rivers, lakes and aquifers worldwide Rivers, lakes and aquifers worldwide are being depleted.are being depleted.• Draining an aquifer can destroy it, so it Draining an aquifer can destroy it, so it

can never be fully recharged.can never be fully recharged.

Water UsageWater UsageAmericans use an average of 168 liters per person each day.

shower 21%

water from the tap 12%

bath 9%

dish washing 3%

toilet leaks 5%toilet flushes 29%

washing machine 21%

Water ConservationWater Conservation ConservationConservation: action taken to protect : action taken to protect

and preserve the natural world.and preserve the natural world. To conserve water means to use less.To conserve water means to use less.

Why worry?Why worry? About 500,000,000 people (1/2 billion) in 31 About 500,000,000 people (1/2 billion) in 31

countries currently face water shortages.countries currently face water shortages. Predictions say that by the year 2025 the Predictions say that by the year 2025 the

number of people without enough water will number of people without enough water will be 2,800,000,000 (2.8 billion)be 2,800,000,000 (2.8 billion)

Three Ways to Conserve Three Ways to Conserve Water Water

1.1. Use lessUse less Repair leaksRepair leaks Use low-flow toilets and showersUse low-flow toilets and showers Shorter showersShorter showers Turn off water while brushing teethTurn off water while brushing teeth

Biggest Water WasterBiggest Water Waster A leaking toilet can waste 15,000 gallons of

water a month. To check if your toilet has a leak, place several drops of food coloring in the toilet tank. If the color seeps into the toilet bowl within 30 minutes without flushing, your toilet has a leak.

Recently installed toilets use 1.5 to 2 gallons per flush, if you have an older model it can be using up to 8 gallons per flush. Newer models cut total indoor water usage by 30%. And remember to avoid using the toilet as a trashcan.

Farmers Can ConserveFarmers Can Conserve Farmers can use more efficient irrigation Farmers can use more efficient irrigation

methods.methods. Drip irrigation instead of spray or flood Drip irrigation instead of spray or flood

irrigation saves millions of gallonsirrigation saves millions of gallons

Three Ways to Conserve Three Ways to Conserve Water Water

2. Reuse2. Reuse Some cities use treated wastewater Some cities use treated wastewater

for landscapingfor landscaping Graywater systems in homeGraywater systems in home

3.3. RecycleRecycle Use water again for the same Use water again for the same

purposepurposeo Ex. Industries can use cooling water Ex. Industries can use cooling water

more than oncemore than once

Sometimes Water Use is an Sometimes Water Use is an International AffairInternational Affair

International WaterInternational Water Sometimes water Sometimes water

(and pollution) is (and pollution) is shared by several shared by several states and/or states and/or countriescountries Can lead to tension or Can lead to tension or

cooperationcooperation IdeasIdeas

• PipelinesPipelines• Selling Great Lakes Selling Great Lakes

waterwater

New Sources of Fresh WaterNew Sources of Fresh Water Desalination (dee-SAL-ih-nay-shun)Desalination (dee-SAL-ih-nay-shun)

Process of removing salt from ocean water.Process of removing salt from ocean water. Cost FIVE times as muchCost FIVE times as much

IcebergsIcebergs