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World Civilizations Name:

Chapter 23 The World Enters the 21st Century

1. European Economic Recovery ›❯ After World War 2: United Nations replaces League of Nations

›❯ UN created to ________________________________________

›❯ UN roles today:

________________________________________

Aiding world’s ________________________________________

›❯ After World War 2: What “war” was going on?

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ Who was the Cold War between?

________________________________________________________________________________

›❯ What were their economic systems?

USA:

________________________________________

________________________________________ of

businesses

________________________________________ ________________________________________

make most decisions regarding

buying and selling goods.

________________________________________

Soviet Union:

________________________________________ ________________________________________ of businesses

________________________________________

makes most decisions regarding

buying and selling goods.

________________________________________

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›❯ What were their government systems?

›❯ After WW2 Europe divided:

________________________________________ nations in Western Europe

________________________________________ countries in Eastern Europe

Soviet Union imposed ________________________________________ governments in these countries

Communist nations called Soviet ________________________________________ countries

Soviets lost ________________________________________ people in WW2. Feared invasion.

They wanted ________________________________________ between them and Europe

›❯ 1949: US & 11 Western European countries form alliance

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (________________________________________)

Purpose is to ________________________________________ Soviet expansion

›❯ Freedom fighters trying to free their nations from Soviet control rose up:

Hungary 1956

Czechoslovakia 1968 – “Prague Spring” revolt

Both rebellions ________________________________________ by Soviet Union

USA: ________________________________________

decide how their country should be

run

Soviet Union: ________________________________________

________________________________________

controls every part of public and

private behavior

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›❯ 1949-‐61: 3 million people leave East Germany for ________________________________________

Communists look to ________________________________________ escapes

They put up 12-‐foot high ________________________________________ separating East and West Berlin to keep people in

People attempting escape ________________________________________ on sight

›❯ 1985: New Soviet leader Mikhail ________________________________________ came to power

Began to allow ________________________________________ freedom.

Changed Soviet policy – refused to ________________________________________ with military in affairs of satellite nations

›❯ Greater freedom of ________________________________________ in Communist-‐controlled nations.

›❯ People began moving out of ________________________________________.

›❯ ________________________________________ government established in East Germany

›❯ 1989: Berlin Wall ________________________________________;

›❯ Germany ________________________________________ in 1990

›❯ 1989-‐90 Communist countries in Eastern Europe hold ________________________________________

________________________________________ first nation to hold free elections

In Czechoslovakia, change without violence called “________________________________________ Revolution”

›❯ Soviet Union had faced ________________________________________ trouble for decades

›❯ Gorbachev called for ________________________________________ (restructuring), including

Limited ________________________________________

Political ________________________________________ – changes to government that allowed more choices in elections

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›❯ The Soviet Union was ________________________________________ nation

92 different nationalities

112 languages

Many interests

Difficult to hold together

›❯ Gorbachev’s reforms encouraged republics to break away & become ________________________________________

›❯ 1991: Soviet Union ________________________________________ to exist

›❯ Former Soviet republics join loose ________________________________________ called Commonwealth of Independent States

›❯ Textbook Map – Page 375

1. What were four of the new republics formed from the old Soviet Union?

2. Which republic was the second largest (after Russia)?

3. What is the capital of Ukraine?

4. In what republic is Minsk?

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›❯ After the fall of Communism: Unrest and war in ________________________________________

›❯ ________________________________________ republics held together by strong leader

›❯ By 1991, some wanted ________________________________________

›❯ One republic – ________________________________________ – wanted to continue control

›❯ Wars break out

Serbia army practices ________________________________________ of Muslims in republic of ________________________________________-‐Herzegovina. 250,000 killed.

Serbian ethnic cleansing of Albanians in ________________________________________

________________________________________ intervenes to end wars

›❯ War ________________________________________ charges in both wars

›❯ Since World War II, nations of Western Europe learned to work ________________________________________.

›❯ 1950: six nations created the European ________________________________________ Community (EEC), a free trade area

Nations agreed to not charge ________________________________________, or fees, on goods imported from each other.

Free trade reduced ________________________________________ and led to economic ________________________________________.

