CHAPTER VII EPILOGUE - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/76694/15... · Chapter...
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CC
CHAPTER VII
EPILOGUE
Chapter VII
379
Chapter VII Epilogue
71 Introduction
Micro finance has garnered significant worldwide attention as being a successful tool to meet
this substantial demand for financial services by low-income people and micro entrepreneurs
It has evolved over the past quarter century across India into various operating forms and to a
varying degree of success India now occupies a significant place and a niche in global micro
finance through promotion of the self help groups (SHGs) and the home grown SHG-Bank
Linkage (SBLP) model (Das amp Bhowal 2013a 2013b) The Indian model offers greater
promise and potential to address poverty as it is focused on building social capital through
providing access to financial services through linking with the mainstream It is the largest
and fastest-growing micro-finance programme in the developing world (eg Seibel amp
Khadka 2002 Swain and Floro 2008)
The important milestones in the evolution of the SHG movement can be classified into six
major phases i) Women SHGs promoted by NGOs as an alternative to mainstream financial
services to reach un-reached segments of society ii) NABARDrsquos initiative along with
NGOs particularly MYRADA in launching SHG-bank linkage model iii) Governments of
South Indian States initiated a proactive role in the promotion of SHGs by arranging
revolving loan funds and other technical support iv) SHG-Bank linkage Programme reaches
the scale of over a million bank-linked SHGs v) SHG federations emerge to sustain the SHG
movement and to provide value-added services vi) SHGs and their federations been
recognised as implementing agents for mainstream agencies of the economy like financial
institutions corporate sector and government (Reddy amp Reddy 2012)
ldquoWhile the SBLP has experienced exponential growth over the past decade bank lending to
SHG federations is currently being piloted In the long-term if the federations acting as
lsquobusiness correspondentrsquo hold considerable potential for financial inclusion and this
financial inclusion if done well will prove to be a sustainable modelrdquo (Reddy amp Reddy
2012) SHG federations will emerge as sustainable institutions of the poor providing a basket
of financial and livelihoods services to their member SHGs and ultimately to the women The
SHG sector as a whole and SBLP in particular has been facing a number of challenges such
Chapter VII
380
as low quality of groups unequal growth policy contradictions huge shortage of capacity
building infrastructure including resource material and resource persons to support the SHPIs
(Reddy amp Reddy 2012)
SHGs in India established themselves as credible institutions for financial inclusion
livelihood promotion and social development vis-a-vis cultural changes As a result many
official agencies civil society organisations and corporate bodies are adapting and or
partnering with SHGs in pursuing of their own agendas Because of this all-round support
from village level volunteers to the Government of India and from international NGOs to
Multilateral and Bilateral Donors SHGs are growing at an exponential rate (APMAS 2009a)
Several studies pointed out that SHG - banking has resulted in a significant decline in poverty
among SHG members It also resulted in a significant decline in SHG membersrsquo dependency
on money lenders and other informal credit sources Evidence from many parts of the country
suggests that the SHG ndash bank linkage not only helped the groups and members but also the
banks in optimum utilisation of their vast network of rural branches Though the SBLP is in
existence for more than two decades there are very few large scale studies on SHGs
particularly on issues related to quality amp sustainability The present study has been made
with the objective of assessment of perception of direct stakeholders of SGHs about quality
parameters of SHGs in Nagaon District of Assam
Observation of information processing in survey population samples presents an entirely
different set of problems than it does in the laboratory The kind of research which is done
through a questionnaire more cautions needs to be taken In the present study the
respondents have asked questions on their perceptions in the quality assessment of SHGs and
other quality issues After collecting the data and doing the necessary analysis the findings
have to be presented This is required in order to make necessary policy decisions because the
findings have certain policy implications Given the previous chapters the objectives of the
present chapter is to revisit the conclusions implications of the present study generalisation
of the present study to suggest measure for SHGs quality improvement if any to point out
the limitations of the studies and scope of future research in this area
72 Overall Conclusion
The followings conclusions are forwarded from the overall analysis interview with different
direct stakeholders of the study districts
Chapter VII
381
i Since the majority of the group respondents belongs to 40 years amp above age group
who are mainly wage earner disguised labour non-agricultural labourers private
employees job seeker and below poverty level hence it may be concluded that the
main objectives of the SHG approach in the study area is to provide employment and
to remove poverty
ii The majority of the promoting organisations of SHG in the study area are from
government agencies DRDA (SGSY) is the major promoter of SHG in the study
district Further majority of donor respondents comes from Government Departments
(50) while majority of financial institution respondents (789) comes from Public
Sector Financial Institutions like SBI and Other nationalised commercial banks
available in the study district Further most of the promoters covered within the
