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CHAPTER-II
THE PHYSICAL AND NON-PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS
OF AGRICULTURE.
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Location, Boundaries and Area
2.3 Historical Background
(A) PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURE
2.4 Physiography
2.5 Climate
2.6 Drainage Patterns
2.7 Soils
2.8 Natural Vegetation
(B) NON-PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURE
2.9 Population
2.10 Literacy
2.11 Patterns of Ownership
2.12 Agricultural Credit Finance
2.13 Transportation
2.14 Animal Husbandry
2.15 Agricultural Implement
2.16 Improved Seeds
2.17 Chemical Fertilizer
2.18 References
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CHAPTER-II
THE PHYSICAL AND NON-PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS
OF AGRICULTURE.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In the first chapter, concept of agriculture, meaning of agricultural
geography, development of agricultural geography, the approach,
significance of agriculture geography, development of agriculture in
India, objectives, hypothesis, data-base and methodology, review of
literature and organization of the study have been discussed. In the
preceding chapter‟s attempt has been made to study location and
boundaries, historical back-grounds, physiography, climate, drainage, soil
types etc., physical determinants along with this size and distribution of
population, literacy, land ownership and tenure, land-holding, farm-
workers etc cultural determinants of agriculture in the study area.
2.2 LOCATION, BOUNDARIES AND AREA
Nanded district lies in the Godavari Basin and the eastern most
district of Maharashtra. It is situated between 18016‟ to 19
055‟North
latitude and 76056‟ to 78
019‟East longitude.
It is surrounded by Yawatmal district to the north, Andhra Pradesh
state to the east, Karnataka State to the south, Latur district to the south-
west and Parbhani district to the west. (Fig.2.1).
According to 2011 census geographical area of the district is 10502
km2. and its proportion as compare with Maharashtra state is about
3.14%. Out of the total geographical area 211.1km2 (2.01%) and
10298.9km2 (97.99%) area was urban and rural respectively.
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According to 2011 census there are 1687 villages in Nanded district.
There are 1310 Grampanchayat and 180 Group Grampanchayat in the
study area.
In 2011 the total population of the district was 35,57,259 and it was
2.95% to the state of Maharashtra. Out of the total population about
51.50% were male population and 48.50% were female population in the
district.
Nanded district is divided into three divisions for the administrative
purpose i.e. Nanded, Deglur, Kinwat tahsils. Nanded, Ardhapur, Mukhed,
Bhokar, Umri, Kandhar and Loha tahsils are included in the
administrative sub-divisions of Nanded, whereas Deglur, Biloli,
Dharmabad,Naigon,Mukhed tahsils are included in Deglur division,
Kinwat, Mahur, Hadgaon and Himayatnagar tahsils are included in
Kinwat administrative division.
At present Nanded, Ardhapur, Mukhed, Mahur, Kinwat,
Himayatnagar, Hadgaon, Bhokar, Biloli, Naigaon, Dharmabad, Kandhar,
Loha, Mukhed, and Umri and Deglur are the tahsils of the district. Out of
16 tahsils in the district seven tahsils namely Ardhapur, Mukhed, Mahur,
Himayatnagar, Naigaon, Dharmabad, Umari tahsils are newly formed in
the year 1999.
In the old tahsils comprise Nanded, Deglur, Kinwat, Hadgaon,
Bhokar, Biloli, Mukhed and Kandhar. Loha (Fig.2.1.B) of which on 15th
August, 1992, Loha tahsil is newly created from Kandhar tahsil.
In the second stage of reconstruction of tahsil, (on 26th
June 1999)
Himayatnagar tahsil was newly created from Hadgaon tahsil, Mukhed
tahsil from Nanded tahsil, Mahur tahsil from Kinwat tahsil, Dharmabad
tahsil from Biloli tahsil, Umari tahsil from Bhokar tahsil, whereas in the
third stage on 30th September 1999 Aradhpur tahsil was newly formed
from Nanded and Mukhed tahsils, Naigaon tahsil from Biloli tahsil.
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The information of newly formed tahsils is not available from
1991-92 to 1998-99, therefore, the study of newly formed tahsils is
included in the old tahsils. Newly formed tahsils are not considered in
this investigation, due to non-availability of data.
2.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The name Nanded is derived from its Sanskrit from Nandit tal,
which was so called probably because it comprised the territory on both
sides of the river Nandi. There are several explanations offered for the
origin of the name Nanded given to the Head-quarters of the district. The
bank of the river Godavari where Nandi, the Vahan of Lord Shiva is said
to have performed penance come to be called the Nand tal which later
changed into Nanded. It is also said that Nine Rishis known as Nand
performed penance on the bank of the river Godavari and hence the name
Nand tal. A third explanation is that, it formed the boundary of the tal of
the Nine Nand Rulers of Maghada Empire.
In ancient period, the district was included in Vidarbha Region
along with the modern districts of Amarawati, Akola, Buldana, Yavatmal
and Parbhani. In the same period under the rulers of Bahamani‟s the
district of Nanded formed part of province of Bidar of Telangana. It is
included the towns and districts of Bidar, Kandhar, Indur, Kaulas, Kotigir
and Medhak. A part of Nanded district north of the district River
Godavari and south of Penganga formed part of the province of Berar.
From the excavation in the neighbouring district of Ahmednagar, it is
suggested that Nanded region was also inhabited in the early Stone Age.
With subsequent migration the region went through different rules
formed by the rulers of ancient period, such as Satvahanas, Chalukyas of
Badami, Yadvas of Devgiri etc., mediaeval period i.e. Bahamanis,
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Nizamshahis, the Mughals and Marathas and modern period, such as
Nizams of Hyderabad and British.
Under the Mughals, Nanded district was roughly composed of two
districts viz. Mahur and Nanded. Nanded was at that time the district
head-quarter. It stated that Mahur district was composed of 20 tahsils and
1141 villages and Nanded district was composed of 30 tahsils and 949
villages. In 1724, the district was passed under the Nizam‟s sovereignty.
More than one third of the district was Jagir area under the Nizam‟s
region. The Nizam‟s own estate was called “sarf-e-khas” which along
with other Jagirs were merged with government area in 1949 under the
Hyderabad, Regulation and the district formed part of the Hyderabad
state.
Consequent upon the integration of sarf-e-khas and jagir area, the
boundaries of all the tahshils were reconstituted in the year 1950. Two
new Mahals were created one with head-quarters at Mukhed and other at
Bhokar with the re-organization of states in 1956, the district Nanded was
transferred from Hyderabad state to Bombay state. The district forms a
part of Maharashtra state since 1st may 1960.
(A) PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is such an economic activity, which manifests the
complex interrelationship between physical and cultural milieu, usually
called geographical environment. It is necessary to pay attention to the
basic relationship between physical determinants and agriculture
(Singh,J. and Dhillon, 1984). Tertiary climate, soils etc., exercise
governing influence on agricultural development. The physical factors
determine the types of crops, the timing of agricultural operations, the
extent of risk involved in agriculture and importance of agriculture. The
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study of the influence of physical factors upon the nature and distribution
of crops and livestock is of primary importance in agricultural geography.
Nature with its diverse physical characteristics provides of a host of
possibilities for agriculture in different areas man with his prevailing
these opportunities for his preferred economic activities. However, of all
economic activities, agriculture is probably one on which the physical
control is most crucial.
2.4 PHYSIOGRAPHY
Physiography constitutes the physical environment, which
determine to a large extent agricultural activities. The physical basis
particularly the relief, drainage, climate, and soils play a vital role in
shaping the agriculture. Altitude, slope and drainage pattern exercise both
direct and an indirect influence on agricultural land-use. The direct effect
of terrain operates through elevation, rugged relief and slope. Its indirect
effect is evident in farming by modifying the climate change in soil and
erosion pattern. Therefore, agricultural activities are largely governed by
the physical controls.
According to the height the district is broadly and conveniently divided
into the following three physiographic divisions.(Fig.2.2)
i) The Lowland Region
ii) The Plateau Region
iii) The Hilly Region
I) THE LOWLAND REGION
It covers an area about 1180 km2 of the total geographical area of
the district. The average height of the lowland region is ranging between
150 meters to 300 meters above mean sea level. It lies along the banks of
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the river Penganga, the river Godavari and its tributaries. It found mostly
at the northern part of the district. It is noticed mostly in the river
Penganga basin. The lowland is also observed in Godavari river basin, the
Manjara and the Manyad river basins. This region covers about 11.21%
area of the district. The soil in this region is more fertile and has a greater
depth. Hence, rabi crops are grow in addition to the kharif jowar, cotton,
tur, groundnut, sugarcane etc. The rich soils on the banks are used for
intensive cultivation.
II) THE PLATEAU REGION
The part of the district covers an area about 6807 km2 of the total
geographical area of the region. The average height of the plateau region
lies between 300 meters to 450 meters above mean sea level and extends
throughout the study region except hilly and lowland areas. In the
northern part of the Kinwat tahsil, there are isolated hills on the plateau.
Which is known as Satmala Hills, whereas, Balaghat Range is extends in
Mukhed, Kandhar and deglur tahsils. In central part of Mukhed hill is
located in Hadgaon and Bhokar tahsils. The plateau region covered about
64.65% of area of the district. This part of the study area is made up of
gneissic terrain intersected by volcanic plugs of flat-topped plateaus. This
region is clearly distinguished from the other regions by its numbers
tanks with paddy cultivation below them.
III) THE HILLY REGION
Out of the total geographical area of the district, the hilly region
covers 2535 km2 area, where the average height of hilly region is ranging
between 450 meter to 900 meters above mean sea level.
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The hilly region extended in seven tahsils namely Kinwat,
Mukhed, Deglur, Kandhar, Hadgaon, Bhokar and Himayatnagar. It
covers about 24.14% area of the district.
The main trend of the hill is from north-west to south-east in
parallel. The Satmala range is located in north part of the district which is
extended in Mahur and Kinwat tahsils. It enters the district after the gap
cut by the Penganga just west to Mahur. To the south of the Satmala
range the Nirmal range running parallel to Satmala range. The hill to the
south of the River Godavari is known as Balaghat range, which located in
Mukhed, Kandhar and Deglur tahsils. The hill to the south of the River
Godavari is generally low height.
The soils in the hilly region are not as deep as in the western
region. The slopes are covered with extensive dry mixed deciduous forest
with teak as the most valuable species, jowar, cotton, tur, sugarcane and
banans are the important crops grown in the region.
2.5 CLIMATE
Climate is the principal aspect of the physical environment
affecting agriculture (Symon, 1967). It consist of the elements like
temperature, length of growing season, sunlight, frost, fog, moisture
conditions and wind etc. All these elements of weather have direct and
indirect influence on the cropping pattern of a region. The climatic
condition is the primary influents controlling the distribution of
agricultural pattern. There always exists a significant bearing between
climate and crops, because of the limits imposed on crop growth by the
existing natural climatic conditions, which is determine the pattern of
farm activity and crop production. Therefore, there is need for collecting
enough information about climatic elements of the region.
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The climate of the Nanded district is generally dry except during
the monsoon season. The year may be divided into four seasons. The hot
season, begins in March and extends upto the first week of June. This is
followed by the south-east monsoon season, which lasts till the end of
September-October and the first half of November constitute the post-
monsoon season and is followed by the cold season, which lasts upto
February.
