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Transcript of Chapter7 vitamins
Chapter Seven
The Vitamins
Vitamins fall into two categories—fat soluble and water soluble.
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Vitamin NamesVitamin Names
Characteristics of the Fat-Soluble Characteristics of the Fat-Soluble and Water-Soluble Vitaminsand Water-Soluble Vitamins
Two types of vitaminsTwo types of vitamins
Fat Soluble Fat Soluble VitaminsVitamins– Stored in liverStored in liver
– Do not need to Do not need to consume everydayconsume everyday
– Can develop Can develop toxicitytoxicity
h20 Soluble h20 Soluble VitaminsVitamins– Not stored in liverNot stored in liver
– Do need everydayDo need everyday
– Toxicity uncommonToxicity uncommon
Fat Soluble VitaminsFat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin AVitamin A
Vitamin DVitamin D
Vitamin EVitamin E
Vitamin KVitamin K
Water Soluble VitaminsWater Soluble Vitamins
B complexB complex– Thiamin B1 (TENDER)Thiamin B1 (TENDER)– Riboflavin B2 (ROMANCE)Riboflavin B2 (ROMANCE)– Niacin B3 (NEVER)Niacin B3 (NEVER)– Folate (FAILS)Folate (FAILS)– Pyridoxine B6Pyridoxine B6– Cobalamine B12Cobalamine B12– Biotin (BEAUTIFUL)Biotin (BEAUTIFUL)– Pantothenic acid (PEARLS)Pantothenic acid (PEARLS)
Food Sources of Vitamin AFood Sources of Vitamin A
Colorful foods are often rich in vitaminsColorful foods are often rich in vitamins
The antioxidantsThe antioxidants
Vitamin AVitamin A VITAMIN EVITAMIN E Vitamin CVitamin C SeleniumSelenium
All help the body resist oxidation All help the body resist oxidation which is believed to combat heart which is believed to combat heart disease, cancer, macular disease, cancer, macular degeneration and premature agingdegeneration and premature aging
Figure C7.1The Theory of Free Radicals and Disease
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Figure C7.2The Antioxidant Theory of Disease Prevention
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Vitamin AVitamin A
Chemical nameChemical name– Inactive: beta Inactive: beta
carotenecarotene (precursor)(precursor)
– Active: RetinolActive: Retinol Functions:Functions:
– NIGHT VISIONNIGHT VISION– Epithelial cellsEpithelial cells– Normal cell Normal cell
developmentdevelopment– reproductionreproduction
DeficiencyDeficiency– Night blindnessNight blindness– Xerophthalmia (dry Xerophthalmia (dry
eye)eye)– Keratinization Keratinization
(goose flesh)(goose flesh) RDARDA
– 700 mcg females700 mcg females– 900 mcg males900 mcg males
Vitamin A – Snapshot Vitamin A – Snapshot
Colorful foods are often rich in vitamins.
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The most familiar function of vitamin A is in eyesight.
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Figure 6.1Night Blindness
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Figure 7.2The Skin in Vitamin A Deficiency
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Figure 7.3Vitamin A Deficiency and Toxicity
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Vitamin DVitamin D
Chemical NameChemical Name– CholecalciferolCholecalciferol
FunctionsFunctions– Controls calcium Controls calcium
and phosphorus and phosphorus absorption/balanceabsorption/balance
– Bone and teeth Bone and teeth developmentdevelopment
DeficiencyDeficiency– Children: ricketsChildren: rickets– Adults: Adults:
osteomalaciaosteomalacia
RDA RDA – Adults 5-10 mcgAdults 5-10 mcg
Vitamin D – Roles Vitamin D – Roles
Bone integrity Hormone Dangers with
deficiency
Two sterols
This child has the bowed legs of the vitamin D–deficiency disease rickets.
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This child displays the beaded ribs common in rickets.
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Vitamin D - SnapshotVitamin D - Snapshot
The sunshine vitamin: vitamin D.
