Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain...
-
Upload
jade-dorsey -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain...
![Page 1: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter7
Looking at cells
![Page 2: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Where does cork come from?
• The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal
• The bark is dead• All that is left are the
cell walls enclosing air
![Page 3: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Microscopes reveal cell structure
• Robert Hooke , an English scientist, invented the microscope in the 1600’s to view cork
• He named the “little boxes” he saw, “cells”
![Page 4: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• 10 years after Hooke’s findings
• Used a microscope to view pond water
• He named the single-celled organisms he discovered “animalcules”
![Page 5: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells
• Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms
• All cells arise from existing cells
![Page 6: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Measuring the size of cell structures
• Measurements are in metric units
• International System of Measurements (SI)
• Based on powers of 10• Micrometers are one-
millionth of a meter ( the size of a bacterial cell)
![Page 7: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Cells must be small
• Lower surface area to volume ratio = inability to move substances across the membrane in large enough numbers
• Higher surface area to volume ratio = greater ability to exchange substances
Small is good! Big is bad!
![Page 8: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Common features of all cells
• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Cytoskeleton
• Ribosomes
• Genetic material
![Page 9: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Prokaryotes do not contain internal compartments
• No nucleus
• Smaller
• Ex: bacteria
![Page 10: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Characteristics of bacteria• Prokaryotes
• All have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane
• Some have flagella for movement
• DNA is circular instead of linear
• Some have a capsule for clinging
![Page 11: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Eukaryotic cells are organized
• Have a nucleus
• Have other membrane enclosed organelles
• Some have flagella or cilia for movement
![Page 12: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Eukaryotes
• Larger
• More complex
• Many are highly specialized
• Plants, animals, fungi, and many protists
![Page 13: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cell Organization
• Two divisions:– Nucleus- eukaryotes only– Cytoplasm- fluid portion of the cell outside the
nucleus• Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
![Page 14: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Organelles
• Specialized structures
• “Little organs”
![Page 15: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Nucleus• Controls cell functions
• Surrounded by a double membrane with nuclear pores
• Contains DNA wound around proteins
• Wind up into chromosomes before division takes place
![Page 16: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Nucleus
• Nucleolus- where ribosomes are made
• Nuclear pores- allow materials in and out
![Page 17: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Vacuoles
• Large, saclike, membrane-enclosed structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
![Page 18: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Vacuoles
• Plants- large central vacuole, helps keep leaves and flowers rigid
• Found in some unicellular organisms and animals– Contractile vacuole in paramecium
![Page 19: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Vesicles
• In almost all eukaryotic cells
• Used for storage and movement
![Page 20: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Lysosomes
• Small organelle filled with enzymes
• Digest old organelles, cellular “junk,” lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
• Type of vesicle, found in animal and some plant cells
![Page 21: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ribosomes
• Made of RNA and protein
• Produce proteins
• Found in the cytoplasm (free) and rough ER (attached)
![Page 22: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)• A system of internal membranes that moves
proteins and other substances through the cell• Rough ER- has ribosomes on the surface that
create exported proteins • Smooth ER- no ribosomes, makes lipids for the
cell membrane – Detoxifies drugs
![Page 23: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Golgi Apparatus
• Stack of flattened sacs
• Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins made from the rough ER
• Sent into or out of the cell
![Page 24: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Sources of Energy
• Mitochondria- animal and plant cells
• Chloroplasts- plant cells
![Page 25: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Chloroplasts
• Converts sunlight into food energy in a process called photosynthesis
• Double membrane
• Contains a green pigment called chlorophyll
![Page 26: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Mitochondria
• In eukaryotic cells
• Power plant of the cells
• Converts food energy into smaller units the cell can more easily use
• Double membrane
![Page 27: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Mitochondria
• Inherited only from your mother
• A way to trace the maternal lines of animals
![Page 28: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Endosymbiotic Theory
• Chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA and double membranes
• Theory states:– These may have been independent
organisms at one time– Create their own energy– May have been beneficial once absorbed and
found to be beneficial
![Page 29: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Unique features of plant cells
• Cell wall -surrounds the cell membrane, supports and protects the cell
• Chloroplasts- green structures that absorb sunlight and produce glucose
• Central vacuole- stores water and other substances, when full makes a cell rigid
![Page 30: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
• Network of protein filaments
• Gives cells their shape and internal organization– Helps to transport materials inside the cell
• Protein filaments– Microtubules– Microfilaments
![Page 31: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Microfilaments
• Threadlike structures made of protein called actin
• Make up a tough flexible framework that helps support the cell
• Help cells move– Amoebas- assemble and disassemble to help
them move
![Page 32: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Microtubules
• Hollow structures
• Made of protein tubulin
• Maintains cell shape
• Centrioles– Makes spindle during mitosis to separate
chromosomes
![Page 33: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Microtubules
• Make up cilia and flagella– Used for swimming
• Arranged in a 9+2 pattern
• Small bridges between aid in movement
![Page 34: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Cell Boundries
• Cell wall
• Cell membrane
![Page 35: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Cell Wall
• Prokaryotes, plants, algae, fungi– Animal cells do not
• Outside the cell membrane
• Strong supporting layer
• Porous- allows water, carbon dioxide and oxygen to pass through
![Page 36: Chapter7 Looking at cells. Where does cork come from? The bark of an oak tree that grows in Spain and Portugal The bark is dead All that is left are the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070408/56649e565503460f94b4e022/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Cell Membrane
• Protects and supports cell
• Regulates what enters and leaves
• Phospholipid bilayer- to layers of lipids