I) TEMPERATURE
The agricultural operations and agricultural pattern are closely
influenced by the prevailing temperature conditions of the region. Each
crop plant need a certain number of effective heat units for germination,
growth, maturing and ripening, which called the thermal constant and
various crop to crop. The crucial air temperature is 60C
(Schimper,1903)
at and above which plant growth. It is also known as the crucial limit.
Ideal temperature conditions from crop production are between 18.30C
and 23.90C
. Low temperature can be best permit only a slow growth of
plants. Temperature and moisture constitute the major climatic elements,
which have the greatest significance to agriculture all over the World.
The Meteorological Observatory of the region is located in
Nanded. The description of the temperature and other meteorological
conditions of the region is based on the records of the Metrological
Observatory in the district. However, monthly temperature variations are
noted, which is discussed here.
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Table: 2.1: Nanded District :Mean Monthly Maximum and Minimum
Temperature (2011-12)
Sr.No. Month Maximum
Temp.0C
Minimum
Temp.0C
Range of
Temp.0C
1 January 31.4 13.9 17.5
2 February 31.8 15.9 15.9
3 March 36.5 17.6 18.9
4 April 39.9 23.5 18.1
5 May 41.6 25.6 14.3
6 June 33.5 21.0 12.5
7 July 31.1 23.2 7.9
8 August 30.8 23.3 7.5
9 September 29.9 23.0 6.9
10 October 35.3 21.3 14.0
11 November 33.6 16.7 16.9
12 December 31.2 18.6 12.6
Annual Average 33.8 20.3 13.5
(Source: Director, Meteorological Observatory, Nanded)
Table-2.1 reveals that from the beginning of the month of March,
there is rapid rise in both days nights temperature. May is generally the
hottest month with the mean daily maximum temperature as about 41.60C
and mean daily minimum at about 25.60C
. The heat during summer is
intense and the Maximum temperature sometime goes upto about 450C
or
460C
. With the onset of the south-west monsoons by about the second
week of June, there is an appreciable drop in temperature and the weather
remains pleasant throughout the south-west monsoon season. (Fig.2.3).
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Temperature fluctuates 32.40C
during the rainy season, after which it
gradually comes down. Thereafter, both day and night temperature begins
to decrease. December is generally the coldest month of the year with the
mean maximum temperature at about 310C
. The low temperature is
associated with cold waves. The average range of temperature is recorded
13.80C
in the year 2011-12.
In general temperature remains favourably high the year round,
enabling cultivation of crops without break. It does not vary at time in
different areas of the study region and thus, plays a minor role in areas
variations in its agriculture. But it varies significantly over time and
results in two distinct seasons of winter and rainy associated with these
are the two crops seasons of rabi and kharif respectively.
II) RAINFALL
Precipitation includes rainfall, snow, hail, fog, dew etc. Out of
these, rainfall is the major one. Rainfall is the main determinant in the
choice of the crops and ecological change in types of food-grains. The
agricultural production is controlled by the rainfall. Thus, it may said that
rainfall is the most important climatic factors, as it determines the
potential of any region in terms of crops to be raised, farming system to
be adopted, the nature and sequence of farming operations to be followed
and the target to be achieved in agricultural productivity. The cultivators
are more optimistic about a number of crops, in those seasons, when
moisture receipts are considerably above normal.
Climatically the entire district comes under rain shadow zone. The
average annual rainfall in the study region is about 813 mm.(2011-12)
which is not evenly distributed. Kinwat tehsil receives the highest
rainfall, while Biloli tehsil receives the lowest. In general the amount of
rainfall increases as one proceeds from south-west to north-east. About
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90% of the total annual rainfall is received during the south-west
monsoon season.
A) DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL RAINFALL
The distribution of annual rainfall has been shown in fig.2.4. From
the fig.2.4, it is noticed that northern part of the district receives high
rainfall. Whereas, it is decreases gradually towards the south of the
district. There are wide variations in the amount of rainfall through time
and space. The maximum rainfall is about 1283 mm. at Kinwat in eastern
border of the district, while the minimum amount of rainfall is recorded
703 mm. at Biloli to southern part of the study region. The variation in
the annual rainfall from year to year is quite large due to unpredictable
and erroneous nature of monsoon. The distribution of annual rainfall is
also determined by the physiography of the district. The isohyets present
generally west-east and north-south trend. The nature of distribution of
annual rainfall obviously influenced the cropping pattern. Consequently
crop, which requires high rainfall, can be grown in such tahsils, where
rainfall is high. On the contrary in low rainfall area, those crops can be
grown safely, which need lesser amount of rainfall.
B) SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL
Like that of Marathwada region, rainfall in the Nanded district is
inadequate, seasonally concentrated and unreliable. In view of the
fluctuations occurring in rainfall, the year can conveniently be divided
into four seasons.
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I) RAINY SEASON (JUNE TO SEPTEMBER)
About 82% to85% of annual rainfall is received from the south-
west monsoon, month of June, July, August and September. During this
season, district as a whole receives about 82.19% of the annual total
rainfall. August is relatively of maximum rainfall month (Fig.2.5)
throughout the district. The rainfall is heavy, mostly assured and very
much useful for kharif crops. The intensity of rainfall during this season
is important in the context of water availability for rabi crops in the
following seasons-
Table:2.2: Nanded District :The Monthly Average Rainfall, (2011-12)
Sr.No. Month Average rainfall(mm.) Percentage to total
1 January - -
2 February 05 0.61
3 March 07 0.86
4 April 15 1.84
5 May 20 2.46
6 June 137.22 16.87
7 July 140.55 17.28
8 August 234.88 28.89
9 September 155.36 19.15
10 October 70.22 8.63
11 November 18.22 2.24
12 December 9.65 1.17
Total 813 100
(Sources: District revenue Department, Nanded)
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II) POST-MONSOON SEASON (OCTOBER TO NOVEMBER)
This period is climatically transitional. At the end of September
south-west monsoon losses its strength and gives way to the north-east
monsoon, this is associated with cyclones. The district receives about
10.87% of its total and it is useful for rabi crops.
III) WINTER SEASON (DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY)
The district received 1.78% of rainfall in this period. It also
characterized by the irregular cyclonic rainfall.
IV) HOT SUMMER SEASON (MARCH TO MAY)
This season receives an eligible amount of rainfall (5.16%), in this
district, which is associated with thunderstorms. It is very useful for
summer season for irrigated crops i.e. sugarcane, fruits and vegetables
etc. There is very much scarcity of water for irrigation in summer season.
C) COEFFICIENT OF RAINFALL VARIABILITY
The monsoon is noted for its different types of variability‟s in
respect of time and space and these are no fewer problems than the origin
of the south-west monsoon itself (E. Ahmad, 1981, pp.31).The study of
variability of rainfall is essential for the agricultural planning and
irrigation development. It is because most of the agricultural hazards are
associated with the variability of rainfall. Variability refers to variation of
rainfall both sides of the average. The negative variability or failure of
rains is not of much account in areas of heavy of low rainfall. Because in
the heavy rainfall areas, there is always sufficient water available for
growing some crops and the areas of low rainfall there is either provision
of irrigation of farmers raise drought-resistant crops. However, to study
the rainfall variability is great economic importance for Nanded district,
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where most of the rainfall is concentrated only in rainy season and
farmers are largely depending on rainfall for cultivation. The following
formula is utilized to calculate the coefficient of rainfall variability,
which is-
C.V.= δ
X 100 m
C.V. - Coefficient of rainfall variability
δ - Standard deviation
m - Mean rainfall of the station
The details of the mean annual rainfall and rainfall coefficient of
variation are presented in the table 2.3. In general the variability is high,
where the rainfall is less (Das,1969). The record of the rainfall in the
study region is considered from 1992 to 2010 for the study of rainfall
variability of the district.
Table:2.3: Nanded District :Mean Annual Rainfall and Coefficient of
Rainfall Variability (1992 to 2012)
S.No. Tahsil Mean Annual R.F. Coefficient of Variability (%)
1 Kinwat 991.00 25.00
2 Hadgaon 745.00 33.10
3 Nanded 669.28 35.14
4 Bhokar 867.64 28.42
5 Biloli 540.20 38.54
6 Loha 758.42 34.01
7 Kandhar 777.23 31.80
8 Mukhed 719.54 33.90
9 Deglur 749.00 33.00
(Sources: Computed by Author)
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It is noticed from table 2.3 that coefficient of rainfall variability ranges
from 25% to 38% in the district. The highest coefficient of rainfall
variability was registered in Biloli (38.54%) tehsil and lowest in Kinwat
(25%) tehsil during the period of investigation.
Fig.2.6 shown that the coefficient of rainfall variability of an
selected stations are recorded above 30% except Kinwat and Bhokar
tahsils. However, these two tahsils namely Kinwat and Bhokar come
under jurisdiction of below 30% rainfall variability. Out of nine tahsils
seven tahsil‟s rainfall variability is recorded above 30% during the period
of investigation. According to the Indian Meteorological Department, if
the seasonal coefficient of variability is 30% or more, the rainfall is said
to be of an erratic nature and the region classified as drought-prone
therefore, Nanded, Hadgaon, Biloli, Kandhar, Deglur, Mukhed are falls in
drought-prone-region. It can be concluded from the table 2.3 that the
zones of usually heavy rainfall are the zones of least variability and the
zones of lowest rainfall are the zones of higher variability.
III) OTHER PHENOMENA
A) HUMIDITY
It is one of the prominent elements of weather from the farmer‟s
point of view and plays a significant role in changing agro-climatic
condition from place to place. During the south-west monsoon period, the
air is highly humid, particularly from June to September, when it
recorded more than 70% at 8.30 a.m. and above 65% at 5.30 p.m. During
the rest of the year the humidity is below 25% on the average in the
afternoon. The driest part of the year in the summer season, particularly
April and May, when the humidity is below 15%.
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B) CLOUDINESS
During the rainy season starting from June till September, the skies
are heavily clouded of overcast. Skies are generally clear or lightly
clouded during November to March. Thereafter, cloudiness increases
progressively from May onwards. During the month of January and
February, bright sunshine is experienced in the study region, which is
about 8 to 9 hours. Pale sunshine is observed during August, increases
plant disease particularly vegetables.
C) WINDS
Winds are light to moderate in force with some strengthen during
the period May and August. In the south-west monsoon season, winds are
mainly from direction between south-west to north-east. During the
period of October to December winds blow from north-east to south-west
direction. In the next four months, winds are variable in direction. In the
month of May winds are mostly blowing from west to east direction.
During summer season, dust storms occur occasionally. Thunder-storms
occur during March to October, the highest incidence being in June and
October.
2.6 DRAINAGE PATTERN
Among the physical factors drainage system is one of the important
physical component, which affects directly and indirectly on agricultural
development (Chouhan,T.S.,1987). It combined results of climate,
insolation, precipitation, wind-direction, humidity, rock-types, soils and
human activities etc. An availability of water depends on the nature of
drainage system and climate. The Godavari, the Penganga, the Manjara
and the Manyad are the main rivers of the district.(Fig.2.7)
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A) THE GODAVARI RIVER
The river Godavari is the significant river of the district. The
Godavai has its source in the Sahyadri range near Tryambakeshwar in
Nashik district. It enters in the district from western side and flows
towards the south-east from north-east for a distance of about 140 km.
through the study region. After leaving the Nanded district, it enters into
Andhra Pradesh state. The banks and bed of the Godavari are often rocky,
but more frequently the banks are covered with alluvium and the bed
sometimes contains sand to a great depth. The River Godavari is the main
source of irrigation of the district. Irrigation facilities have been
developed in Nanded, Mukhed, Biloli, Loha and Deglur tahsils of the
district. The Asna, the Siddha, the Sita are important left bank tributaries
of the Godavari. The Asna runs for about 20 km. through the district and
joins the Godavari about 8 km. east of Nanded city. The Sita River runs
for a distance of about 12 km. through the district and joins Godavari to
the east of Asna.