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Vitamin EVitamin E
Chemical nameChemical name– TocopherolTocopherol
Functions:Functions:– AntioxidantAntioxidant– Nerve developmentNerve development– Immune systemImmune system
How does an How does an antioxidant work?antioxidant work?– Protects cells which Protects cells which
are highly exposed are highly exposed to oxygen (lungs to oxygen (lungs and RBC) from and RBC) from destruction by destruction by keeping keeping membranes strongmembranes strong
The Extraordinary BodyguardThe Extraordinary Bodyguard
Vitamin EVitamin E
Deficiency:Deficiency:– RareRare– Hemolysis in the newbornHemolysis in the newborn
RDA 15 mgRDA 15 mg Food Sources vegetable oils, wheat Food Sources vegetable oils, wheat
germ, seedsgerm, seeds
Vitamin E – Snapshot Vitamin E – Snapshot
Figure 7.12Food Sources of Vitamins Selected to Show Range of Values
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Vitamin KVitamin K
Chemical nameChemical name– PhylloquinonePhylloquinone
FunctionFunction– Blood clottingBlood clotting
DeficiencyDeficiency– HemorrhagingHemorrhaging
RDARDA– 75-90 mcg75-90 mcg
– Can be synthesized Can be synthesized by intestinal floraby intestinal flora
Vitamin K – SnapshotVitamin K – Snapshot
Food Sources rich in Vitamin KFood Sources rich in Vitamin K
Green leafy vegetablesGreen leafy vegetables Green beansGreen beans Cabbage type vegetables (broccoli, Cabbage type vegetables (broccoli,
brussel sprouts)brussel sprouts) SoybeanSoybean
Non food source:Non food source:– Intestinal flora synthesizes Vitamin KIntestinal flora synthesizes Vitamin K
Sources of Vitamin KSources of Vitamin K
Vitamin K can be made by intestinal bacteria.Vitamin K can be made by intestinal bacteria. Newborns are given a dose of vitamin K at birth.Newborns are given a dose of vitamin K at birth.
Water Soluble VitaminsWater Soluble Vitamins
B complexB complex
Family of vitamins Family of vitamins which commonly which commonly work as coenzymes work as coenzymes in metabolismin metabolism
Vitamin CVitamin C
What is the B Complex?What is the B Complex?
A closer look…
Figure 7.4Coenzyme Action
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Figure 7.5Some Roles of the B Vitamins in Metabolism: Examples
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The B Vitamins in UnisonThe B Vitamins in Unison
Deficiencies– Every cell is affected– Symptoms – Rarely are isolated deficiencies
Vitamin B1 Vitamin B1
Chemical nameChemical name– ThiaminThiamin
FunctionsFunctions– Coenzyme in Coenzyme in
energy metabolismenergy metabolism– Nerve transmissionNerve transmission
DeficiencyDeficiency– BeriberiBeriberi
Secondary Secondary deficiency caused deficiency caused by alcoholismby alcoholism
RDARDA– 1.1-1.2 mg1.1-1.2 mg– Dependent upon Dependent upon
energy intakesenergy intakes
Thiamin SnapshotThiamin Snapshot
Figure 7.12Food Sources of Vitamins Selected to Show Range of Values
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Vitamin B2Vitamin B2
Chemical NameChemical Name– RiboflavinRiboflavin
FunctionsFunctions– Coenzyme in Coenzyme in
energy metabolismenergy metabolism
DeficiencyDeficiency– Cracks at corners of Cracks at corners of
mouthmouth– Swollen tongueSwollen tongue– Skin rashSkin rash
RDARDA– 1.1-1.3 mg1.1-1.3 mg
Riboflavin SnapshotRiboflavin Snapshot
Vitamin B3Vitamin B3
Chemical nameChemical name– NiacinNiacin
FunctionsFunctions– Coenzyme in Coenzyme in
energy metabolismenergy metabolism
DeficiencyDeficiency– PellagraPellagra
4 “D”s include 4 “D”s include dermatitis, dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, dementia, diarrhea, and deathand death
– RDARDA 14-16 mg14-16 mg
Niacin SnapshotNiacin Snapshot
Figure 7.7Pellagra
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The Blood BuildersThe Blood Builders
FolateFolate Vitamin B-12Vitamin B-12 Vitamin B-6Vitamin B-6 IronIron Vitamin EVitamin E Vitamin KVitamin K
Vitamin B6Vitamin B6
Chemical nameChemical name– PyridoxinePyridoxine
Functions:Functions:– Coenzyme in Coenzyme in
protein and fat protein and fat metabolismmetabolism
– Helps to make Helps to make hemoglobin from hemoglobin from Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
DeficiencyDeficiency– DermatitisDermatitis– IrritabilityIrritability– DepressionDepression– ConfusionConfusion
– Megadose therapyMegadose therapy
– RDAsRDAs 1.5-1.7 mg1.5-1.7 mg
Vitamin BVitamin B66 Snapshot Snapshot
Figure 7.12Food Sources of Vitamins Selected to Show Range of Values
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Figure 7.10Vitamin B
6 Deficiency
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FolateFolate
Chemical namesChemical names– FolacinFolacin– Folic acidFolic acid
FunctionFunction– Coenzyme in new Coenzyme in new
cell synthesiscell synthesis– RBC productionRBC production– Formation of CNSFormation of CNS– DNA synthesisDNA synthesis
DeficiencyDeficiency– Macrocytic anemiaMacrocytic anemia– Neural tube defectsNeural tube defects– DepressionDepression