›❯ Economic cooperation led to closer ________________________________________ ties.

›❯ 1994: the Common Market nations formed the ________________________________________ (EU).

EU nations remained independent

Agreed to enforce certain ________________________________________ and ________________________________________, such as environmental regulations

1999: EU issued a common currency, called the ________________________________________________________________________________.

As of 2013, 27 countries have joined the EU.

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World Civilizations NAME:

Chapter 23 The World Enters the 21st Century

2. Economic Issues in South America

›❯ Cuba’s economy was based on____?

■ _____________________________________________

›❯ USA helped keep ____ in power?

■ _____________________________________________

›❯ What was life like for Cubans

■ _____________________________________________

›❯ Who led a revolution that overthrew Batista?

■ _____________________________________________

›❯ What kind of government did Castro set up?

■ _____________________________________________

›❯ Castro made radical _____________________________________________ in the economy.

■ Government _____________________________________________ sugar plantations & private businesses.

■ Their Cuban and American owners _____________________________________________ the country.

■ Castro allied with _____________________________________________

›❯ How did the US see Communist Cuba?

■ _____________________________________________

›❯ What did the US place on Cuba? (BTW, it’s still in place)

■ _____________________________________________

›❯ US also helped train invasion force that attempted to start anti-‐Castro revolt at the _____________________________________________ . Attempt _____________________________________________

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›❯ 1961: What did the Soviet Union build in Cuba?

■ _____________________________________________

›❯ What did President John Kennedy do next?

■ _____________________________________________________________________________________

›❯ _______________________________________________________________________ could have led to a nuclear war.

■ Soviets _____________________________________________

›❯ Castro’s revolution _____________________________________________ democratic.

■ _____________________________________________ controlled media & jailed critics.

■ BUT, did provide better _____________________________________________ care for poor & nearly wiped out _____________________________________________

›❯ 1991: _____________________________________________ of Soviet Union caused crisis for Cuba.

›❯ The Soviet Union was Cuba’s major _____________________________________________ partner

›❯ The result was a sharp economic _____________________________________________.

›❯ In response, what did Castro allow?

■ _____________________________________________________________________________________

›❯ Who did Castro encourage to visit Cuba?

■ ________________________________________________ (It’s now Cuba’s second biggest industry

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Free Trade and Mexico’s Economic Boom Use this information to complete the following page

Maquiladoras During the past 50 years, American and Japanese firms have built manufacturing plants in Latin America. Most of these plants, known as maquiladoras, lie along the Mexico/US border. There are over one million Mexicans working in over 3,000 maquiladora plants in northern Mexico. Maquiladoras benefit foreign corporations by allowing them to hire low-‐cost workers and to produce tariff-‐free exports. They also offer Mexico employment opportunities and investment income. Critics charge that maquiladoras ignore worker and environmental protection laws, damaging the environment and encouraging low-‐paying or dangerous jobs. NAFTA In 1992, Mexico, Canada and the US signed the North American Free Trade Agreement. NAFTA gradually reduced trade restrictions and increased the flow of goods, services and people among these countries. After NAFTA was put into practice, trade among these countries grew by 10 to 15 percent each year. However, NAFTA has been controversial in the United States. American worker groups fear the loss of jobs to lower-‐paid Mexican workers. From Mexico’s viewpoint, NAFTA has helped boost exports and create thousands of jobs. Today, Mexico is the United States’ third largest trade partner. Illegal Immigration One of the largest issues facing Mexico has been the status of its workers in the United States. About 6 million Mexicans work in the United States as undocumented immigrants. They do jobs that people born in the U.S. often don’t want. These jobs offer low pay and, in some cases, are dangerous. Still, Mexican workers send about $9 billion each year back to family members in Mexico. The issue between the two countries is still not resolved. Many undocumented immigrants support amnesty— or a general pardon for political offenses, including illegally entering a country.