B) THE MANJARA RIVER
The Manjara is the most important right bank tributary of the
Godavari. The river Manjara forms district boundary to the south-east of
the district about 40 km. upto its confluence with Godavari. The Manar
and Lendi are important tributaries of the Manjara. The Manyad rises
near Dharmpuri in Beed district and it enters in Nanded district flowing
towards the north-east direction. To the south of Kandhar it flows in a
south-east direction and joins the Manjara. Lendi along with its tributary
Tiru flows in southern part of the district in Mukhed tahsil in west-east
direction. It flows upto few distance in southern boundary of district and
turn to north direction in Deglur tehsil and lastly it confluence with the
Manjara. Maharashtra and Andhra state combine built an irrigation
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project on this river. The irrigation project is built near Gonegaon in
Mukhed tehsil. The main objective of this project was too brought about
15710 hectares of cultivated land under irrigation in Mukhed and Deglur
tahsils.
C) THE PENGANGA RIVER
The Penganga River rises in the Ajantha range a little to the south-
west of Buldhana town. It is a major tributary of the Wardha drainage
system and drains the northern part of the district. The river is deeply
entrenched and has a meandering course. The Penganga forms the
northern district boundary throughout its long sinuous course. The river
changes twice from one longitudinal valleys to a parallel longitudinal
valley northwards by making big „S‟ shaped curves. The Kayadhu River
enters in the district from the north-west. It flows towards north-east and
joins the Penganga.
The Penganga is the largest river (286.40 km.) of the district,
followed by the Godavari (140.98 km.) and the Manyad (122.69 km.)
rivers. The Sita runs only 12.87 km. distance in the district. The Lendi,
the Manjara and the Asna also run shorter distance in the study region.
2.7 SOILS
Soil is the significant physical aspect, affecting on agriculture and
the structure of farming system. The main functions of the soils, from an
agricultural point of view, are to give mechanical support to plant and
store and supply the required nutrients and water for plant growth. These
functions of the soils depend on its physical, chemical and biological
characteristics. Among physical properties texture and structure are very
important which determining such characteristics of soil as water
absorbing and retentive capacity and movement of air and water,
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chemical and biological properties determine its fertility status. All these
properties vary with parent rocks, relief, state of development of soils etc.
There are wide variations in all these elements, various soil groups are
found in the district. Among them following are significant from the point
of view of their areal extent.
The geographical investigation of soils characteristics is of great
significance to agricultural geographers. Soil plays a significant a
significant role in the economy of region. Soil constitutes the physical
base for any agricultural activity. Farming is a business and good soil is a
part of the farmer‟s stock in trade (Singh and Dhillon, 1987). Good soils
are good to the extent that man makes judicious use of them, man gets
nearly all of his food from the soils, less than one percent of what he eats
being fish (Pearson and Harper, 1945).
The soil characteristics, particularly the physical help us to know
about the crops and selection of soils for specific crops, this may be
called the selective rather than the prohibitive influence of soils. The soils
of a region are mostly derived from the „Deccan Trap‟ which is the
predominant rock formation of the study region. The calcium carbonate
and clay elements of the soils are high but show wide variation. The soils
of the study region can be classified as (Fig.2.8)
i) Coarse Shallow Soil
ii) Medium Deep Black Soil
iii) Deep Black Soil
I) COARSE SHALLOW SOIL
In the hilly regions of soils are shallow and not very much
agriculturally fertile. Such types are soils are observed in Hadgaon,
Bhokar, Kinwat, Kandhar, Mukhed, and Deglur tahsils. This soil is
inferior in quality. They are sandy-loam and underlay with murmur sub-
soil is quickly reached, they are also called murbad. Its depth is found
53
upto 23.5 cm. The colour of the soil is light brown to reddish. This type
of soil is alkane in character. The moisture containing capacity of this soil
is very less. This soil is used mostly for the cultivation of kharif crops.
II) MEDIUM DEEP BLACK SOIL
Medium Deep Black Soil covers most of the areas of the district. It
is found in Nanded, Biloli, Mukhed, Deglur, Bhokar, Hadgaon and north-
western part of Kinwat tahsils. The depth of soils ranges between 23.5
cm. to 45.00 cm. and the colour of the soil is dark brown to black.
Whereas, the texture of this soil varies from silty loam to clay loam.
Kharif as well as rabi crops are cultivated in the soils.
III) DEEP BLACK SOIL
Deep black soils are confined to the valleys of rivers and streams.
The best black soils are found in a narrow strip of land on the banks of
the Godavari and its tributaries. The soils of Nanded tehsil is mainly rich,
black, fertile, alluvial soil. Rice, cotton, bananas, chilies and jowar are the
main crops grown here. In Biloli tahsil fertile soil is found along the
banks of the Godavari, Manjara, and Manar rivers. The soil in Hadagaon
tehsil is deep and fertile especially along the river bank. The depth of the
soil is more than 45 cm. Both kharif and rabi crops are cultivated in this
type of soil. Irrigation is found developed in the areas of deep soil.
Agricultural productivity is also more in this type of soil.
Overall, the farming factors, topography shows a dominating
influence on soil variation in the district. The spatial pattern of the soils in
the district is very complex, due to the uneven relief structure and number
of streams and rivers flowing through the district.
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55
2.8 NATURAL VEGETATIONS
The vegetation of any region is composed of a collection of
number of plants belong to few or many different species. The natural
vegetation is commonly used to describe the natural plant‟s growth as
distinct from the cultivated plants growth. The distinct is characterized by
variation in elevation, temperature and rainfall, thereafter; there is
variation in the types of natural vegetation in the region. Much of the
forest cover in this region has been depleted due to the growing pressure
of population, some forest lands were converted into agricultural land and
some were denuded of vegetation and soil. However, some valuable
forest has been conserved in Kinwat and Bhokar tahsils of the district.
The district has two types of forests, namely-
i) Reserved forests
ii) Protected forests
Various types of forests cover about 81748 hectares of area, which
constitutes about 7.91 %( 2012) of the total area of the district.
Ordinarily, one third to one fourth of the total area should be under
forests. Forest plays vital role to keep the environmental balance and
provides wood for making farm implements. Roots of the trees absorb
much of rain water and use it slowly during dry season. The cover of
natural vegetation acts as rain holder and rain banker. It plays an
important role in the prevention and control of soil erosion by water and
wind. The fallen leaves of trees provide humus to soils after their
decomposing. In this way natural vegetation helps in increasing the
fertility of soils.
The important species in the study region are teak, khair, bamboo,
dhavada, salai and tembhurni etc., whereas, number of mix trees are
noticed in lowland cultivated area, such as neem, pipal, babhul, mango
etc. Apart from this scrub vegetation occurs over extensive areas.
56
Scattered patches of forests are noticed in Nanded, Bhokar, Hadgaon and
Kandhar tahsils. Woods obtained from the forest s mainly used for
making agricultural implements.
Out of the total geographical area of the district about 8.97%
(92700 hectares) area was under forest during 1991-92, as against 7.91%
(81748 hectares) in the year 2011-12. Whereas, 1.06% of decrease was
registered under forest area from 1991-92 to 2011-12. Wherein
Maharashtra area under forest was marked 17.46% to total geographical
area in same period. The review of changes in forest area in study region
during the period of investigation is briefly presented in table 2.4.
Table 2.4 reveals the tehsil-wise distribution of forest area in the
district during the period 1991-92 and 2011-12. Tahsil-wise distribution
of forest area is marked uneven during the period of investigation. During
the 1991-92, the highest percent of area is under forest was found in
Kinwat (28.47%) tahsil and lowest in Biloli (0.94%) tahsil. Out of the
total geographical area below district average (8.97%) are under forest
was observed in seven tahsils, namely Hadgaon(7.79%), Nanded(1.9%),
Biloli(0.94%), Loha(1.60%), Kandhar(1.97%), Mukhed(3.53%), and
Deglur(1.33%) tahsils, whereas, above district average forest area was
noticed in Kinwat and Bhokar tahsil in the same year.
In the year 2011-12, Kinwat tahsil (26.56%) again ranks first and
Deglur tahsil (1.38%) ranks last in area under forest. While Hadgaon,
Nanded, Bhokar, Biloli, Loha, Kandhar, Mukhed tahsils were marked
7.22%, 1.86%, 12.17%, 2.28%, 2.77%, 3.46%, 3.05% area under forest
respectively. Negative average in forest area was experienced in five
tahsils, namely Kinwat, Hadgaon, Nanded, Bhokar and Mukhed tahsils
from 1991-92 and 2011-12, whereas, positive change in forest area was
noticed in Loha, Biloli, Kandhar, and Deglur tahsils in the same period.
57
Table:2.4: Nanded District :Tahsil-wise Change in Forest area
(From-1991-92 and 2011-12)
Sr.
No.
Name of
tahsil
Area under Forest
Volume of
change in (%)
1991-92 2011-12
Hectare % Hectare %
1 Kinwat 57300 28.47 53460 26.56 -1.91
2 Hadgaon 11900 7.79 11028 7.22 -0.57
3 Nanded 1900 1.90 1868 1.86 -0.04
4 Bhokar 13795 12.75 13171 12.17 -0.58
5 Biloli 1385 0.94 3378 2.28 1.34
6 Loha 1300 1.60 2254 2.77 1.17
7 Kandhar 1600 1.91 2806 3.46 1.49
8 Mukhed 3300 3.53 2852 3.05 -0.48
9 Deglur 900 1.33 931 1.38 0.05
District
Total
92700 8.97 81748 7.91 -1.06
(Sources: Computed by the Researcher from Socio-economic Review of
Nanded District)
(B) NON-PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURE
The role of non-physical factors in agricultural development is very
significant. There are numerous non-physical factors such as socio-
cultural, economic, political, technological and infrastructural which also
determine the agricultural land use, cropping pattern and agricultural
process. Of these factors population growth, density of population, land
tenancy, system of ownership, size of holding, capital, level of
technological development, accessibility to market etc., have a close
impact on agricultural activities. To understand the pattern of agricultural
development in the study region, the following non-physical determinants
are considered by researcher.
58
2.9 POPULATION
Man gets nearly all his food from the soil, less than 1% of what he
eats being fish (Pearson and Harper,1945). Thus landuse gets modified
based on the needs of population. Population growth and literacy are
instrumental in bringing about agricultural change in agrarian society.
Hunger makes men willing to work and new ideas give them incentive for
action. The physical attributes of an area became resources, only when it
people are able to use them. The relationship between population and
landuse is close. Therefore, growth of population, density of population
etc., are considered in the context of agriculture in the district.
I) GROWTH OF POPULATION
The growth of population may be approached just by taking into
consideration the next growth of population over the basic year. The
growth of population has been taken into consideration for the last five
decades that is for 1951-2011.
