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15POPULATION, HEALTH, AND COMMUNITIESPOPULATION, HEALTH, AND COMMUNITIES

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Chapter Outline• Demography: The Study of Population• World Population Patterns• Fertility Patterns in the United States• Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness• Social Epidemiology and Health• How Did Communities Originate?• Urbanization• Types of Communities• Social Policy: World Population Policy

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Demography: The Study of Population

•Malthus proposed that the world’s population was growing more rapidly than the available food supply.

•Malthus held that food supply increases in an arithmetic progression, whereas population expands by a geometric progression.

•Malthus advocated population control.

Malthus’s Thesis and Marx’s Response

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Demography: The Study of Population

•Marx argued that the nature of the economy (capitalism) in Europe was the central problem.

•Marx felt that if society were well ordered, increases should lead to greater wealth, not hunger and misery.

Malthus’s Thesis and Marx’s Response

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Demography: The Study of Population

•The census is the primary mechanism for collecting population information.

•Census figures are supplemented by vital statistics, or records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces.

Studying Population Today

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Demography: The Study of Population

•Death Rate

--The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year.

•Infant Mortality Rate

--The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

Elements of Demography

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Demography: The Study of Population

•Life Expectancy

--The median number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions.

•Growth Rate

--The difference between birth and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants.

Elements of Demography

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World Population Patterns

•Demographic transition is the change from high birthrates and death rates to relatively low birth rates and death rates.•Demographic transition is typically viewed as a three-stage process:

Pretransition stage

Transition stage

Posttransition stage

Demographic Transition

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World Population Patterns

•Many developing nations have experienced lower rates of increase in their population growth.

•Family planning appears to have been instrumental in this change.

The Population Explosion

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World Population Patterns

Figure 15.1: Demographic Transition

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World Population Patterns

World Population, 2001

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World Population Patterns

Percent Change, 1990 to 2000 Total PopulationSource: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. Mapping Census 2000: The Geography of U.S. Diversity. Series CENSR/01-1, p. 10. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/dt_atlas.html.

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World Population Patterns

Table 15.1: Estimated Time for Each Successive Increase of 1 Billion Peoplein World Population

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World Population Patterns

Figure 15.2: Population Structure of Afghanistan, 2000

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World Population Patterns

Figure 15.2b: Population Structure of the United States, 2000

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Fertility Patterns in the United States

•The baby boom was not a return to large families, but rather was a decrease in the number of childless marriages and one-child families.

•The baby boom represents the most recent period of high fertility in the United States.

The Baby Boom

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Fertility Patterns in the United States

•The fertility rate of the U.S. has remained low over the last two decades.

•We are still experiencing population growth due to two factors:

the momentum built into our age structure by the postwar population boom

continued high rates of immigration

Stable Population Growth

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Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness

•“Being sick” must be controlled so that not too many people are released from their societal responsibilities at any one time.

•The sick role refers to the societal expectations about the attitudes and behavior of a person viewed as being ill.

Functionalist Approach

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Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness

•This approach is critical of the growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control.

•This approach argues that medicine is a regulating mechanism and manifests social control by:

expanding its domain of expertise

retaining jurisdiction over many health care procedures

Conflict Approach

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Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness

•This approach studies the roles played by health care professionals and patients.

•This approach asserts that patients may play an active role in the positive or negative outcomes of their health.

Interactionist Approach

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Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness

•The designations healthy and ill generally involve social definition by others.

•Disagreements continue in the medical community over whether a variety of life experiences are illnesses or not.

Labeling Approach

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Culture and Health

Figure 15.3: Average Life Expectancy at Birth

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Culture and Health

Figure 15.4: Infant Mortality Rates, 2001

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Social Epidemiology and Health

--Social epidemiology is the study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population.

--Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a specific disorder occurring within a given population during a stated period of time, usually a year.

--Prevalence refers to the total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time.

Social Epidemiology and Health

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Social Epidemiology and Health

--Studies have shown that people in the lower classes have higher rates of mortality and disability.

•Class is linked to health by:

living conditions

housing

diet

stress

occupation

Social Class

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Social Epidemiology and Health

--Health profiles of racial and ethnic groups reflect the social inequality evident in the United States.

•Poor economic and environmental conditions are manifested in high morbidity and mortality rates for these groups.

Race and Ethnicity

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Social Epidemiology and Health

•When compared with men, women live longer, but as a group appear to be in poorer health than men.

•Women live longer due to:

lower rate of cigarette smoking

lower consumption of alcohol

lower rates of employment in certain occupations

Gender

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Social Epidemiology and Health

•Most older people in the United States have at least one chronic illness.

•Older people are vulnerable to certain types of mental health problems.

•Older people use more health services than younger people.

Age

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Social Epidemiology and Health80.1

74.8

19.317.4

74.5

62.6

16.114.3

9.1 8.77.5 7.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

At birth At age 65 At age 80 At birth At age 65 At age 80

Women Men

Years of life

White

Black

Life Expectancy at Birth, Age 65, and Age 80 by Sex and Race: 1998Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. Statistical Abstract of the United States 2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Table 98 on p. 74. Also accessible at http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/01statab/stat-ab01.html.

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Social Epidemiology and Health

Mapping Life Worldwide: Infant Mortality Rates Worldwide

Source: John H. Allen. 1999. Student Atlas of World Geography. New York: Duskin/McGraw-Hill, map 22 on p. 40.

Infant MortalityDeaths of children under 1 yrof age per 1,000 live births

10 or less11 - 3031 - 9091 - 150More than 150No data