study are originated from Assam while there are a good number of respondents who
belongs to all India level and they are mostly financial institutions and Donor
Therefore it is concluded that the SHG programme in the study district is dominated
by government agencies like in other areas
iii Regarding the recovery percentage of SHG funds it is observed average recovery rate
of different stakeholders is within 50 -75 Further it is observed that 1579
respondents belonging to financial institutions and 125 of the respondents
belonging to Donor who reported recovery percentage is above 75 Therefore under
this consideration the quality of SHGs in the study district is average
iv Only 2556 of respondents from all categories of stakeholders excluding group
members reported that they conducted quality assessment Again only 1556
respondents from all categories of stakeholders excluding group members reported
that they conducted Impact Assessment Therefore it may conclude that quality and
impact assessment of SHGs in the study area is still at nascent stage Further 4556
of respondents from all categories of stakeholders excluding group members reported
that they conducted performance assessment therefore it may be concluded that
stakeholders are little bit more concerned with performance assessment in comparison
to impact and quality assessment
Chapter VII
382
v Since the direct stakeholders of SHG have no differences of opinion regarding the
parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs ie about the scale
containing 61 quality parameters covering 8 subscales of quality parameters however
only on 37 quality parameters they perceived differences of opinion The direct
stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common understanding on 25 elements of
selected quality assessment parameters for SHGs on 7 subscales only since they do
not perceived any elements of the sub-scales titled Organisational discipline (OD)
such as Attendance of members of SHGrsquos in group meeting (QAP-18) Degree of
unanimity among the members while arriving at decision in SHG (QAP-19) Division
amongst members because of disagreements in meeting of SHG (QAP-20) Regularity
in savings of SHG (QAP-22) Revision of mandatory savings of SHG (QAP-23)
Frequency and regularity of group meetings (QAP-43) and Degree of dropout rate of
members of the SHG (QAP-55) However in many studies these elements were
considered as the key elements while assessing the quality and performance SGHs in
India In the present study all the stakeholders do not perceived these elements as the
elements of quality assessment of SHGs The reasons for non inclusion of
Organisational discipline as a sub scale of quality parameters of SHG by all the
stakeholders of SHG are self explanatory (Table No 71)
Table No 71
Descriptive Statistics on Organisational Discipline (OD) as Quality Parameters for SHG
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Attendance of members of SHGrsquos in
group meeting
[QAP 18]
Promoter Mean 149 077 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 134 Upper Bound 165
Median 200 Variance 329 Std Deviation 573
Donor Mean 156 128 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 129 Upper Bound 184
Median 200 Variance 263 Std Deviation 512
Financial Institutions
Mean 174 104 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 152 Upper Bound 195
Median 200 Variance 205 Std Deviation 452
Chapter VII
383
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Group Members Mean 81 094 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 63 Upper Bound 100
Median 100 Variance 667 Std Deviation 817
Degree of unanimity among the members
while arriving at decision in
SHG [QAP 19]
Promoter Mean 93 103 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 72 Upper Bound 113
Median 100 Variance 587 Std Deviation 766
Donor Mean 125 112 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 101 Upper Bound 149
Median 100 Variance 200 Std Deviation 447
Financial Institutions
Mean 126 168 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 91 Upper Bound 162
Median 100 Variance 538 Std Deviation 733
Group Members Mean 77 096 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 58 Upper Bound 96
Median 100 Variance 691 Std Deviation 831
Division amongst members
because of disagreements in meeting of
SHG [QAP 20]
Promoter Mean 85 114 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 63 Upper Bound 108
Median 100 Variance 719 Std Deviation 848
Donor Mean 106 111 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 83 Upper Bound 130
Median 100 Variance 196 Std Deviation 443
Financial Institutions
Mean 121 237 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 71 Upper Bound 171
Median 100 Variance 1064
Chapter VII
384
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Std Deviation 1032 Group Members Mean 69 100
95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 49 Upper Bound 89
Median 100 Variance 756 Std Deviation 870
Regularity in savings of
SHG [QAP 22]
Promoter Mean 195 040 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 186 Upper Bound 203
Median 200 Variance 090 Std Deviation 299
Financial Institutions
Mean 184 115 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 160 Upper Bound 208
Median 200 Variance 251 Std Deviation 501
Group Members Mean 173 051 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 163 Upper Bound 184
Median 200 Variance 198 Std Deviation 445
Revision of mandatory savings of
SHG [QAP 23]
Promoter Mean 16 121 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -08 Upper Bound 41
Median 000 Variance 806 Std Deviation 898
Donor Mean 75 171 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 39 Upper Bound 111
Median 100 Variance 467 Std Deviation 683
Financial Institutions
Mean 05 195 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -36 Upper Bound 46
Median 000 Variance 719 Std Deviation 848
Group Members Mean 69 106 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 48 Upper Bound 90