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Maquiladoras 1. How many workers are employed in maquiladoras? 2. What two Mexican cities have the largest number of workers in maquiladoras (map graphic)? 3. In the space below, list one benefit of maquiladoras in Mexico and one drawback BENEFIT:

DRAWBACK:

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

4. What did NAFTA gradually do?

5. How much did trade increase after NAFTA?

6. What has NAFTA done for Mexico’s economy? Illegal Immigration 7. How many Mexicans live in the US as undocumented immigrants? 8. What do undocumented immigrants support?

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Cause and Effect: Conflict in Central America El Salvador

Cause Effect

Wealthy land owners got richer by investing in factories. The factories paid low wages.

Workers, farmers, and some leaders of the Catholic Church protested. Poor farmers organized armed guerrilla bands.

The US was afraid the rebels would make El Salvador a Communist nation

Peace was made in El Salvador in 1992, after 75,000 people had been killed Nicaragua

Cause Effect

Workers and farmers felt left out of Nicaragua’s economic boom

Protesting rebels form the Sandinista National Liberation Front (Communist)

The US opposed the rebels

Economic hard times in the mid-‐1980s finally defeated the Sandinistas. They lost the 1990 election to a more conservative candidate, Violeta Chamorro

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Panama Cause Effect

Panama’s military dictator, General Manuel Noriega, is involved in drug trafficking

Noriega is put on trial

FINAL ROUND What happened in Honduras during the 1980s? What did the United States try to do in Chile?

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World Civ Name:

3. Asia: Conflict & Economic Growth

›❯ China began ________________________________________ in 1945

VS

›❯ Communists ________________________________________ civil war

›❯ Nationalists fled to ________________________________________

›❯ Under Mao, China began various attempts to ___

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ What happened when land reform began in 1955?

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ What was created three years later during the Great Leap Forward?

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ Peasants did ________________________________________ agree with farm commune system and bad weather struck.

›❯ Nearly 15 million ________________________________________ before farm communes broken up

›❯ Mao’s next move: the ________________________________________ Revolution

›❯ Nationalists

›❯ Supported by USA

›❯ Led by ________________________________

________________________________

›❯ People’s Liberation Army ›❯ ________________________________

›❯ Led by ________________________Zedong

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›❯ Mao’s attempt to strengthen his ________________________________________

›❯ During Cultural Revolution

›❯ Massive ________________________________________

›❯ Millions ________________________________________ and forced into manual ________________________________________

›❯ Cultural/religious sites ________________________________________

›❯ Tens of thousands ________________________________________

›❯ What happened in 1976?

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ China’s new leaders were ________________________________________

›❯ What did the reformers do after Mao died?

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ What were the reformers seeking to do?

________________________________________

›❯ By late 1970s opened ________________________________________ with other countries

›❯ 1992: China began socialist ________________________________________ economy

›❯ Government no longer ________________________________________ economic system (what is produced – how much – prices)

›❯ ________________________________________ for goods and services to determine this

›❯ More similar to a free market economy like ours

Despite movement into the larger world, what did China’s leaders remain closed to?

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ In 1989, what did the government send tanks to do?

________________________________________

›❯ What were the demonstrators doing?

›❯ ________________________________________How many killed at Tianenmen Square, site of the protests?

________________________________________

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The Korean War

›❯ What did leaders from the US and Soviet Union do to Korea after WW2?

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ What kind of government did North Korea have?

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ What kind of government did South Korea have?

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ What did North Korea do in 1950?

________________________________________

›❯ What did the United Nations agree on?

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ What was their goal in South Korea?

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ US & United Nations ________________________________________ into North Korea,

›❯ _______________________ sent troops to help North Korea

›❯ They pushed US/UN forces back across ________________________________________, the boundary between the two nations.

›❯ Region known as the ________________________________________ Zone (DMZ).

›❯ The war dragged out until a 1953 ________________________________________

›❯ ________________________________________ clear winner.

›❯ A treaty ending the war has ________________________________________

›❯ ________________________________________ between the two Koreas continues.

The Vietnam War

›❯ Period after World War II marked by ________________________________________.

›❯ Countries determined to be free of European ________________________________________.

›❯ One of longest struggles was in ________________________________________, which had been colony of

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________________________________________

›❯ Who led Communist forces against France that took control of most of Vietnam?

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ What part did the French continue to control?