GROWTH RATE
The actual growth rate of specific decade is obtained by dividing
the difference between the population of two decades and multiplying it
with 100 as under-Formula;
R = Pn-Po
X 100 Po
Where,
R - Growth rate
Pn - Population of current year
Po - population of base year
100 - is for percentage value
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60
Table 2.5 reveals that the trend of general, rural and urban population
growth rates vary from rural to urban area during the span of 60 years
(1951-2011). The trend of general population growth rate and rural
population growth rate by and large are lower than the urban growth rate,
(Fig.2.9) except during 1951-61 periods. But there are remarkable ups
and downs in the urban population growth rates since 1951-2011.
The general Population growth rate and rural population growth
rates have been gradually increasing upto the year 1991. Only 1971-81
and 1991-2011 decades showed reverse trends. The trend of general
population growth was increased by 7.27% during the decade of 1961-71,
during 1971-81, it was decreased by 4.26%, wherein 1981-91, it was
increased by 8.02% and it was decreased by 9.64% in 2001.
Rural population was decreased by 5.08% during 1971-81. It was
increased in 1991 by 6.73% as compared to 199. Urban population
growth was low in 1951 (12.23%). The highest urban population growth
rate was noticed in 1991 and it was 54.57. The growth rate of urban
population was decreased by 18.68% in 2001 as compared to 1991. The
growth rate of urban population was marked 39.20% and 18.70%
respectively in 2011.
Table 2.6 shows that district had 64.45% of growth rate of
population from 1991-2011. Thus, spatial pattern of growth rate of
population varies enormously within the district. Nanded tahsil
(104.89%) registered highest growth rate, while Bhokar tahsil (42.66%)
marked lowest population growth rate during 1991-2011. The rate of
growth in Nanded tahsil is above the district average and remaining all
tahsils had below district average growth rate. Population growth of
Kinwat, Hadgaon, Bhokar, Biloli, Kandhar, Mukhed and Deglur tahsils
were 49.45%, 50.61%,42.66%, 51.41%, 56.79%,54.79% and 54.32%
respectively.
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Table: 2.5: Nanded District :The Growth Rate of Population
(From 1951 to 2011)
Sr.No. Decade Population Growth rate (%)
General Rural Urban
1 1951-1961 22.17 24.03 12.23
2 1961-1971 29.44 26.62 46.15
3 1971-1981 25.18 21.54 43.86
4 1981-1991 33.20 28.27 54.57
5 1991-2001 23.56 19.90 35.89
6 2001-2011 22.10 18.70 30.20
(Source: Compiled by the Researcher)
II) SPATIAL PATTERN OF POPULATION GROWTH.
Fig.2.10 indicates that below 50% growth rate of population was
found in three tahsils namely, Hadgaon (50.00%), Kinwat(49.45%), and
Bhokar(42.66%) tahsils during the period under consideration. All these
three tahsils are located in north-eastern side of the district. About 50% to
60% growth rate of population was experienced in Kandhar(56.79%),
Mukhed(54.79%), Deglur(54.32%) and Biloli(51.45%) tahsils. These
four tahsils were located extreme south of the study region. Above 60%
population growth rate was marked only in Nanded tahsil during 1981-
2001.
III) SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN THE DENSITY OF POPULATION.
The density of population follows the pattern of rainfall and
irrigation facilities, which are two major determining factors in the
agricultural landscape. The term density of population refers to a ratio
between population and land area. Thus, it is measure of the degree of
population concentration.
62
63
Generally, it is expressed in term of number of persons per unit of area.
However, the density of population is expressed in different ways to
understand the population resource relationship. These ratios have been
designated as rural, crude, physiological, agricultural and caloric density.
For district as a whole and tahsil level varies density of population
calculated for the decadal years of 1991 and 2011. It is represented in the
table 2.7.
Table:2.6:Nanded District: Tahsil-wise Population Growth-rate During
1991-2011.
Sr.No. Tahsil Growth rate in Percentage
1 Kinwat 49.45
2 Hadgaon 50.00
3 Nanded 104.89
4 Bhokar 42.66
5 Biloli 51.43
6 Loha N.A.
7 Kandhar 56.79
8 Mukhed 54.79
9 Deglur 54.32
District Total 64.45
(Sources: Socio-economic Abstract of Nanded District (1981-2001)
N.A.- Data Not available
A) RURAL DENSITY
Rural density is calculated on the basis of the total rural land and
rural population, irrespective of the land‟s suitability for agriculture, is of
limited value. Rural density of population is calculated with the help of
following formula-
Rural Density = Total Rural Population
X 100 Total Rural Land
64
The rural density of population for the year 1991 was 177 persons per
sq.km., which is much lower than the total density of the district as a
whole. The lowest rural density was noticed in Kinwat(107) tahsil and
highest in Nanded(257) tahsil. Fig.2.11A reveals that below 175 rural
density per sq.km. was registered in three tahsils namely, Kinwat(107),
Hadgaon(161) and Bhokar(163) tahsils. About 175 to 225 rural density
per sq.km. was found in Deglur(201), Mukhed(220), and Kandhar(198)
tahsils during 1991. Above 225 rural density per sq.km.(Table:2.7) was
experienced in Nanded(257), and Biloli(213) tehsil during the same
period.
Table-2.7: Nanded District :Tahsil-wise Different Types of Densities
(1991-2011.)
S.
N.
Name
of Tahsil
Different Densities
Rural density Crude density Physiological
density
1991 2011 1991 2011 1991 2011
1 Kinwat 107 138 117 149 277 263
2 Hadgaon 161 188 169 203 236 278
3 Nanded 257 760 567 770 719 1094
4 Bhokar 163 178 170 188 234 277
5 Biloli 213 234 234 267 280 366
6 Loha N.A 233 N.A 252 N.A 385
7 Kandhar 198 233 216 252 474 357
8 Mukhed 220 237 234 256 293 353
9 Deglur 201 220 251 290 320 369
District
Average
177 212 222 273 322 400
Continued….
65
Table-2.7: Nanded District :Tahsil-wise Different Types of Densities
(1991-2011.)
S.
N.
Name
of Tahsil
Different Densities
Agricultural density Caloric density
1991 2011 1991 2011
1 Kinwat 88 85 205 243
2 Hadgaon 98 95 203 230
3 Nanded 172 126 298 334
4 Bhokar 87 83 194 220
5 Biloli 100 101 246 286
6 Loha N.A 104 N.A 265
7 Kandhar 122 98 244 284
8 Mukhed 100 96 343 157
9 Deglur 102 80 215 238
District
Average
108 96 234 264
(Sources: computed by Author from Socio-economic Review of Nanded
District, 1991 and 2011),N.A.=Data Not Available.
In the year 2011, the rural density of population for district as
whole was 212 persons per sq.km. It was highest in the Nanded (760)
tehsil and lowest in Kinwat(138) tehsil. During the year 2011, three
tahsils consists of Kinwat, Hadgaon and Bhokar tahsils have shown rural
density of population are below the district (212), whereas, remaining
tahsils have recorded rural density above the district as a whole
(Fig.2.11B). The agricultural prosperity and other economic allied
economic activities are responsible for the high rural density of
population for different tahsils of the Nanded District.
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67
B) CRUDE DENSITY
Crude density is nothing but it is man and land ratio and expressed
as number of persons per sq.km. It is computed by dividing total
population by total geographical area. Therefore, for the present study of
crude density following form was fitted-
Crude Density = Total Population of the Region
X 100 Total Geographical area of the region
The highest crude density was recorded in Nanded(567) tahsil and
lowest in Kinwat(117) tehsil in the year 1991. The average district crude
density was marked 222 persons per sq.km. during the same year.
Fig.2.12A depicts that below 175 persons per sq.km. was observed in
Kinwat(117), Hadgaon(169) and Bhokar(170) tahsils. About 175 to 250
persons per sq.km. was experienced in Biloli(234), kandhar(210), and
Mukhed(204) tahsils during 1991. Above 250 persons per sq.km. was
found in Deglur(251), and Nanded(267) tahsils during the same decade.
In the year 2011, below 200 persons per sq.km. was experienced in
Kinwat(149), and Bhokar(188) tehsil, while 200 to 250 persons per
sq.km. was registered in six tahsils namely, Hadgaon(203), Loha(252),
kandhar(252), Mukhed(256), and Deglur(290) tahsils during the same
decade. Above 250 persons per sq.km. was marked only in Nanded(770)
tehsil(Fig.2.12B).
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C) PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY
Physiological density of population was worked out by dividing
total population by five years average of net sown area. This density is
calculated by following formula-
Physiological
Density =
Total Population of the Region X 100
Five year average of Net Sown Area
Fig.2.13A revealed that physiological density of district was 322
persons per sq.km. during the year 1991. Hadgaon(236), and Bhokar(234)
are found in the rage under 250. While the range 250 to 350 is observed
in Kinwat(277), Biloli(280), Deglur(320) and Mukhed(293) tahsils in the
year 1991. Whereas, the range of 350 and above comprised in
Kandhar(474), and Nanded(719) tahsils (see table-2.7)
In the year 2011, two tahsils have changed their range. Kinwat
tahsil changed range from 250 to 300, while Kandhar tehsil shifted from
350 and above to 300-400. Fig.2.13B depicts that below 300 persons per
sq.km. was found in KInwat(263), Hadgaon(278) and Bhokar(277)
tahsils, while 300 to 400 persons per sq.km. was registered in
Deglur(369), Mukhed(353), Kandhar(357) and Loha(385) tahsils in the
year 2011. Above 400 persons per sq.km. was found in Nanded(1094)
tahsil during the same year.
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D) AGRICULTURAL DENSITY
Agricultural density is nothing but it is the ratio between
agricultural population and net sown area or total cultivated area. It is
calculated with the help of following formula-
Agricultural
Density =
Agricultural labour + Cultivators X 100
Five year average of Net Sown Area
According to the table 2.7, average district agricultural density per
sq.km. was 108 in 1991 and it was decreased upto 96 persons per
sq.km.in 2011. The Nanded tehsil represents the highest value of
agricultural density due to relatively low percentage of people engaged in
the cultivation. Table 2.7 shows that the tahsils which show higher
agricultural density than the district average are Nanded and Kandhar etc.
tahsils. This clearly shows that in such tahsils, the ratio between man and
land is higher due to enough availability of land for agriculture. Besides,
the region showing lower agricultural density than the district average,
where the proportion of the agricultural land due to physical constrain is
relatively low, such tahsils Kinwat Deglur, etc.
Fig.2.14A shows that below 100 persons per sq.km. was registered
in five tahsils namely Kinwat, Hadgaon, Bhokar, Biloli, and Mukhed
tahsils in 1991. About 100 to 120 persons per sq.km. was marked only in
Deglur tehsil, where above 120 persons per sq.km. was registered in
Kandhar and Nanded tahsils during the same year.
Change in agricultural density during two decade is depicted in the
adjoining fig.2.14B. It is noticed that below 90 persons per sq. km. was
recorded in Deglur, Bhokar and Kinwat tahsils while about 90 to 100
persons per sq. km. was marked in Mukhed, Kandhar and Hadgaon
tahsils in 2011. Above 100 persons per sq.km. was registered in Loha and
Nanded tahsils during the same period.
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E) CALORIC DENSITY
Caloric density means the ratio between rural population and total
food cropped area. The caloric density is calculated with the help of
following formula-
Caloric Density = Total Rural population of the Region
X 100 Five year average of Cropped Area
Fig.2.15A shows that there was 234 persons per sq.km. in the study
area(1991). Below 225 persons per sq.km. was recorded in Bhokar,
Hadgaon and Kinwat tahsils and about 225 to 250 persons per sq.km. was
registered in Biloli, and Kandhar tahsils in the year 1991. Above 250
persons per sq.km. was experienced in Mukhed and Nanded tahsils
during the same year.