Median 100 Variance 837
Chapter VII
385
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Std Deviation 915 Frequency
and regularity of group meetings [QAP 43]
Promoter Mean 85 071 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 71 Upper Bound 100
Median 100 Variance 275 Std Deviation 524
Donor Mean 88 085 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 69 Upper Bound 106
Median 100 Variance 117 Std Deviation 342
Financial Institutions
Mean 111 130 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 83 Upper Bound 138
Median 100 Variance 322 Std Deviation 567
Group Members Mean -05 097 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -25 Upper Bound 14
Median 000 Variance 700 Std Deviation 837
Degree of dropout rate of members of the SHG [QAP 55]
Promoter Mean 35 111 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 12 Upper Bound 57
Median 000 Variance 675 Std Deviation 821
Donor Mean 56 157 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 23 Upper Bound 90
Median 100 Variance 396 Std Deviation 629
Financial Institutions
Mean 32 217 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -14 Upper Bound 77
Median 000 Variance 895 Std Deviation 946
Group Members Mean 127 092 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 108 Upper Bound 145
Median 100
Chapter VII
386
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Variance 631 Std Deviation 794
The twenty five elements of quality parameters of SHG wherein all the stakeholders of SHG
perceived no differences of opinion and hence concluded as the key elements for assessing
the quality of SHGs based on the perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs viz
(a) Group constitutions (GC) which consist four items such as lsquoVision based
functioning of SHGrsquo [QAP-1] lsquoGender based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-2] lsquoCaste
based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-3] and lsquoDuration of existence of the SHGrsquo [QAP-
42]
(b) Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control
system (OS) which consist six items such as lsquoPre-fixed rules and regulation for
running the grouprsquo [QAP-5] lsquoLevel of awareness of members of SHGrsquo [QAP-8]
lsquoStrict following of the group norms by all the membersrsquo [QAP-9] lsquoElected group
leaders and office bearersrsquo [QAP-10] lsquoPractice of rotating leadershiprsquo [QAP-11]
and lsquoAccessibility of books and accounts by the membersrsquo [QAP-17]
(c) Financial management and performance (FM) which consist four items such as
lsquoDecision of SHG on loan sanctioningrsquo [QAP-26] lsquoPolicy of keeping emergency
funds by SHGrsquo [QAP-27] lsquoLoan recovery policy of SHGrsquo [QAP-28] and lsquoDegree
of exposure of investment portfolio risk assumed by SHGrsquo [QAP-49]
(d) Credit policy (CP) which consist three items such as lsquoFixation of rate of interestrsquo
[QAP-24] lsquoPractice of the doctrine all members needing loans have got them at
least oncersquo [QAP-58] and lsquoPractice of the principle of office bearers have taken
loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo [QAP-59]
(e) Capabilities and achievements (CA) which consist four items such as lsquoDegree of
participation measured in Percentage of members in decision makingrsquo [QAP-4]
lsquoMechanism for maintaining grouprsquos distinct identity in the communityrsquo [QAP-
57] and lsquoAccessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest
earned and default amount if any by the SHG membersrsquo [QAP-60]
Chapter VII
387
(f) ActivitiesServices undertaken by group members Activities Services
undertaken by group members (AC) that consist two items such as lsquoLevel of
awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justicersquo
[QAP-33] and lsquoOrganisation of community events by the SHGrsquo [QAP-34]
(g) External linkages (EL) which consist lsquoExistence of multiple agencies in group
promotionrsquo [QAP-41]
vi Direct stakeholders of SHGs have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Donor and Group
members have also lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG while Promoter and Financial Institutions
have lsquohigh level of intensityrsquo However there are differences among direct
stakeholders regarding perception of stakeholders about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
(a) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived strong level of desire to assess the quality of SHGs on
forty-one parameters
(b) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived low desire to assess the quality of SHGs on eight
parameters
(c) Group members had perceived strong level of desire on the four elements while
other direct stakeholders have low level of desire on the said elements
(d) Promoter have perceived low level of desire on fourteen elements Donor have
perceived low level of desire on fifteen elements Financial Institutions have
perceived low level of desire on nineteen elements while Group members have
perceived low level of desire on eight elements to assess the quality of SHGs on
their own perspective
vii Since the opinion of direct stakeholders regarding SHGs as Empowerment model is
Chapter VII
388
more homogeneous and having high values of descriptive statistics and therefore it is
concluded that SHGs are considered more as Empowerment Model Further there is
statistically significant difference between the group means of empowerment and
financial model However it is concluded that
(a) Financial Institutions does not perceive to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(b) Promoter and Group member perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(c) Donor strongly perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model of
development
(d) Group members do not perceived to consider SHG as financial Model of
development
(e) Donor and Promoter do not strongly perceive to consider SHG as financial Model
