Chapters 11-12. * True-breeding * Hybridization * P generation * F 1 generation * F 2 generation *...
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Transcript of Chapters 11-12. * True-breeding * Hybridization * P generation * F 1 generation * F 2 generation *...
![Page 1: Chapters 11-12. * True-breeding * Hybridization * P generation * F 1 generation * F 2 generation * Alleles * Dominant * Recessive * Homozygous * Heterozygous.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649f555503460f94c78ead/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapters 11-12
*Genetics
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*Vocabulary
*True-breeding
*Hybridization
*P generation
*F1 generation
*F2 generation
*Alleles
*Dominant
*Recessive
*Homozygous
*Heterozygous (hybrid)
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*Laws
*Law of segregation
*Law of independent assortment
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*Laws of probability
*http://www.bozemanscience.com/probability-in-genetics
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*Degrees of dominance
*Complete dominance
*Incomplete dominance
*Codominance
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*Dominance and Phenotype
*Maybe recessive at organismal level, but codominant at molecular level
*Ex. Tay Sachs
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*Multiple alleles
*Blood types
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*Pleiotropy
*Genes may have multiple phenotypic effects
*Ex. Sickle cells, cystic fibrosis
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*Epistasis
*A gene at one locus affects a gene at another locus
*Ex. Labrador retrievers p 217
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*Polygenic inheritance
*Many genes involved
*Ex. Human skin color and height
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*Nature and Nuture
*Multifactorial-may include genetic and environmental factors
*Ex. Heart disease, diabetes, cancer, alcholism, mental illnesses
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*Pedigrees
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*consanguineous
*To wed a cousin or not to wed, that is the question…
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*Recessive disorders
*Albinism
*Cystic fibrosis 1/2500 of European descent (4% are carriers)
*Sickle Cell Anemia (1/400 African Americans) (2 allelesfull blown, but organismal level-incompletely dominant; heterozygotes have sickle trait-but may have trouble when oxygen low; molecularcodominant)
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*Dominant Disorders
*Huntington’s Choreahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65xf1olEpQM
*Achondroplasia
*Polydactyly
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*Chromosome theory of
Inheritance
*Sutton, Boveri, et.al
*Mendelian genes have specific loci along chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment
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*Thomas Hunt Morgan
*Fly guy-Drosophila melanogaster
*Great experimental organism
*Small, large # of offspring, short life span, 8 chromosomes, easily observed traits
Phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations~wild type; alternatives~mutant phenotypes
Invented notation – use letter of first mutant discovered and wild is indicated with +
So, red eyes are dominant and the wild type: w+
White eyes were first mutant: w
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*Sex-linked traits
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*Sex chromosomes
*SRY-sex determining region of the Y
*Y-linked
*X-linked
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*Sex linked recessive pedigree
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*Sex Linked disorders
*Males can’t be carriers
*Males get it from Mom
*Males have it more often
*Color blindness
*Hemophilia-Royal disease (Queen Victoria)
*Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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*X inactivation in Female Mammals
*One of the X chromosomes is inactivated in embryonic development
*Barr Body (Mary Lyon found it is random)-leads to a mosaic
*Tortoiseshell cat
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*How X is inactivated
*Attach methyl groups to DNA
*On one X, XIST (X-inactive specific transcript) becomes activemakes RNA product that attaches to one andBarr body
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*Linked genes
*http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_UcDhzjOio
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*Aneuploidy
*Abnormal chromosome number
*Nondisjunction in anaphase I or II
*Monosomy
*Trisomy
*Polyploid
*Down syndrome
*Klinefelter
*Turner
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*Alterations in chromosome
structure
*Deletion
*Duplication
*Inversion
*Translocation
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*Disorders
*Cri du chat deletion of part of #5
*CML- chronic myelogenous leukemia reciprocal translocation between #9 and #22-shortened 22Philadelphia chromosome
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*Genomic imprinting
*Angelmans syndrome http://www.angelman.org/understanding-as/diagnosis/
*Prader-Willi’s syndromehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6nzi5Rc4wY
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*Decade of the genome: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fgq-XoyorWY
*Hemophilia –the royal disease: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bmQwMllhCUM
*Other disorders: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0dDhKFk2HU&list=PL199EFC951657FAA4&index=4
*Williams syndrome
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gF4DiqEdN3w
http://www.jeansforgenesday.org/disorders/childrensfilms