Fig.2.15B depicts that below 250 persons per sq.km. was marked
in Deglur, Mukhed, Kinwat and Hadgaon tahsils in 2011. About 250 to
300 persons per sq.km. was found in Kandhar and Loha tahsils and
above 300 persons per sq.km. was marked only in Nanded tahsil during
the same year.
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2.10 LITERACY
Literacy is many times considered as a fairly relevant index of the
agricultural development of the region. But there is no evident
relationship between education and agricultural development. The role of
education of farmers influencing their innovative allocates and in
assessing the needs of modernizing the agriculture cannot be overlooked.
The education plays a vital role in the building up of knowledge and
diffusion of agricultural innovations.
The percentage of literates‟ total rural population in the district has
gone up from 42.49% in 1991 to 65.28% in 2011 (see table 2.8). There is
wide spatial variation in proportion of literate people in rural area. It is as
high as 46.69% in Hadgaon and as low as 38.17% in Bhokar tehsil in
1991. Literacy lower than the district average was registered in Bhokar,
Biloli, Mukhed, and Deglur tahsils(Fig.2.16A).
Table:2.8: Nanded District :Rural Literacy Rate (1991-2011)
Sr.No. Name of Tahsil Rural Literacy Rate (%) Volume of
change 1991 2001
1 Kinwat 43.23 68.79 25.56
2 Hadgaon 46.69 65.26 18.57
3 Nanded 44.12 65.22 21.10
4 Bhokar 38.17 62.29 24.12
5 Biloli 39.97 61.23 21.26
6 Loha N.A. 67.21 67.21
7 Kandhar 43.65 66.76 23.11
8 Mukhed 41.24 65.65 24.41
9 Deglur 40.43 62.36 21.93
District 42.49 65.28 22.79
(Source: Computed by Author from Socio-economic Review of
Nanded District, 1991 and 2011)
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These are determined either by scheduled tribes of scheduled castes, who
have lowest literacy. The average literacy for the district was 65.28% for
the year 2011, being highest for the Kinwat(68.79%) tehsil, while lowest
was for Biloli (61.23%) tehsil. There are only four tahsils that shows
higher percentage of literates than the district average, these are Kinwat,
Kandhar, Loha, and Mukhed. Rest of other tahsils represents low
percentage of literates than the district average in the year
2011(Fig.2.16B). All tahsils are marked positive change in all literacy
rate of the study region.
On the whole, the prevalence of illiteracy not only narrows the
outlook of the people, but also restricts the tendency of interaction and
diffusion and has created cultural diversities.
2.11 PATTERNS OF OWNERSHIP
Land ownership influence the mode of development in several
ways (L.Symons,1968,pp-65-66), such as the incentives for planning for
development and period of occurring benefit from them, right of
utilization of soils, capital, access to credit, loan and many more
opportunities, nature and amount of capital investment and after an right
of transfer of land depend on nature of regime of ownership.
The position of a person in rural social organization is directly
related with the amount of land in his possession. Size and ownership of
operational holdings determine the use of inputs and efficiency of farms.
Several yield raising technologies have been made available, but they are
not neutral to size and hence they are not within reach of every peasant.
Being capital intensive the use of these technologies and inputs depends
with other things, on the capacity of farmers. In turn, this capacity
depends on size of holdings.
78
Size distribution of ownership holdings is furnished in table 2.9.
Tendency status of farmers is closely associated with holding size
categories. Thus, size of class below one hectare holdings are mostly of
labourers. The size of class ranges from one hectare to ten and above ten
hectares are occupied by who according to farmers are normally small
owners tilling their own land themselves, most of the large holding to
proprietor, who either cultivate his own land by engaging labours.
The nature and intensity of land use differ appreciable with size
distribution of ownership holdings. Table 2.9 shows that 1992-93, the
lowest group (owning upto 0.5 hectare of land) consisting of 8.33% of
households, accounted for only 1.18% of area owned. In 2011-12, the
same group consisting of 6.70% of households, account for 1.34% share
of land, which indicates that marginal (less than 1.0 hectare) farmers
share in number of holding has decreased but their relative share in area
has slightly increase in the year 2011-12.
The small holding farmers (1.0 to 2.0) hectare) group consisting of
35.04% of households and accounted about 24.88% of area owned during
1992-93. On the contrary, in 2011-12 the same groups consisting of
28.18% households and are decreased and their share in area has
increased during the period of investigation. The small holdings farmers
have impossible to do improvement of land and soil fertility, because
such farmers neither can save surplus not have access to institutional
credit and it is fact also (J.Harriss,1979) that “Green Revolution”
benefited the rich pleasantry with large holdings.
79
Table: 2.9: Nanded District :Size Distribution of Ownership Holdings
(1991-92 and 2011-12)
Size Class of
Ownership Holdings
(hectares)
% of Households % of Area Owned
1991-1992 2011-2012 1991-1992 2011-2012
Upto 0.5 8.33 6.70 1.18 1.34
0.5 to 1.0 18.14 14.59 6.43 7.27
1.0 to 2.0 35.04 28.18 24.28 27.44
2.0 to 5.0 31.85 44.94 44.55 37.36
5.0 to 10.0 6.23 5.01 19.26 21.76
10.0 to 20.0 0.65 0.52 3.83 4.33
Above 20 0.03 0.02 0.43 0.48
Continued….
Table: 2.9: Nanded District :Size Distribution of Ownership Holdings
(1991-92 and 2011-12)
Size Class of
Ownership Holdings
(hectares)
Cumulative % of
Households
Cumulative % of area
owned
1991-1992 2011-2012 1991-1992 2011-2012
Upto 0.5 8.33 6.70 1.18 1.34
0.5 to 1.0 26.47 21.29 7.61 8.61
1.0 to 2.0 61.51 49.47 31.89 36.05
2.0 to 5.0 93.36 94.41 76.44 73.41
5.0 to 10.0 99.32 99.42 95.70 95.17
10.0 to 20.0 99.97 99.98 99.57 99.52
Above 20 100 100 100 100
(Source: Computed by Author)
The largest group owning more than 10 hectares accounting for
0.68% of households in 1991-92, claimed 4.23% of land owned. In 2011-
12, the same group 0.54% of households clamed 4.81% of owned land,
which shows that over the period, largest group‟s share in number of
80
holdings has decreased but their relative share in area has increased
during the period of investigation.
Although, it is difficult to find out, how far the changes in land
distribution across size classes shown in table :2.9 were due to land
reform measures or due sub-divisions of land among family members,
either due to inheritance or due to circumventing of land ceiling laws, the
fact of matter is that the relative position of large farmers in rural
economy of study area has slightly declined somewhat, relative share in
area has slightly improved, whereas, leaving some more area of land in
the hand as small and medium(4-10 hectares size of land.) land holders.
2.12 AGRICULTURAL CREDIT AND FINANCE
Credit agencies or societies play an important role in the provision
of finance to farmers. Majority of the villages in Nanded district have co-
operative credit societies. All the farmers make their decisions on the
basis of capital available to them. The market oriented crops require more
capital for getting higher returns. Whereas, in past money lenders were
the primary sources of agricultural finance and they were either land lords
or village business man. Where the interest rates were high and the
farmers were always in debt. However, 1951 co-operative movement has
spread and hold of money lenders has declined. The co-operative
movement has constructed a network of co-operative societies in the
district. Table 2.10 shows the position of agricultural credit societies in
the district, as on 31st of March 1992 and 2012. It is noticed that numbers
of agricultural credit societies are increasing gradually in recent time.
81
Table: 2.10: Nanded District :Tahsil-wise Distribution of Agricultural
Co-operative Credit Societies (As on 31st March 1992 and 2012.)
Name of
Tahsil
No. of Agr.
Credit
Societies
Total Member of
Agr. Credit
Societies
Loan Advances
outstanding
in Rs. (000)
1992 2012 1992 2012 1992 2012
Kinwat
%
119
12.47
121
12.22
89429
14.36
69926
13.43
22556
3.57
119732
7.68
Hadgaon
%
96
10.06
99
10.00
50640
12.14
63258
12.15
93980
14.91
191405
12.29
Nanded
%
124
12.99
128
12.92
50102
12.11
66172
12.71
109427
17.36
177305
11.38
Bhokar
%
108
11.32
112
11.11
51020
12.33
60170
11.56
46220
7.33
183200
11.76
Biloli
%
164
17.99
169
17.07
50337
12.16
84992
16.33
95884
15.21
209681
13.46
Loha
%
90
9.43
94
9.49
35663
8.62
42874
8.24
102746
16.30
180041
11.56
Kandhar
%
77
8.01
82
8.28
34536
8.34
36.86
6.93
76651
12.16
166750
10.70
Mukhed
%
95
9.95
100
10.10
39901
9.64
41752
8.02
45419
7.20
122681
14.61
Deglur
%
81
8.49
85
8.58
47072
11.37
55072
10.58
37272
5.91
100970
6.48
District
%
954
100
990
100
413700
100
520302
100
630160
100
1557195
100
(Source: Computed by Author) Continued…
Table: 2.10 : Nanded District Tahsil-wise Distribution of Agricultural Co-
operative Credit Societies (As on 31st march 1992 and 2012.)
Name of Tahsil Loan Advances in Rs. (000) Recovery in (%)
1992 2012 1992 2012
Kinwat
%
30152
3.04
216965
8.60
74.8
-
55.2
-
Hadgaon
%
106341
10.15
410166
16.26
88.4
-
46.7
-
Nanded
%
351630
35.54
352815
13.99
31.1
-
50.5
-
Bhokar
%
60145
6.08
320309
12.70
76.8
-
57.2
-
82
Biloli
%
101954
10.30
465320
18.45
94.1
-
45.1
-
Loha
%
115842
11.71
276897
10.37
88.7
-
65.1
-
Kandhar
%
97352
9.84
167576
6.64
78.7
-
99.5
-
Mukhed
%
52508
5.30
288111
4.86
86.5
-
53. 8
-
Deglur
%
73279
7.40
189151
7.50
50.9
-
53.4
-
District
%
989203
100
2521880
100
63.7
-
61.7
-
(Source: Computed by Author)
However, there is increasing trend in respect of their memberships. It is
however, discouraging to note that with increased advances over 2012 to
1992, the amount of overdue is also increasing year by year for farmers.
Table 2.10 reveals that the tahsil-wise variations are not uniform in
the district. Number of agricultural credit societies are more in Biloli
tahsil (164 in 1992 and 169 in 2012) and lowest in Kandhar (77 in 1992
and 82 in 2012) tahsil during the period of investigation. However, their
membership are more in Kinwat(13.43%) and Biloli(16.33%) tahsils in
the year 1992 and 2012 respectively. Whereas, lowest number of
members are recorded in Kandhar (8.34%) during the same period.
In loan advances Biloli tahsil(18.45%) is ranking first, whereas,
Mukhed(4.86%) tehsil is least in 2010. In the year 1992, Nanded(35.54%)
tahsil is ranking first and Kinwat(3.04%) tahsil is last. Highest loan
recovery is experienced in Biloli(94.04%) tehsil in 1992, as against
Kandhar(99.50%) tahsil in the year 2012. Whereas, in Nanded(31.11%)
and Biloli(45.06%) tahsils are noticed lowest loan recovery during the
year 1992 and 2012 respectively. On the whole, the district as whole,
63.70% and 61.74% recovery is registered during the period of
investigation.