of development
(f) Financial Institutions strongly perceived to consider SHG as Financial Model of
development
(g) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Empowerment model viz lsquoParticipation in public
protests and campaigningrsquo (EM 1) lsquoAbility to make judicious purchasesrsquo (EM 2)
lsquoReduction in domestic violencersquo (EM 3) lsquoOvercoming the resistance from
husband and other members of the family to join the SHGrsquo (EM 5) lsquoSome women
can actively engage in the decision of their marriage with the elders in her
household ie freedom in choosing life partnerrsquo (EM 14) and lsquoCampaign against
social evilsrsquo (EM 32)
(h) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Financial model viz lsquoHelps in money transfersrsquo (FM
4 ) lsquoHelps in insurance to group membersrsquo (FM 6) lsquoAbility to take financial riskrsquo
Chapter VII
389
(FM 7) lsquoHelps in preparation of cash book and other ledger booksrsquo (FM 9)
lsquoHelps in acquiring the skill of cash managementrsquo (FM 10) lsquoHelps in acquiring
the skill budgetingrsquo (FM 11) lsquoHelps in special loan products for women from
funding agenciesrsquo (FM 12) lsquoHelps in pre-loan help with business planning by
fund provider to the groupsrsquo (FM 13) lsquoHelps in special loan guarantee and
collateral arrangements for groupsrsquo (FM 14) lsquoUnderstand and manage
commercial rate of interest on loanrsquo (FM 19) lsquoUnderstand and manage investment
of SHGs Understand and manage investment of SHGsrsquo (FM 20) lsquoUnderstand and
manage assets of SHGrsquo (FM 21) lsquoUnderstand and manage liability of the SHGrsquo
(FM 22) lsquoUnderstand and manage financing portfolio of SHGrsquo (FM 23)
lsquoUnderstand and manage cash flow projectionrsquo (FM 28) lsquoUnderstand and manage
return on earningrsquo (FM 29) and lsquoUnderstand and manage operating expensesrsquo (FM
30)
viii Since there is statistically significant no differences among the opinion of the direct
stakeholders of SHGs regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be core or peripheral components
of quality indicators of SHG ie about the scale containing 65 statements on impact
on members of SHGs covering 9 subscales however only on 27 elements there are
differences of opinion The direct stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common
understanding on 38 elements covering 9 sub-scales of selected statements regarding
whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be core or peripheral components of quality indicators of SHG
and hence considered the key factors that impact the members of SHGs These are as
follows
(a) Economic impact (EC) with the elements like lsquoReduction in poverty through
SHGrsquo [IMPC 12] lsquoEnhancement of employment opportunities in rural areasrsquo
[IMPC 14] and lsquoEnhancement of creation of assets in rural areasrsquo [IMPC 15]
(b) Participatory (PA) with the element like lsquoEnhancement of ability to
understand amp solve problemsrsquo [IMPC 55]
Chapter VII
390
(c) Empowerment (EM) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
economic and social empowermentrsquo [IMPC 11] lsquoIncrease in power of
decision makingrsquo [IMPC 31] lsquoImproving communication skillrsquo [IMPC 38]
lsquoEnhancement of ability to fight injusticersquo [IMPC 44] lsquoEnhancement of
strengthened ties among womenrsquo [IMPC 50] lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
improved status in household and communityrsquo [IMPC 52] and lsquoEnhancement
of ability to participate in non-family grouprsquo [IMPC 65]
(d) Skill development (SD) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in technical amp
practical skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 13] lsquoEnhancement of use of skills for
income generationrsquo [IMPC 17] lsquoEnhancement of awareness about trainings
organized by NGOrsquo [IMPC 20] and lsquoImprovement in technical and practical
skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 30]
(e) Access to social services (AS) with the elements like lsquoAwareness on health
and sanitationrsquo [IMPC 7] lsquoEnhancement of help government in immunisation
programmesrsquo [IMPC 57] and lsquoEnhancement of social responsibility drivesrsquo
[IMPC 29]
(f) Social (SO) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in the literacy levelrsquo [IMPC
5] lsquoReduction in childrenrsquos school dropoutsrsquo [IMPC 56] lsquoEnhancement of
menrsquos positive change in behaviour and attitudersquo [IMPC 53] and
lsquoEnhancement of action to bring gender equalityrsquo [IMPC 54]
(g) Psychological (PS) with the elements like lsquoImprovements in couragersquo [IMPC
1] lsquoAwareness on food and nutritionrsquo [IMPC 8] lsquoConfidences to talk within
family by womenrsquo [IMPC 9] lsquoCreating awareness about self reliancersquo [IMPC
35] lsquoEnhancement of societal statusrsquo [IMPC 36] and lsquoEnhancement of
improved relationships with husbandsrsquo [IMPC 51]
(h) Community development (CD) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of
creating awareness about cleanliness of surrounding of environmentrsquo [IMPC
37] lsquoEnhancement of water supply within the residential localityrsquo [IMPC 61]
and lsquoEnhancement of medical facility for livestock within localityrsquo [IMPC 62]
and
Chapter VII
391
(i) Capacity building (CB) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of managerial
abilities of womenrsquo [IMPC 16] lsquoOrientation for groups managementrsquo [IMPC
18] lsquoEnhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groupsrsquo [IMPC
19] lsquoEnhancement of setting micro enterprisesincome generating activityrsquo
[IMPC 21] lsquoEnhancement of ability to try new venturesrsquo [IMPC 41]
lsquoEnhancement of inducing to assume leadership on issues and skillsrsquo [IMPC
42] and lsquoEnhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding
itrsquo [IMPC 58]