________________________________________

›❯ Communists and France continued to ________________________________________ for control

›❯ 1954: Ho Chi Minh’s forces defeat France

›❯ Two sides agree to ________________________________________ country temporarily until elections could be held

›❯ Elections never held

›❯ Instead, US Presidents Eisenhower & Kennedy back ________________________________________ government in South Vietnam

›❯ 1950s-‐early 1960s: Kennedy sends military advisors

›❯ 1965: President Johnson sends combat troops to block ________________________________________

›❯ How many American troops would serve in Vietnam?

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ In 1973, what did the US finally do?

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ How many Americans were killed or wounded?

›❯ ________________________________________

›❯ What happened in 1973?

________________________________________

Economic Growth in the Pacific

›❯ After WW2, US tried to help Japan restore ________________________________________

›❯ Japan had low wages and produced export goods priced to ________________________________________ in the world market

›❯ By 1970s, Japan focused on producing ________________________________________-‐related goods

›❯ “Little ________________________________________” = other Pacific rim nations emerged as producers of

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inexpensive exports

›❯ ________________________________________ has also drawn business with its low wages and large labor force

›❯ Little Tigers: ›❯ Singapore ›❯ South Korea ›❯ Hong Kong ›❯ Taiwan ›❯ Indonesia ›❯ Thailand ›❯ Malaysia ›❯ India

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4. Independence Movements in Africa Some people refer to 1960 as “the year of Africa.” It was a turning point for African nations wanting freedom from European colonial rule. Thirteen countries gained their independence from France that year, setting an example for the rest of Africa. What is colonial rule? New Nations Form ›❯ By early 1900s: ____________________________________________ controlled most of Africa.

›❯ They enacted laws that:

■ Took away __________________ of native people

■ ___________________ them to work in mines or on farms.

›❯ Many native people were like slaves. They had

■ No _______________________

■ No support.

›❯ After decades of this treatment, Africans wanted to regain their ___________________________.

›❯ This process called ___________________________.________________.

›❯ Decolonization ___________________________. by many ___________________________. within the African societies.

■ Many ___________________________. groups, ___________________________., and ___________________________. groups

›❯ European governments ___________________________. granting independence.

■ Assumed Africans ______________________________. for self-‐government

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■ Feared ___________________________. ideas would grow. Harsh laws were passed supposedly to ___________________________. communism.

›❯ France determined to keep control of ___________________________., its North African colony, even though it freed other colonies

■ ___________________________. in Algeria lasted from 1954-‐1962, when France finally agreed to independence.

›❯ The Sub-‐Saharan nations of Central and Southern Africa slowly gained independence

›❯ Many changed their names, which had ___________________________. the white colonization.

■ Example: Rhodesia (named for a British administrator) became Zimbabwe (honoring great African kingdom of the past)

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Class reading: South African Independence One of the most amazing examples of decolonization occurred in South Africa. Originally the Dutch settled the region, which later passed to British control. In 1948, the British enacted strict laws separating blacks and whites, a policy known as apartheid. Blacks, who made up the majority of the population, struggled against the unjust rules. Apartheid governed every part of life: where a person could live, what entrance to the train he or she could use, how or if he or she would be educated. Many blacks were killed or jailed as a result of uprisings. Nelson Mandela, a black leader, was arrested in 1962 for resisting apartheid and sentenced to life in prison. For 27 years he remained a prisoner who believed in the cause of freedom. Sanctions were passed against South Africa. Many nations, including the United States, refused to trade with the country because of its human rights violations. In addition, violent protests within the nation were heightened in 1984. Indians and “colored” people, who were of mixed race, gained some civil rights while blacks were still excluded. Finally, the white rulers determined that all non-‐whites should be allowed to vote. Nelson Mandela was freed from Robbin Island Prison in 1990. Four years later, when the first democratic elections were held, Mandela became the first democratically elected president. Since then, South Africa has struggled to overcome the poverty apartheid left behind. South Africa, according to the United Nations Development Programme, is among the most unequal countries in the world — third from the bottom. Despite the ending of apartheid, the gap between whites and most blacks' quality of life is great.

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