83
2.13 TRANSPORTION
Transport facilities have great impact on the location and intensity
of farming systems (Duckham and Masefield, 1971), whatever, a farmer
produce at his farm he has to sell a certain portion of his produce in the
market to obtain a fair remuneration. These are needed for an efficient
transport system so that, goods may be speedily transported from
producer to buyer. Dairy and market gardening commodity demands
cheap, efficient and quick transport facilities, changes in transport costs
have resulted in changes in enterprise location of fruits farming (Stamp,
1943). It has brought about an extension of the margins of cultivation
together with a tendency towards greater regional specialization
(Chisholm, 1962)
The district has a road length of 95 kms. per 100 sq.km. in the year
2011-12. Among the various means of transportation facilities, the road
network plays a vital role, since it provides door to door service. While
other means of transportation such as railways etc. don‟t serve this
purpose. Table 3.11 shows that total length of transport system was 8262
kms. in 1992. Of which highest share was noticed under village road
(42.01%) during 1992.
During 1992 the share of various transport system was registered
as National highways0.63%, State highways15.38%, Major district
roads19.66%, other district roads9.68%, village roads 42.01%, while
other village roads and railways have 10.13% and 2.51% share
respectively.
In the year 2012, it is found that total length of transport system of
district was increased about 1789 kms. from 1992 to 2012. From table
2.11 it is observed that village road marked highest share (41.96%),
followed by major district roads (20.92%), other district roads (12.08%),
State highways (11.49%), and other village roads (10.50%).
84
Table-2.11: Nanded District: Transportation System
(1991-92 to 2011-2012)
Sr.
No
Types of
Transportation
Length in Kilometers
1991
-92 Total
2011
-12
% to
total
Volume of
change (%)
1 Railways 208 2.51 208 2.06 -0.45
2 National Highways 50 0.63 96.00 0.95 0.32
3 State Highways 1271 15.38 1155 11.49 -3.89
4 Major District Roads 1625 19.66 2103 20.92 1.26
5 Other District Roads 800 9.68 1215 12.08 2.4
6 Village Roads 3471 42.01 4218 41.96 -0.05
7 Other Village Roads 837 10.13 1056 10.50 0.31
8 Total Length 8262 100 10051 100 -
(Source: Socio-economic Review of Nanded District)
Both positive and negative changes were noticed in the length of
transport system of district. Highest positive change in road length was
recorded under other district road (2.4%), while lowest positive change
was registered under national highways (0.32%). Whereas, highest
negative change in the length of transport system of study area was
marked under state highways (3.89%), on the other hand lowest negative
change was recorded under village roads (0.05). Total length of railways
route was 208 kms. with the broad gauge route, Nanded city is connected
with other major cities in the country.
2.14 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Animal husbandry is an integral part of agriculture and consists of
cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goat, and poultry. It plays a pivotal role in the
agricultural economy of the district. Most of the agricultural operations,
85
such as ploughing harrowing, transport, etc. are carried out with the help
of draught animals. Cows and she buffaloes are the sources of milk,
besides this the animal husbandry provide much of organic manure, used
in the farms. Therefore, in addition of crops draught and milch stock are
raised and maintained by individual farmers. They are the constant
companion in the field by day and live beside his house or even under the
roof at night (Singh,J. 1974,pp113).
I) DIFFERENT CLASSES OF LIVESTOCK
With the modernization of agriculture farmers raised the
importance of livestock in the agrarian economy of the district. There
were made the programme of improving the cattle wealth in the study
region. Livestock became a component of farming in the district. Only
food grains and commercial crops oriented farming is not profitable,
whereas, it became very necessary to keep milch animals i.e. cow, she-
buffaloes etc.
Cattles are overwhelmingly the most important livestock in the
district, accounting for a major share of the total livestock unit in the
study region. Their number varies in accordance with the availability of
grassland, other fodder and physiography. Cattles are indispensable for
the rural economy, as they provide the required motive power for various
agricultural operations.
It is observed from the table 2.12 that total number of livestock is
marked 18.48 lakhs during 1991-92 as against 22.62 lakhs during the year
2012. There is recorded 22.36% increase in total number of livestock
during the period of investigation. There was noticed up and down trends
in the growth of livestock during the same period. The growth rate of
different categories of domestic animals is not uniform. The highest
number of cattle is registered 9.79 lakhs during 2011-12 and lowest 7.11
86
lakhs during 1991-92. During 1999-2000 and 2005-06 the number of
livestock is marked 7.51 lakhs and 7.31 lakhs respectively.
Table:2.12: Nanded District: Livestock Categories
Sr.
No.
Livestock
Categories 1991-92 1999-2000 2005-06 2011-12
1 Cattle 711254 751283 731282 979081
2 Buffaloes 238479 259441 197295 289915
3 Sheep 46901 50170 50170 53015
4 Goat 361279 356413 356413 378760
5 Poultry 433922 522279 520866 491092
6 Other livestock 57122 89850 88860 70473
Total 1848957 2029436 1944886 2262395
(Sources: Socio-economic Review of Nanded District
1991-92, 1999-2000, 2005-06 and 2011-12)
There were about 2.38 lakhs buffaloes in the district during 1991-
92 in the district, where its number were reached upto 2.89 lakhs in 2011-
12. There was constant growth in the population of buffaloes except the
year 2005-06 sheep and goats are economically valuable yielding milk,
meat and skin. Total sheep and goat‟s population were marked o.46 lakhs
and 3.61 lakhs in 1991-92 as against 0.53 and 3.68 lakhs during 1991-92
and 2011-12 respectively. The growth rate of sheep and goats were
recorded 15.21% and 1.93% respectively during the period of
investigation. Besides this number of other animals were marked positive
growth rate during the same period. Whereas, poultry was recorded
remarkable increase from 1991-92 to 2011-12.
II) SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LIVESTOCK
In Nanded district, the livestock population is already high and has
shown a further increase during the period of investigation. In 2011-12
there were more than 17 lakhs domestic animals in the district. There was
87
constant growth in the population of cattle, whereas, the number of
buffaloes, sheep, goats and other animals during the period 1991-92 to
2011-12 (see table 2.13) has really decreased by 0.23%, 0.27%, 3.15%
and 1.55% respectively. The different growth rate of domestic animal is
an indication of changing emphasis of cattle and livestock in the rural
economy in the Nanded district.
A. CATTLE
The percentage of contribution of cattle to total livestock
population was worked out for each tehsil and district as a whole and
grouped into three different categories namely low, moderate and high.
Percentage share of cattle to total population has increased from 49.48%
in 1991-92 to 55.27% in 2011-12. The low category (below-45%) was
recorded in Deglur(37.63%) and Biloli(44.94%) tahsils during the year
1991-92. Moderate category (45% to 55%) was registered in six tahsils
namely, Hadgaon (55.88%), Nanded (47.36%), Loha (52.00%), Kandhar
(46.87%), Bhokar (53.89%) and Mukhed (49.56%) tahsils during the
same year. Whereas, high category was recorded only in Kinwat
(57.04%) tahsil (Fig.2.17A).
During 2011-12 three tahsils namely Hadgaon, Bhokar, and Biloli
indicated change in higher categories. This might be due to availability of
fodder and farmers raised the significance of cattle in rural economy of
the district.no one tahsils indicated change in lower level of category.
While no change in category was make only in Deglur tehsil (Fig.2.17B).
88
89
Table :2.13: Nanded District: Tahsil-wise Distribution of Livestock
(1991-92 to 2011-12.)
S.
N.
Name of
Tahsil Year
Types of livestock in percentage
Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Other
animals
1 Kinwat 1991-92 57.04 9.78 1.48 26.93 4.77
2011-12 65.64 4.64 1.13 36.37 2.22
2 Hadgaon 1991-92 54.88 12.26 0.04 27.58 5.24
2011-12 63.37 9.72 0.21 22.89 3.81
3 Nanded 1991-92 47.36 21.93 1.74 21.16 7.81
2011-12 49.90 22.89 1.74 19.24 6.23
4 Bhokar 1991-92 53.89 14.36 1.25 24.86 5.64
2011-12 58.18 10.00 1.68 25.19 4.95
5 Biloli 1991-92 44.94 16.09 6.95 25.72 6.30
2011-12 56.25 14.63 7.18 19.16 2.78
6 Loha 1991-92 52.00 12.96 2.56 25.92 6.56
2011-12 52.64 22.44 3.22 18.61 3.06
7 Kandhar 1991-92 46.87 25.02 1.43 21.71 4.97
2011-12 51.59 22.79 1.17 20.58 3.87
8 Mukhed 1991-92 49.56 20.10 2.82 26.74 0.78
2011-12 46.14 29.25 1.98 18.35 4.28
9 Deglur 1991-92 37.63 18.10 11.34 25.96 6.97
2011-12 43.91 17.55 11.10 21.29 6.15
District
Average
1991-92 49.48 16.59 3.26 25.13 5.54
2011-12 55.27 16.36 2.99 21.58 4.00
(Sources: Compiled by Author from Socio-economic Review of
Nanded District, 1991-92 and 2011-12)
90
B. BUFFALOES
The percent contribution of buffaloes to total livestock population
was 16.59% and 16.36% during the year 1991-92 and 2011-12
respectively. Low category (below-15%) was found in three tahsils
namely, in Bhokar (14.36%), Hadgaon (12.26%), and Kinwat (9.78%)
during the year 1991-92. While moderate category (15% to 20%) was
noticed in Deglur (18.10%) and Biloli (16.09%) tahsils during the same
year. High category (above 20%) was marked in Mukhed (20.10%),
Kandhar (25.02%) and Nanded (21.93%) tahsils (Fig.2.18A.)
During 2011-12 two tahsils changed in new category. Loha and
Biloli registered high and low change in categories respectively.
Whereas, seven tahsils namely Kinwat, Hadgaon, Bhokar, Kandhar,
Mukhed, and Nanded tahsils were marked no change in the level of
categories during the period of investigation. (Fig.2.18B).
C. SHEEP
It is revealed (Table 2.12) that district have 3.26% and 2.99%
contribution of sheep to the total livestock population during the year
1991-92 and 2011-12 respectively. Low category (Below 2%) was
experienced in Kandhar (1.43%), Nanded (1.74%), Bhokar (1.25%),
Hadgaon (…%), and Kinwat (1.48%) tahsils whereas, moderate category
(2% to 4%) was registered in Mukhed (2.82%), and Loha (2.56%) tahsils
during the year 1991-92. High category (above 4%) was experienced in
deglur (11.34%), and Biloli (6.95%) tahsils during the same year
(Fig.2.19A).
During 2011-12, only one tehsil namely, Mukhed has changed the
category. Mukhed tehsil registered lower shift in category. While
remaining all tahsils were marked no change in the level of category
during the period of investigation. (Fig.2.19B).
91
92
93
D. GOAT
It is pointed out that district have 25.13% and 21.38% share of goat
in total livestock population during 1991-92 and 2011-12 respectively.
Figure 2.20A depicts that low category (below 22%) was found in
Kandhar (21.71%) and Nanded (21.16%) tahsils during the year 1991-92.