ix Different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoneither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
Promoter Financial Institutions and Group member perceived their opinion that
impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues should be
lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo while Donor perceived their opinion as
lsquoMostly core componentrsquo This implied that Donorrsquos are more concerned with the
social impact on members while Financial Institutions are less concerned with such
issues
x Direct stakeholders perceived their opinion that impact on members on social
perspectives are seems to be a core component or neither core nor peripheral
component on 46 selected statements while assessing the quality parameters of SHGs
Similarly they showed their negative perceptions on 19 selected statements and hence
considered peripheral components while assessing impact on members of SHGs and
its involvement in large social issues is core or peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs The elements on which the different stakeholders showed
negative perception signify that these elements are peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs These are (i) Social impact (Negative attitude towards dowry and
other social evils [IMPC-4] Enhancement of action to bring gender equality [IMPC-
54]) (ii) Capacity building (Orientation for groups management [IMPC-18]
Enhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groups [IMPC-19]
Enhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding it [IMPC-58]
Enhancement of lobbying with administrative authorities for amenitiesproblem
solving [IMPC-59]) (iii) Economic Impact (Increases the value of asset [IMPC-25]
Chapter VII
392
Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social
Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory
(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])
and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the
residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within
locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the
core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on
members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues
In nutshell it may be concluded that
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of
SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group
itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis
I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model
(Not same as hypothesis IV)
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality
indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)
73 Generalisation of Findings
Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other
populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe
usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)
Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe
2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo
(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of
generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
379
Chapter VII Epilogue
71 Introduction
Micro finance has garnered significant worldwide attention as being a successful tool to meet
this substantial demand for financial services by low-income people and micro entrepreneurs
It has evolved over the past quarter century across India into various operating forms and to a
varying degree of success India now occupies a significant place and a niche in global micro
finance through promotion of the self help groups (SHGs) and the home grown SHG-Bank
Linkage (SBLP) model (Das amp Bhowal 2013a 2013b) The Indian model offers greater
promise and potential to address poverty as it is focused on building social capital through
providing access to financial services through linking with the mainstream It is the largest
and fastest-growing micro-finance programme in the developing world (eg Seibel amp
Khadka 2002 Swain and Floro 2008)
The important milestones in the evolution of the SHG movement can be classified into six
major phases i) Women SHGs promoted by NGOs as an alternative to mainstream financial
services to reach un-reached segments of society ii) NABARDrsquos initiative along with
NGOs particularly MYRADA in launching SHG-bank linkage model iii) Governments of
South Indian States initiated a proactive role in the promotion of SHGs by arranging
revolving loan funds and other technical support iv) SHG-Bank linkage Programme reaches
the scale of over a million bank-linked SHGs v) SHG federations emerge to sustain the SHG
movement and to provide value-added services vi) SHGs and their federations been
recognised as implementing agents for mainstream agencies of the economy like financial
institutions corporate sector and government (Reddy amp Reddy 2012)
ldquoWhile the SBLP has experienced exponential growth over the past decade bank lending to
SHG federations is currently being piloted In the long-term if the federations acting as
lsquobusiness correspondentrsquo hold considerable potential for financial inclusion and this
financial inclusion if done well will prove to be a sustainable modelrdquo (Reddy amp Reddy
2012) SHG federations will emerge as sustainable institutions of the poor providing a basket
of financial and livelihoods services to their member SHGs and ultimately to the women The
SHG sector as a whole and SBLP in particular has been facing a number of challenges such
Chapter VII
380
as low quality of groups unequal growth policy contradictions huge shortage of capacity
building infrastructure including resource material and resource persons to support the SHPIs
(Reddy amp Reddy 2012)
SHGs in India established themselves as credible institutions for financial inclusion
livelihood promotion and social development vis-a-vis cultural changes As a result many
official agencies civil society organisations and corporate bodies are adapting and or