RDARDA– 400 mcg adults400 mcg adults– 600 mcg pregnancy600 mcg pregnancy
Folate SnapshotFolate Snapshot
Rich Food Source of FolateRich Food Source of Folate
LegumesLegumes Whole and enriched grainsWhole and enriched grains Dark green leafy vegetablesDark green leafy vegetables Oranges/OJOranges/OJ LiverLiver
Folate and Birth DefectsFolate and Birth Defects
Figure 7.12Food Sources of Vitamins Selected to Show Range of Values
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Vitamin B12Vitamin B12
Chemical nameChemical name– CyanocobalamineCyanocobalamine
FunctionsFunctions– Coenzyme in new cell Coenzyme in new cell
synthesissynthesis– Nerve cell maintenanceNerve cell maintenance– RBC synthesisRBC synthesis
DeficiencyDeficiency– Macrocytic anemiaMacrocytic anemia– (pernicious anemia)(pernicious anemia)
– Reliant upon Reliant upon intrinsic factorintrinsic factor
RDARDA– 2.4 mcg2.4 mcg
Food Sources:Food Sources:– Animal sourcesAnimal sources
Vitamin BVitamin B1212 Snapshot Snapshot
Vitamin CVitamin C
Chemical nameChemical name– Ascorbic acidAscorbic acid
FunctionsFunctions– Collagen synthesisCollagen synthesis– Immune responseImmune response– Absorption of ironAbsorption of iron– antioxidantantioxidant
DeficiencyDeficiency– ScurvyScurvy– Pinpoint Pinpoint
hemorrhageshemorrhages– Impaired wound Impaired wound
healinghealing
RDAsRDAs– Females 75 mgFemales 75 mg– Males 90 mgMales 90 mg
Vitamin C – Snapshot Vitamin C – Snapshot
Rich Vitamin C containing Rich Vitamin C containing Foods Foods
Citrus fruitsCitrus fruits Cabbage like vegetablesCabbage like vegetables Strawberries/kiwiStrawberries/kiwi MelonMelon Mango/papayaMango/papaya Green and red pepperGreen and red pepper Tomatoes!Tomatoes! Baked potatoesBaked potatoes
Long journeys without fresh fruits and vegetables spelled death by scurvy for the crew.
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Can vitamin C ease the sufferings of the common cold?
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Figure 7.10Scurvy Symptoms—Gums and Skin
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Figure 7.12Food Sources of Vitamins Selected to Show Range of Values
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The need for Vitamin C.
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Vitamin/Mineral PartnershipsVitamin/Mineral Partnerships
Calcium, Phosphorus and Vitamin DCalcium, Phosphorus and Vitamin D
Vitamin C and IronVitamin C and Iron
Folate and Vitamin B-12Folate and Vitamin B-12
Should you take a vitamin Should you take a vitamin mineral supplementmineral supplement
Let’s take a lookLet’s take a look
Multi Vitamin Mineral SupplementsMulti Vitamin Mineral Supplements
RecommendationsRecommendations– Avoid natural sources (ie rose hips/oyster shell)Avoid natural sources (ie rose hips/oyster shell)– Buy genericBuy generic– Avoid product which contains vitamins above Avoid product which contains vitamins above
100%RDA100%RDA– Choose supplement which contains beta Choose supplement which contains beta
carotene NOT retinolcarotene NOT retinol– Additional supplements may be needed for Additional supplements may be needed for
calcium and iron especially for womencalcium and iron especially for women
Controversy: Controversy: Vitamin Supplements: Do the Vitamin Supplements: Do the
Benefits Outweigh the Risks?Benefits Outweigh the Risks?
Which is the best source?Which is the best source?
Vitamin JargonVitamin Jargon
Megadose: excessively high dose of a Megadose: excessively high dose of a vitamin or mineralvitamin or mineral
Toxicity: overdose of vitamin or mineral Toxicity: overdose of vitamin or mineral usually caused by supplement useusually caused by supplement use
Non vitamin substances:Non vitamin substances:– Vitamin B15Vitamin B15– CholineCholine– Pangamic acidPangamic acid– InositolInositol
Figure 7.11Supplement Label
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Dietary Antioxidants—best from food or best form pills?
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Some Valid Reasons for Taking Some Valid Reasons for Taking SupplementsSupplements
BOTTOM LINE….on vitamin BOTTOM LINE….on vitamin pillspills
Assess the adequacy of your dietAssess the adequacy of your diet If you are falling 75% below for If you are falling 75% below for
several vitamins/minerals typically, several vitamins/minerals typically, you may want to supplement your diet you may want to supplement your diet with a vitamin/mineral pillwith a vitamin/mineral pill
There is no substitute for a healthy There is no substitute for a healthy dietdiet
The best way to get your vitamins and The best way to get your vitamins and minerals is through foodsminerals is through foods
Figure C7.3Vegetable and Fruit Intakes and Cancer in Population Studies
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For your latest cancer fighter, visit your local produce center.
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