What is Corrections?

Chapter 1

History of Corrections

Continuously rising crime rates through the 70s-90s

Tough on crime stance Continued to rise through 2008

American Corrections Today

Currently more than 3,200 death row inmates

140,000 + life sentences

Prisons and jails= 2.3 million inmates

As of 2011, numbers of inmates have begun to decrease as well as those on probation

Figure1.1: Correctional Populations in the United States, 1980–2011

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American Corrections Today

7.5 million Americans are in the correctional system---jail, prison, community corrections

1:28 males 30 or older have been in prison

11% males, 2% females born this year will be incarcerated

The Purpose of Corrections

Corrections

Variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management

of individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses

The Purpose of Corrections

Social Control

Helps Define the Limits of Behavior

Punishment

Change offenders through corrective action

Public, private organizations

State, local, federal governments

Community and closed settings

A Systems Framework for Studying Corrections

System

Police, prosecutors, courts, corrections

Goals

Punishment Protection

Discussion Question

Have correctional goals of fair punishment and community protection been maintained over the last 10-20 years? Explain.

A Systems Framework for Studying Corrections

Interconnectedness

Sentencing Classification Supervision Programming Revocation

A Systems Framework for Studying Corrections

Interconnectedness

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A Systems Framework for Studying Corrections

Environment

Public opinion Fiscal constraints The law

A Systems Framework for Studying Corrections

Feedback

Learn Grow Improve Trouble obtaining useful feedback

A Systems Framework for Studying Corrections

Complexity

Pretrial drug treatment Electronically monitored home confinement Work centers Private, nonprofit residential treatment

programs

Discussion Question

What if... correctional spending on the state level was cut to a minimum, allowing only violent and repeat offenders to be housed in correctional facilities, and fines and probation were used for property and less serious crimes? Would this reduce crime? What other impacts would this move have on society?

The Corrections System Today

Federalism

State Level Corrections

California Florida New York Texas

The Corrections System Today

Main Components of Corrections Prison Jail Probation Intermediate sanctions Parole

The History of Corrections In America

The Colonial Period (1620-1776)

“The Great Law” The Quaker Code The Anglican Code

Discussion Question

What if... the modern penitentiary movement had failed and banishment, public punishments, and fines were still the means for dealing with common criminals? Would this be a deterrent for violent crimes and property crimes? Explain.

The History of Corrections In America

The Arrival of the Penitentiary (1760-1830)

The Penitentiary Act of 1779 Four principles

A secure and sanitary building Inspection to ensure that offenders followed the rules Abolition of fees charged offenders for their food A reformatory regime

The History of Corrections In America

East State Penitentiary The Pennsylvania System

Five principles Prisoners would not be treated vengefully Solitary confinement would prevent further

corruption In isolation, offenders would reflect on their

transgressions and repent Solitary confinement would be punishment Solitary confinement would be economical

The History of Corrections In America

The Arrival of the Penitentiary

The New York (Auburn) System Congregate System

Isolation at night Workshops in the day

The History of Corrections In America

The Arrival of the Penitentiary

Debating the Systems

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Discussion Question

What if… the Pennsylvania style of corrections had won out in the 1800s and isolation was still used today? Would this reduce recidivism if economically possible? What other impacts might it have on society?

The History of Corrections In America

The Arrival of the Penitentiary

Prisons in the South and West

Lease system

Anticontract Law of 1887

The History of Corrections In America

The Reformatory Movement Alexander Maconochie—mark system

Cincinnati, 1870 National Prison Association: Declaration of Principles

Elmira Reformatory Zebulon Brockway

Three grade system of classification Indeterminate sentence

The History of Corrections In America

Corrections in the Twentieth Century The Progressives

The Positivist School—social, economic, biological, psychological factors

The Medical Model Social deficiencies Psychological deficiencies Biological deficiencies

The History of Corrections In America

Corrections in the Twentieth Century The Community Model

Civil rights movement War on poverty Vietnam War President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and

Administration of Justice Attica

The History of Corrections In America

Corrections in the Twentieth Century

The Decline of Rehabilitation Public concern about rising crime rates Studies challenge treatment programs

Martinson

Correctional discretion

The History of Corrections In America

Corrections in the Twentieth Century The Emergence of Crime Control

Determinate sentencing Incarceration Risk containment Intensive supervision probation Mandatory penalties Evidence-based corrections

The Correctional Challenge

Patterns

Ideas Learn

from history

AP Images