Ch 19 Endocrinology, cont’dCh 19 Endocrinology, cont’d

Adrenal GlandAdrenal Gland

Steroid hormones and their glandsSteroid hormones and their glands

Other endocrine glandsOther endocrine glands

Compare Endocrine and Nervous systemsCompare Endocrine and Nervous systems

Adrenal Adrenal (or Suprarenal) (or Suprarenal) GlandGland

Adrenal Medulla:Adrenal Medulla: modified sympathetic modified sympathetic ganglion produces ganglion produces epinephrine and epinephrine and

norepinephrine norepinephrine ((parallels parallels sympathetic division of sympathetic division of ANS)ANS)

Adrenalin® = adrenaline = Adrenalin® = adrenaline = epinephrineepinephrine

Neuroendocrine glandNeuroendocrine gland

Adrenal Adrenal (or Suprarenal) (or Suprarenal) GlandGland

Adrenal cortexAdrenal cortex

Corticosteroid Corticosteroid

production:production: Zona Glomerulosa—Zona Glomerulosa—Aldosterone (a Aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid)mineralocorticoid)

Zona fasciculata—Zona fasciculata—Glucocorticoids, esp. cortisol, Glucocorticoids, esp. cortisol, AKA cortisoneAKA cortisone

Zona reticularis—Androgens? Zona reticularis—Androgens? DHEA?DHEA?

Steroid HormonesSteroid Hormones

All steroid hormones have All steroid hormones have a common chemical a common chemical backbone, derived from backbone, derived from cholesterolcholesterolSlight differences in Slight differences in branches decide the branches decide the hormone’s activityhormone’s activityLipid solubleLipid solubleEstrogen, progesterone, Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, calcitriol, aldosterone, calcitriol, vitamin Dvitamin D

More SteroidsMore Steroids

Sex SteroidsSex Steroids Female: estrogen and progesteroneFemale: estrogen and progesterone Male: testosterone, AKA anabolic Male: testosterone, AKA anabolic

steroidssteroids

CorticosteroidsCorticosteroids From adrenal cortexFrom adrenal cortex Cortisol (antiinflammatory)Cortisol (antiinflammatory)

MineralocorticoidsMineralocorticoidsAldosterone (preserves NaAldosterone (preserves Na++))

Calcitriol (active form of Vit. D; from Calcitriol (active form of Vit. D; from kidneys, absorbs Cakidneys, absorbs Ca2+2+))

Anabolic SteroidsAnabolic SteroidsFluoxymesterone brand name Halotestin, Fluoxymesterone brand name Halotestin, Oxandrolone brand name Anavar, Oxandrolone brand name Anavar, Methandrostenolone brand name Dianabol, Methandrostenolone brand name Dianabol, Methyltestosterone brand name Metandren Methyltestosterone brand name Metandren Oreton Methyl, Nandrolone Decanoate brand Oreton Methyl, Nandrolone Decanoate brand name Deca-Durabolin, Testosterone name Deca-Durabolin, Testosterone Propionate brand name Testex, Testosterone Propionate brand name Testex, Testosterone Cypionate brand name Depo-Testosterone, Cypionate brand name Depo-Testosterone, Stanozolol brand name Winstrol, Testolactone Stanozolol brand name Winstrol, Testolactone brand name Teslac, Dromostanolone brand name Teslac, Dromostanolone Propionate brand name Drolban, Nandrolone Propionate brand name Drolban, Nandrolone Phenpropionate brand name Durabolin, Phenpropionate brand name Durabolin, Testosterone Enanthate brand name Testosterone Enanthate brand name Delatestryl, Ethylestrenol brand name Delatestryl, Ethylestrenol brand name Maxibolin, Danazol brand name Danocrine, Maxibolin, Danazol brand name Danocrine, Calusterone brand name Methosarb, Calusterone brand name Methosarb, Testosterone Undecanoate, Testosterone Testosterone Undecanoate, Testosterone Cyclohexanecarboxylate, Dihydrotestosterone, Cyclohexanecarboxylate, Dihydrotestosterone, Methenolone Acetate brand name Primobolan, Methenolone Acetate brand name Primobolan, Testosterone-trans-4-n-butylcyclohexyl-Testosterone-trans-4-n-butylcyclohexyl-carboxylate code name 20Aet-1 carboxylate code name 20Aet-1

Pineal glandPineal gland

Part of epithalamusPart of epithalamus

Secretes melatoninSecretes melatonin Derivative of serotoninDerivative of serotonin Regulates circadian Rhythms Regulates circadian Rhythms

(sleep cycle)(sleep cycle) Inhibits hypothalamic Inhibits hypothalamic

releasing factorsreleasing factorsDecreases repro functionDecreases repro function