partnering with SHGs in pursuing of their own agendas Because of this all-round support
from village level volunteers to the Government of India and from international NGOs to
Multilateral and Bilateral Donors SHGs are growing at an exponential rate (APMAS 2009a)
Several studies pointed out that SHG - banking has resulted in a significant decline in poverty
among SHG members It also resulted in a significant decline in SHG membersrsquo dependency
on money lenders and other informal credit sources Evidence from many parts of the country
suggests that the SHG ndash bank linkage not only helped the groups and members but also the
banks in optimum utilisation of their vast network of rural branches Though the SBLP is in
existence for more than two decades there are very few large scale studies on SHGs
particularly on issues related to quality amp sustainability The present study has been made
with the objective of assessment of perception of direct stakeholders of SGHs about quality
parameters of SHGs in Nagaon District of Assam
Observation of information processing in survey population samples presents an entirely
different set of problems than it does in the laboratory The kind of research which is done
through a questionnaire more cautions needs to be taken In the present study the
respondents have asked questions on their perceptions in the quality assessment of SHGs and
other quality issues After collecting the data and doing the necessary analysis the findings
have to be presented This is required in order to make necessary policy decisions because the
findings have certain policy implications Given the previous chapters the objectives of the
present chapter is to revisit the conclusions implications of the present study generalisation
of the present study to suggest measure for SHGs quality improvement if any to point out
the limitations of the studies and scope of future research in this area
72 Overall Conclusion
The followings conclusions are forwarded from the overall analysis interview with different
direct stakeholders of the study districts
Chapter VII
381
i Since the majority of the group respondents belongs to 40 years amp above age group
who are mainly wage earner disguised labour non-agricultural labourers private
employees job seeker and below poverty level hence it may be concluded that the
main objectives of the SHG approach in the study area is to provide employment and
to remove poverty
ii The majority of the promoting organisations of SHG in the study area are from
government agencies DRDA (SGSY) is the major promoter of SHG in the study
district Further majority of donor respondents comes from Government Departments
(50) while majority of financial institution respondents (789) comes from Public
Sector Financial Institutions like SBI and Other nationalised commercial banks
available in the study district Further most of the promoters covered within the
study are originated from Assam while there are a good number of respondents who
belongs to all India level and they are mostly financial institutions and Donor
Therefore it is concluded that the SHG programme in the study district is dominated
by government agencies like in other areas
iii Regarding the recovery percentage of SHG funds it is observed average recovery rate
of different stakeholders is within 50 -75 Further it is observed that 1579
respondents belonging to financial institutions and 125 of the respondents
belonging to Donor who reported recovery percentage is above 75 Therefore under
this consideration the quality of SHGs in the study district is average
iv Only 2556 of respondents from all categories of stakeholders excluding group
members reported that they conducted quality assessment Again only 1556
respondents from all categories of stakeholders excluding group members reported
that they conducted Impact Assessment Therefore it may conclude that quality and
impact assessment of SHGs in the study area is still at nascent stage Further 4556
of respondents from all categories of stakeholders excluding group members reported
that they conducted performance assessment therefore it may be concluded that
stakeholders are little bit more concerned with performance assessment in comparison
to impact and quality assessment
Chapter VII
382
v Since the direct stakeholders of SHG have no differences of opinion regarding the
parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs ie about the scale
containing 61 quality parameters covering 8 subscales of quality parameters however
only on 37 quality parameters they perceived differences of opinion The direct
stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common understanding on 25 elements of
selected quality assessment parameters for SHGs on 7 subscales only since they do
not perceived any elements of the sub-scales titled Organisational discipline (OD)
such as Attendance of members of SHGrsquos in group meeting (QAP-18) Degree of
unanimity among the members while arriving at decision in SHG (QAP-19) Division
amongst members because of disagreements in meeting of SHG (QAP-20) Regularity
in savings of SHG (QAP-22) Revision of mandatory savings of SHG (QAP-23)
Frequency and regularity of group meetings (QAP-43) and Degree of dropout rate of
members of the SHG (QAP-55) However in many studies these elements were
considered as the key elements while assessing the quality and performance SGHs in
India In the present study all the stakeholders do not perceived these elements as the
elements of quality assessment of SHGs The reasons for non inclusion of
Organisational discipline as a sub scale of quality parameters of SHG by all the
stakeholders of SHG are self explanatory (Table No 71)
Table No 71
Descriptive Statistics on Organisational Discipline (OD) as Quality Parameters for SHG
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Attendance of members of SHGrsquos in
group meeting
[QAP 18]
Promoter Mean 149 077 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 134 Upper Bound 165