Moderate (22% to 25%) category comprises only Bhokar tehsil, while
high (above 25%) category was marked in six tahsils namely, Kinwat,
Hadgaon, Loha, Biloli, Mukhed and Deglur during the same year. During
the year 2011-12 five tahsils, registered change in categories. These
tahsils namely, Hadgaon, Bhokar, Loha, Mukhed and Deglur registered
lower shift in category (Fig.2.20.B). Whereas, no change in the level of
category was noticed in Kinwat, Nanded, kKandhar, and Biloli tahsils
during the same year.
E. OTHER ANIMALS
The share of the other animals (see table 2.12) is declined in all
tahsils except Mukhed, tehsil in 2011-12 as compared to 1991-92. It is
revealed that percent contribution of other livestock to total livestock
population was 5.54% and 4.00% during the year 1991-92 and 2009-10
respectively. Other livestock includes horses, pigs, dogs, donkeys. There
are less significant as compared to the large animals. Low category was
found in Kinwat, Mukhed, and Kandhar tahsils during the year 1991-92.
Moderate category comprised Hadgaon, Bhokar, tahsils during the same
year. Whereas, high category was registered in Nanded, Biloli, Loha and
Deglur tahsils during the year 1991-92.
During the year 2011-12, eight tahsils namely, Kinwat, Hadgaon,
Nanded, Loha, Bhokar, Biloli, Deglur and Kandhar registered lower shift
In categories.
94
95
III) DENSITY OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF LIVESTOCK
Table 2.13 depicted the density of various livestock per 100
hectares of net are sown in the study region.
I) CATTLE
The proportion of cattle population varies from tehsil to tehsil,
ranging from 81 to 106 cattle per 100 hectares of net area sown in 1991-
92 as against 83 to 150 cattle per 100 hectare in 2011-12. The average
cattle density for district as a whole was marked 98 cattle per 100
hectares net sown area during the year 1991-92, as against 133 cattle per
100 hectares of net sown area during 2011-12. During the year 1991-92,
the highest density of cattle per 100 hectares of net sown area was
recorded in Kinwat, (106), tahsil and lowest in Hadgaon (81) tahsil.
Whereas, the cattle density is below district average (98 cattle per 100
hectares of net sown area) was recorded In Hadgaon, (81), Bhokar (94),
Loha (95), Kandhar (90), and Deglur (85) tahsils while Kinwat (106),
Nanded (123), Biloli (103) and Mukhed (106) tahsils were registered
above district average cattle density per 100 hectares of net sown area
during the same period. Below 85 cattle per 100 hectares net sown area
was found in Deglur and Hadgaon tahsils, whereas, about 85 to 100 cattle
per 100 hectares of net sown area were recorded in Kandhar, Loha, and
Bhokar tahsils during the same period. Above 100 cattle per 100 hectares
of net sown area was experienced in four tahsils namely, Kinwat,
Nanded, Biloli, and Mukhed (Fig.2.21A).
Figure 2.21B depicts the spatial distribution of cattle per 100
hectares of net sown area in the district during 2011-12. Below 100 cattle
population per 100 hectares of net sown area was registered in Deglur,
Kandhar, and Loha tahsils and about 100 to 130 cattle numbers per 100
hectares of net sown area was recorded in Mukhed and Hadgaon tahsils
during the same period.
96
97
Above 130 cattle population per 100 hectares of net sown area was
noticed in four tahsils namely, Kinwat, Nanded, Bhokar and Biloli
(Fig.2.21B). Although the district possesses a large number of cattle, yet
the productivity value of cattle is not comparable to its size, because of
the poor quality.
II) COWS
The average density of cows per 100 hectares of net sown area was
recorded only 16 during the year 1991-92, as against 77 during 2011-12.
Because during the last few years, the State Government had paid
maximum attention on Dairy Development Schemes in the district. Below
15 cows per 100 hectares of net sown area were registered in Loha and
Kinwat tahsils, whereas, about 15 to 20 cows per 100 hectares of net
sown area were experienced in six tahsils namely, Deglur, Mukhed,
Kandhar, Biloli, Bhokar, and Hadgaon during the year 1991-92.
Table:2.14 : Nanded District :Tahsil-wise Density of Livestock
(1991-92 and 2011-12)
S.
N.
Name of
Tahsil Year
Different classes of Livestock
(Density per 100 hectares of net area sown)
Cattle Cows Bullocks Buffalo
1 Kinwat 1991-92 106 12 38 18
2011-12 140 79 34 09
2 Hadgaon 1991-92 81 13 33 18
2011-12 128 74 36 13
3 Nanded 1991-92 123 23 44 57
2011-12 150 93 41 44
4 Bhokar
1991-92 94 15 34 25
2011-12 133 75 33
11
98
5 Biloli 1991-92 103 19 36 37
2011-12 136 78 30 22
6 Loha 1991-92 95 10 35 20
2011-12 94 94 31 41
7 Kandhar 1991-92 90 19 33 40
2011-12 83 84 24 37
8 Mukhed 1991-92 106 16 33 43
2011-12 120 70 23 58
9 Deglur 1991-92 85 16 30 41
2011-12 92 54 22 24
District
Average
1991-92 98 16 35 33
2011-12 133 77 31 26
Continued…..
Table: 2.14 : Nanded District: Tahsil-wise Density of Livestock
(1991-92 and 2011-12)
S.
N.
Name of
Tahsil Year
Different classes of Livestock
(Density per 100 hectares of net area sown)
Sheep Goat Other animals
1 Kinwat 1991-92 03 56 09
2011-12 02 20 05
2 Hadgaon 1991-92 - 41 08
2011-12 - 48 07
3 Nanded 1991-92 05 55 20
2011-12 05 61 18
4 Bhokar 1991-92 02 43 10
2011-12 04 58 11
5 Biloli
1991-92 06 59 14
2011-12 36 46
04
99
6 Loha 1991-92 03 15 07
2011-12 09 55 09
7 Kandhar 1991-92 04 48 11
2011-12 03 55 09
8 Mukhed 1991-92 06 57 15
2011-12 05 48 07
9 Deglur 1991-92 26 59 16
2011-12 23 45 18
District
Average
1991-92 06 50 12
2011-12 05 52 08
(Sources: Computed by Author from Socio-economic Review of Nanded
District, 1991-92 and 2011-12.)
Above 20 cows per 100 hectares of net sown area were registered only in
Nanded tehsil (Fig.2.22A). During the year 2011-12 below 75 cows per
100 hectares of net sown area were found in Deglur, Mukhed,Bhokar and
Hadgaon tahsils. About 75 to 85 cows per 100 hectares of net sown area
were observed in Kinwat, Biloli, and Kandhar tahsils and above 85 cows
per 100 hectares of net sown area were marked in Nanded and Loha
tahsils (Fig.2.22B) due to high demand for milk from urban centre.
III) BULLOCKS
Bullocks are the main source of motive power in agricultural
operations, bullock draught force constitute a major share in the total
draught force of some tahsils of Nanded district. The average density per
100 hectares of net sown area was 35 bullocks during the year 1991-92,
as against 31 bullocks in the year 2011-12. It is observed that total
number of bullocks is decreased during the period of investigation.
100
101
Agricultural mechanization and small size of holdings are responsible for
this situation. It became impossible to farmers to keep pair of bullocks.
Below 33 bullocks per 100 hectares of net sown area were marked in
Deglur, Mukhed, Kandhar, Loha and Hadgaon tahsils, whereas about 33
to 38 bullocks per 100 hectares of net sown area were registered in Biloli,
Bhokar, and Kinwat tahsils. Above 38 bullocks per 100 hectares of net
sown area were recorded only in Nanded tehsil during the year 1991-92
(Fig.2.23A).
During the year 2011-12 below 25 bullocks per 100 hectares of net
sown area were found in Deglur, Mukhe, Kandhar tahsils. About 25 to 35
bullocks per 100 hectares of net sown area were noticed in four tahsils
namely, Kinwat, Bhokar, Loha and Biloli during the same year. Above 35
bullocks per 100 hectares of net sown area were marked in Nanded and
Hadgaon tahsils (Fig.2.23B).
IV) BUFFALOES
Average district density of buffaloes was marked 33 and 26 per
100 hectares of net sown area during the year 1991-92 and 2011-12
respectively. The density of buffaloes is usually determined by the
availability of fodder for stall feeding and the demand for milk by the
rural and urban population. Density of buffaloes below 20 per 100
hectares of net sown area were marked in Kinwat, Hadgaon and Loha
tahsils and about 20 to 40 density per 100 hectares of net sown area were
registered in three tahsils namely, Biloli, Bhokar and Kandhar during the
year 1991-92. Above 40 densities of buffaloes per 100 hectares of net
sown area was experienced in Deglur, Mukhed and Nanded tahsils during
the same period (Fig.2.24A).
102
103
104
During the year 2011-12 below 20 density of buffaloes per 100 hectares
of net sown area was observed in three tahsils namely, Kinwat, hadgaon
and Bhokar tahsils. About 20 to 40 densities per 100 hectares of net sown
area of buffaloes were marked in Deglur, Biloli, and Kandhar tahsils
during the same year. Above 40 densities of buffaloes was registered in
Mukhed, and Nanded tahsils in 2011-12. (Table 2.12 and fig.2.24B). It
may be due to demand of milk from urban centres.
V) SHEEP
Density of sheep per 100 hectares of net sown area was declined
from 6 to 5 sheep per 100 hectares of net sown area during the year 1991-
92 and 2011-12 respectively. Below 3 density of sheep per 100 hectares
of net sown area (fig.2.25A) was recorded in four tahsils namely, Kinwat,
Hadgaon, Bhokar and Loha. About 3 to 6 density per 100 hectares of net
sown area was registered in Biloli, Mukhed, Kandhar, and Nanded tahsils
in the year 1991-92. Above 6 densities per 100 hectares of net sown area
was examined only in Deglur tehsil.
After the span of 18 years, the change in the density of sheep was
noticed in the district. Below 3 density of sheep per 100 hectares of net
sown area was found in Kinwat, Kandhar, Hadgaon, while about 3 to 6
densities were noticed in Nanded, Bhokar and Mukhed tahsils during the
year 2011-12. Above 6 density of sheep per 100 hectares of net sown area
was registered in Deglur and Biloli tahsils during same year (fig.2.25B).
105
106
VI) GOATS
The goat is the major supplier of meat in the study area; in
addition, it yields milk and valuable sources of leather. Therefore, the
average density of goats per 100 hectares of net sown area was marked
increase from 50 to 52 during the period of investigation. During the year
1991-92 below 50 density of goats per 100 hectares of net sown area was
experienced in Hadgaon, Loha, Kandhar and Bhokar tahsils and about 50
to 55 densities per 100 hectares of net sown area was recorded only in
Nanded tehsil during the same year. Above 55 density per 100 hectares of
net sown area was registered in Deglur, Mukhed, Biloli and Kinwat
tahsils during the year 1991-92 (Fig.2.26A).
Figure 2.26B exhibited the distribution of goats in the district in
2011-12. Below 50 density per 100 hectares of net sown area was noticed
in Deglur, Mukhed, Biloli, Hadgaon and Kinwat tahsils during the same
year. About 50 to 55 density per 100 hectares of net sown area was
marked in Kandhar, and Loha tahsils , whereas, above 55 density per 100
hectares net sown area was found in Nanded and Bhokar tahsils in the
year 2011-12 (Fig.2.26B)
VII) OTHER LIVESTOCK
Density of the other livestock involve horses, donkeys, dogs etc.,
which numbers are decreased during the period of investigation. (see
table2.13). These animals are largely associated with low class landless
population, to which these animals particularly horses and donkeys are
largely associated as means of earning live hood. But in the ileitis period
of auto mobilization, these animals are becoming out dated.