PancreasPancreas

Endocrine Endocrine ANDAND exocrine exocrine functions functions

Pancreatic islets or or Islets of Langerhans (1 x 10Islets of Langerhans (1 x 1066 islets) islets) cells: glucagon cells: glucagon ( blood sugar levels by stimulating liver to convert

glycogen to glucose)

cells: insulin (51 a.a.) cells: insulin (51 a.a.) ( blood sugar levels by causing the cells to take up glucose for use by the mitochondria)

(delta) cells: somatostatin(delta) cells: somatostatin

F cells: pancreatic polypeptideF cells: pancreatic polypeptide

DiabetesDiabetes

Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus Type 1:Type 1:

AKA IDDM, juvenile onsetAKA IDDM, juvenile onset

Deficiency of insulinDeficiency of insulin Type 2 Type 2 (90% of DM)(90% of DM)

AKA NIDDM, adult onsetAKA NIDDM, adult onset

Decreased production of insulin AND/ORDecreased production of insulin AND/OR

some sort of deficiency in receptors (insulin resistance)some sort of deficiency in receptors (insulin resistance)

Related to obesity, lack of exercise, ageRelated to obesity, lack of exercise, age

Often controlled by diet, oral hypoglycemicsOften controlled by diet, oral hypoglycemics

Diabetes insipidusDiabetes insipidus Deficiency of ADHDeficiency of ADH Much less commonMuch less common

Thymus GlandThymus Gland

Inside thoracic cavity Inside thoracic cavity immediately posterior to immediately posterior to sternumsternum above the heart above the heart

Most active in infancy and Most active in infancy and childhood - childhood - Largest just before Largest just before puberty, then atrophiespuberty, then atrophies

Thymosin - enhances Thymosin - enhances T-T-lymphocytelymphocyte production and production and competence. competence. (important for (important for immune system development)immune system development)

TestesTestes

Secrete Secrete testosteronetestosterone into the into the bloodstreambloodstream

From interstitial cellsFrom interstitial cells Stimulates sperm Stimulates sperm

production (along with production (along with FSH)FSH)

Secondary sex Secondary sex characteristicscharacteristics

InhibinInhibin (balances FSH) (balances FSH) From sustentacular From sustentacular

(Sertoli) cells(Sertoli) cells

Other minor secretionsOther minor secretions

OvariesOvaries

EstrogenEstrogen—by ovarian follicles —by ovarian follicles in response to FSHin response to FSH

ProgesteroneProgesterone—by the corpus —by the corpus luteum (pl. corpora lutea) in luteum (pl. corpora lutea) in response to LHresponse to LH

InhibinInhibin—decreases estrogen —decreases estrogen prod’nprod’n

Other Endocrine Structures Other Endocrine Structures p 765p 765

Heart: Atrial Natriuretic PeptideHeart: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Brain: Brain Natriuretic PeptideBrain: Brain Natriuretic Peptide

GI Tract: Enteroendocrine cells regulate GI Tract: Enteroendocrine cells regulate digestive processesdigestive processes

Placenta: pregnancyPlacenta: pregnancy hCGhCG ProgesteroneProgesterone HPL – Human placental lactogen (increases HPL – Human placental lactogen (increases

[glucose])[glucose]) Relaxin – relaxes pubic symphysis and cervixRelaxin – relaxes pubic symphysis and cervix

Other Endocrine Structures Other Endocrine Structures p 765p 765

Kidneys: Kidneys: Renin: converts angiotensin to angiotensin IRenin: converts angiotensin to angiotensin I

Regulates BPRegulates BP Erythropoietin: Stimulates production of RBCsErythropoietin: Stimulates production of RBCs CalcitriolCalcitriol

Skin: Precursor to Vitamin DSkin: Precursor to Vitamin D

Other HormonesOther Hormones

Prostaglandins (not in the book)Prostaglandins (not in the book) Approx 12 types, similar structure, widely different Approx 12 types, similar structure, widely different

functionsfunctions Derived from FADerived from FA Produced in cell membranes in most cellsProduced in cell membranes in most cells Very short half-life (tVery short half-life (t½½)) Involved in inflammatory responseInvolved in inflammatory response

NSAIDs are prostaglandin inhibitorsNSAIDs are prostaglandin inhibitors

Gastrin—produce gastric HClGastrin—produce gastric HClHuman Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)EndorphinsEndorphinsOthers yet to be discoveredOthers yet to be discovered

Compare Endocrine and Nervous Compare Endocrine and Nervous SystemsSystems

Hybrids = Neuroendocrine Organs

The Systems

Repetitio est Repetitio est mater studiorum!mater studiorum!