Median 200 Variance 329 Std Deviation 573
Donor Mean 156 128 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 129 Upper Bound 184
Median 200 Variance 263 Std Deviation 512
Financial Institutions
Mean 174 104 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 152 Upper Bound 195
Median 200 Variance 205 Std Deviation 452
Chapter VII
383
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Group Members Mean 81 094 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 63 Upper Bound 100
Median 100 Variance 667 Std Deviation 817
Degree of unanimity among the members
while arriving at decision in
SHG [QAP 19]
Promoter Mean 93 103 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 72 Upper Bound 113
Median 100 Variance 587 Std Deviation 766
Donor Mean 125 112 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 101 Upper Bound 149
Median 100 Variance 200 Std Deviation 447
Financial Institutions
Mean 126 168 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 91 Upper Bound 162
Median 100 Variance 538 Std Deviation 733
Group Members Mean 77 096 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 58 Upper Bound 96
Median 100 Variance 691 Std Deviation 831
Division amongst members
because of disagreements in meeting of
SHG [QAP 20]
Promoter Mean 85 114 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 63 Upper Bound 108
Median 100 Variance 719 Std Deviation 848
Donor Mean 106 111 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 83 Upper Bound 130
Median 100 Variance 196 Std Deviation 443
Financial Institutions
Mean 121 237 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 71 Upper Bound 171
Median 100 Variance 1064
Chapter VII
384
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Std Deviation 1032 Group Members Mean 69 100
95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 49 Upper Bound 89
Median 100 Variance 756 Std Deviation 870
Regularity in savings of
SHG [QAP 22]
Promoter Mean 195 040 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 186 Upper Bound 203
Median 200 Variance 090 Std Deviation 299
Financial Institutions
Mean 184 115 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 160 Upper Bound 208
Median 200 Variance 251 Std Deviation 501
Group Members Mean 173 051 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 163 Upper Bound 184
Median 200 Variance 198 Std Deviation 445
Revision of mandatory savings of
SHG [QAP 23]
Promoter Mean 16 121 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -08 Upper Bound 41
Median 000 Variance 806 Std Deviation 898
Donor Mean 75 171 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 39 Upper Bound 111
Median 100 Variance 467 Std Deviation 683
Financial Institutions
Mean 05 195 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -36 Upper Bound 46
Median 000 Variance 719 Std Deviation 848
Group Members Mean 69 106 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 48 Upper Bound 90
Median 100 Variance 837
Chapter VII
385
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Std Deviation 915 Frequency
and regularity of group meetings [QAP 43]
Promoter Mean 85 071 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 71 Upper Bound 100
Median 100 Variance 275 Std Deviation 524
Donor Mean 88 085 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 69 Upper Bound 106
Median 100 Variance 117 Std Deviation 342
Financial Institutions
Mean 111 130 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 83 Upper Bound 138
Median 100 Variance 322 Std Deviation 567
Group Members Mean -05 097 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -25 Upper Bound 14
Median 000 Variance 700 Std Deviation 837
Degree of dropout rate of members of the SHG [QAP 55]
Promoter Mean 35 111 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 12 Upper Bound 57
Median 000 Variance 675 Std Deviation 821
Donor Mean 56 157 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 23 Upper Bound 90
Median 100 Variance 396 Std Deviation 629
Financial Institutions
Mean 32 217 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -14 Upper Bound 77
Median 000 Variance 895 Std Deviation 946
Group Members Mean 127 092 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 108 Upper Bound 145
Median 100
Chapter VII
386
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Variance 631 Std Deviation 794
The twenty five elements of quality parameters of SHG wherein all the stakeholders of SHG
perceived no differences of opinion and hence concluded as the key elements for assessing
the quality of SHGs based on the perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs viz
(a) Group constitutions (GC) which consist four items such as lsquoVision based
functioning of SHGrsquo [QAP-1] lsquoGender based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-2] lsquoCaste
based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-3] and lsquoDuration of existence of the SHGrsquo [QAP-
42]
(b) Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control
system (OS) which consist six items such as lsquoPre-fixed rules and regulation for
running the grouprsquo [QAP-5] lsquoLevel of awareness of members of SHGrsquo [QAP-8]
lsquoStrict following of the group norms by all the membersrsquo [QAP-9] lsquoElected group
leaders and office bearersrsquo [QAP-10] lsquoPractice of rotating leadershiprsquo [QAP-11]
and lsquoAccessibility of books and accounts by the membersrsquo [QAP-17]
(c) Financial management and performance (FM) which consist four items such as
lsquoDecision of SHG on loan sanctioningrsquo [QAP-26] lsquoPolicy of keeping emergency
funds by SHGrsquo [QAP-27] lsquoLoan recovery policy of SHGrsquo [QAP-28] and lsquoDegree
of exposure of investment portfolio risk assumed by SHGrsquo [QAP-49]
(d) Credit policy (CP) which consist three items such as lsquoFixation of rate of interestrsquo
[QAP-24] lsquoPractice of the doctrine all members needing loans have got them at