107
108
2.15 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS
One of the major technical developments of the post-independence
period has been application of mechanical power in agriculture. Although
mechanization in Nanded district and elsewhere in state or country,
simply means the use of tractors power operated pump-sets, threshers
etc., their impact on improving farm production, farm performance per
unit of agricultural land has been considerable some agricultural
implements have been critically examined here.
I. IRON PLOUGH
Iron plough is an implement upon the wooden plough and farmer
use it. During 1991-92, density of iron ploughs various from 7 per
thousand hectors in Deglur to 20 in Mukhed tehsil. The mean for the
district was 15. There are four tahsils namely Hadgaon (17), Nanded (19),
Loha (18) and Mukhed (20) tahsils in all with higher density of plough
per thousand hectares than the mean (15) for the district. Below 10
density of iron plough per thousand hectare of cropped area was noticed
in Deglur(07) and Kinwat (09) tahsils, while 10 to 15 density was marked
in Kandhar (14), Biloli (14) and Bhokar (13) tahsils in 1991-92. Above
15 densities per thousand hectare of cropped area was registered in
Mukhed (20), Hadgaon (17), and Nanded (19) tahsils during the same
year.
The average density of iron plough per thousand hectares in district
was 23 during 2011-12. Below 10 density of iron plough was found in
Deglur (03), Mukhed (07), and Kandar (09) tahsils. About 10 to 20
density of iron plough per thousand hectares of G.C.A. was experienced
in two tahsils namely Biloli (17) and Bhokar (14) tahsils and above 20
density of iron plough per thousand hectares of G.C.A. was marked in
Loha (26), Nanded (78), Hadgaon (25) and Kinwat (30) tahsils during
2011-12.
109
II. BULLOCK CART
The density of bullock cart per thousand hectares was 43 during
1991-92. Below 30 densities of carts per thousand of cropped area was
recorded in Deglur (28), and Kandar (20) tahsils. About 30 to 50 density
of carts per thousand hectares of cropped area was marked in Mukhed
(44), Biloli (46), Nanded (43), and Hadgaon (39) tahsils. Above 50
densities of carts were experienced in Bhokar (62), and Kinwat (51)
tahsils during 2011-12.
The density of carts per thousand hectares was 54 during the year
2011-12. Below 30 densities of carts per thousand hectares was noticed in
Deglur (26), Mukhed (19), and Kandar (16) tahsils. About 30 to 70
densities of carts were recorded in Biloli (59), Kinwat (61) tahsils and
above 70 densities of carts per thousand hectares of cropped area were
registered in Nanded (80), Hadgaon (82), and Bhokar (70) tahsils during
2011-12.
III ELECTRIC PUMP-SET
The district average density of electric pump-set are marked 24
during 1991-92, as against 44 during 2011-12. Out of the nine tahsils only
three tahsils with higher density than the mean of district, namely
Hadgaon (30), Nanded (57), and Bhokar (26) during the year 1991-92.
Below 10 density of electric pump-set per thousand hectares of cropped
area was registered in Loha (07), and Kandar (05) tahsils and about 10 to
20 density per thousand hectares was marked in Biloli (15), Deglur (15),
and Kinwat (16) tahsils in 1991-92. Above 20 densities was recorded in
four tahsils namely, Hadgaon (30), Nanded (57), Bhokar (26) and
Mukhed (21) tahsils during the same year.
After the span of 20 years the change in the density of electric
pumps is noticed in the district. Below 25 densities per thousand hectares
110
of cropped area was recorded in Deglur (10), Mukhed (19), Kandar (20)
tahsils. About 25 to 50 density per thousand hectares of cropped area was
found in Kinwat (29), Hadgaon (47) and Bhokar (48) tahsils in 2011-12.
Above 50 density of electric pump per thousand hectares of cropped area
was experienced in Nanded (110), and Biloli (60) tahsils
Table-2.15 : Nanded District: Tahsils-wise Density of Agricultural
Implements in 1991-92 and 2011-12
S.
N.
Density of Agricultural Implements per-1000 Hect. of G.C.A.
Name of
Tahsils
Iron-plough Bullock-cart Electric-pumps 1991-92 2011-12 1991-92 2011-12 1991-92 2011-12
1 Kinwat 09 30 51 61 16 29
2 Hadgaon 17 25 39 82 30 47
3 Nanded 19 78 43 80 57 110
4 Bhokar 13 14 62 78 26 48
5 Biloli 14 17 46 59 15 60
6 Loha 18 26 33 57 07 55
7 Kandar 14 09 20 16 05 19
8 Mukhed 20 07 44 19 21 20
9 Deglur 07 03 28 26 15 10
District
Average
15 23 43 54 24 44
Continued…..
S.
N.
Density of Agricultural Implements per-1000 Hect. of G.C.A.
Name of
Tahsils
Diesel Oil Engine pumps Tractors
1991-92 2011-12 1991-92 2011-12
1 Kinwat 02 01 0.20 01
2 Hadgaon 02 01 0.31 02
3 Nanded 01 0.70 02 06
4 Bhokar 01 0 0.30 0.76
5 Biloli 02 02 0.35 05
6 Loha 01 01 0.40 04
7 Kandar 01 0 0.30 01
8 Mukhed 03 0.10 0.05 0.01
9 Deglur 0 0.16 0.26 0.34
District
Average
2.0 01 0.49 2.0
(Sources- Compiled by Author.)
111
IV DIESEL OIL PUMPS
An average there were two and one oil pumps per thousand
hectares of cropped area in the 1991-92 and 2011-12 respectively.
V TRACTORS
Density of tractors per thousand hectares varies from 0.05 in
Mukhed to 0.04 in Loha tahsils in 1991-92 as against 0.01 in Mukhed to 6
in Nanded tahsils in 2011-12. The mean of the district figure are marked
0.49 and 2 in 1991-92 and 2011-12 respectively.
2.16 IMPROVED SEEDS
Of all the methods of improving agricultural production one has
brought about such progress as the improvement of seeds through
selection and cross breeding. Quite a large number of improved varieties
of high yielding seeds have been evolved which have helped in boosting
of the production of food grains as well as cash crops.
The role of modern inputs for accelerating the production and
productivity of agriculture, HYVs known as miracle seeds, accepted as
the role of green revolution. Knowledge and adoption of the high yielding
varieties of seeds depend on a host of factors. The perception and
acceptance of HYVs is the result of interaction between man‟s his culture
and ecological conditions. Along with this it involves capital and current
technical knowledge. Consequently, use of HYVs is also conditioned by
socio-economic factors.
Improved seeds have shown better performance than local varieties
of seeds in the district. The production of improved seeds programme in
the Nanded district has changed the traditional cropping pattern to certain
extent and marked the beginning of agricultural development.
Improved varieties of rice generally used in the district are IR8,
IR12, Jaya, VIjaya, Jamuna, K-14-7 and Ratna etc. of Jowar CSH1,
CSH2, CSH6, CSH5, CSV15, CSH13, AC126, Maldandi 35.1, of wheat
112
Sonalika, Kalyan sona, Moti, N-5439, N-59, HD1982, HD1999, HD2189,
147, of Bajra HB1, HB-2, HB-4, Mh-179, Mh-169, of Groundnut K-4,11,
M-13, C-148, KG-61, 120 and Cotton Ajit-11, Nanded-44, F216, F-231,
H-4, S-726, and L-147. The table 2.15 depicts that during 1991-92 about
13589 quintals high yield varieties seeds were used in Nanded district, it
was 24095 quintals in 2004-05 and it has reached upto 39754 quintals in
2011-12, recording 192.54% increase between 1991-92 to 2011-12.
Table-2.16: Nanded District :Distribution of High Yield Variety Seeds
Sr.No. Name of Seeds 1991-92 2003-04 2011-12
1 Rice 1057 982 707
2 Jowar 9140 11482 15670
3 Bajara 60 250 290
4 Wheat 1450 3678 3910
5 Cotton (Hybrid seeds) 36 49 55
6 Cotton(Improved seeds) 15 180 300
7 Total Pulses 556 5024 9722
8 Total Oil seeds 1215 2450 9100
(Sources: Agricultural Department, Z.P. Nanded.) (Fig. are in quintals)
Out of the total seeds 82.15% share was acquired by cereals in 1991-92,
where in 2011-12 it was 51.76%. Rice has shown decrease in its
distribution of HYVs seeds from 1057 quintals to 707 quintals in the
district from 1991-92 and 2011-12. Seeds like jowar, bajara, wheat,
cotton hybrid seeds and cotton improved seeds, total pulses and total oil
seeds have been used the large proportion during the period of
investigation.
2.17 CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
A fertilizer refers to a material added to the soils in order to supply
chemical elements needed for plant nutrition and improve soils fertility.
Modern agriculture relies adequate and timely supplies of inputs.
Fertilizer a key input, directly effects agricultural production and
development of rural areas. Fertilizers had been recognized as the
113
Kingpin for intensive agricultural development which is the main element
of our national economy. Three types of chemical fertilizers used viz.
phosphate, nitrogenous, potassium and calcium.
Table 2.17 shows that in 1991-92 the highest share of consumption
of chemical fertilizer was noticed in Nanded tehsil (16.07%), whereas the
lowest share of consumption of chemical fertilizer was registered in
Kandar (7.22%). The shares of other tahsils like Kinwat, Hadgaon,
Bhokar, Biloli, Loha, Mukhed and Deglur were 13.06%, 14.75%, 8.82%,
14.60%, 7.93%, 8.71% and 8.80% respectively during the same year.
Table-2.17: Nanded District: Tahsil-wise Utilization of Chemical
Fertilizers During 1991-92 and 2011-12.
S.N. Name of
Tahsils
1991-92 2011-12 Use of chem. Fertilizers Use of chem. Fertilizers
M.T. % to Total M.T. % to Total
1 Kinwat 7932 13.06 30817 10.80
2 Hadgaon 8957 14.75 36689 12.86
3 Nanded 9760 16.07 65600 23.00
4 Bhokar 5355 8.82 19765 6.93
5 Biloli 8868 14.60 52660 18.46
6 Loha 4820 7.93 19544 6.85
7 Kandar 4386 7.22 18994 6.66
8 Mukhed 5289 8.71 20915 7.33
9 Deglur 5343 8.8 20165 7.07
District Total 60710 100 285149 100
(Sources: Agricultural Department Officer, Z.P. Nanded.)
During 2011-12 the highest share of consumption of chemical
fertilizer was observed in Nanded tehsil (23%), the lowest in Kandar
(6.66%). The share of other tahsils such as, Kinwat, Hadgaon, Bhokar,
Biloli, Loha, Mukhed, and Deglur were 10.80%, 12.86%, 6.93%,
(18.46%), (6.85%), (7.33%) and 7.07% respectively during 2011-12. Use
of chemical fertilizer increased by 4.69times during the period of
investigation .
114
2.18 REFERENCES
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Reports and Publication
1. District Census Hand-book of Nanded (1991to 2001)
2. Gazetteer of India, Maharashtra, State, Nanded District, pp.30-40
3. The Report of National Commission of Agriculture, Vol. X pp.48
4 Socio-economic Abstract of Nanded District, 1991 to 2009-10.