least oncersquo [QAP-58] and lsquoPractice of the principle of office bearers have taken
loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo [QAP-59]
(e) Capabilities and achievements (CA) which consist four items such as lsquoDegree of
participation measured in Percentage of members in decision makingrsquo [QAP-4]
lsquoMechanism for maintaining grouprsquos distinct identity in the communityrsquo [QAP-
57] and lsquoAccessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest
earned and default amount if any by the SHG membersrsquo [QAP-60]
Chapter VII
387
(f) ActivitiesServices undertaken by group members Activities Services
undertaken by group members (AC) that consist two items such as lsquoLevel of
awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justicersquo
[QAP-33] and lsquoOrganisation of community events by the SHGrsquo [QAP-34]
(g) External linkages (EL) which consist lsquoExistence of multiple agencies in group
promotionrsquo [QAP-41]
vi Direct stakeholders of SHGs have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Donor and Group
members have also lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG while Promoter and Financial Institutions
have lsquohigh level of intensityrsquo However there are differences among direct
stakeholders regarding perception of stakeholders about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
(a) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived strong level of desire to assess the quality of SHGs on
forty-one parameters
(b) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived low desire to assess the quality of SHGs on eight
parameters
(c) Group members had perceived strong level of desire on the four elements while
other direct stakeholders have low level of desire on the said elements
(d) Promoter have perceived low level of desire on fourteen elements Donor have
perceived low level of desire on fifteen elements Financial Institutions have
perceived low level of desire on nineteen elements while Group members have
perceived low level of desire on eight elements to assess the quality of SHGs on
their own perspective
vii Since the opinion of direct stakeholders regarding SHGs as Empowerment model is
Chapter VII
388
more homogeneous and having high values of descriptive statistics and therefore it is
concluded that SHGs are considered more as Empowerment Model Further there is
statistically significant difference between the group means of empowerment and
financial model However it is concluded that
(a) Financial Institutions does not perceive to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(b) Promoter and Group member perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(c) Donor strongly perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model of
development
(d) Group members do not perceived to consider SHG as financial Model of
development
(e) Donor and Promoter do not strongly perceive to consider SHG as financial Model
of development
(f) Financial Institutions strongly perceived to consider SHG as Financial Model of
development
(g) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Empowerment model viz lsquoParticipation in public
protests and campaigningrsquo (EM 1) lsquoAbility to make judicious purchasesrsquo (EM 2)
lsquoReduction in domestic violencersquo (EM 3) lsquoOvercoming the resistance from
husband and other members of the family to join the SHGrsquo (EM 5) lsquoSome women
can actively engage in the decision of their marriage with the elders in her
household ie freedom in choosing life partnerrsquo (EM 14) and lsquoCampaign against
social evilsrsquo (EM 32)
(h) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Financial model viz lsquoHelps in money transfersrsquo (FM
4 ) lsquoHelps in insurance to group membersrsquo (FM 6) lsquoAbility to take financial riskrsquo
Chapter VII
389
(FM 7) lsquoHelps in preparation of cash book and other ledger booksrsquo (FM 9)
lsquoHelps in acquiring the skill of cash managementrsquo (FM 10) lsquoHelps in acquiring
the skill budgetingrsquo (FM 11) lsquoHelps in special loan products for women from
funding agenciesrsquo (FM 12) lsquoHelps in pre-loan help with business planning by
fund provider to the groupsrsquo (FM 13) lsquoHelps in special loan guarantee and
collateral arrangements for groupsrsquo (FM 14) lsquoUnderstand and manage
commercial rate of interest on loanrsquo (FM 19) lsquoUnderstand and manage investment
of SHGs Understand and manage investment of SHGsrsquo (FM 20) lsquoUnderstand and
manage assets of SHGrsquo (FM 21) lsquoUnderstand and manage liability of the SHGrsquo
(FM 22) lsquoUnderstand and manage financing portfolio of SHGrsquo (FM 23)
lsquoUnderstand and manage cash flow projectionrsquo (FM 28) lsquoUnderstand and manage
return on earningrsquo (FM 29) and lsquoUnderstand and manage operating expensesrsquo (FM
30)
viii Since there is statistically significant no differences among the opinion of the direct
stakeholders of SHGs regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be core or peripheral components
of quality indicators of SHG ie about the scale containing 65 statements on impact
on members of SHGs covering 9 subscales however only on 27 elements there are
differences of opinion The direct stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common
understanding on 38 elements covering 9 sub-scales of selected statements regarding
whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be core or peripheral components of quality indicators of SHG
and hence considered the key factors that impact the members of SHGs These are as
follows
(a) Economic impact (EC) with the elements like lsquoReduction in poverty through
SHGrsquo [IMPC 12] lsquoEnhancement of employment opportunities in rural areasrsquo
[IMPC 14] and lsquoEnhancement of creation of assets in rural areasrsquo [IMPC 15]
(b) Participatory (PA) with the element like lsquoEnhancement of ability to
understand amp solve problemsrsquo [IMPC 55]
Chapter VII
390
(c) Empowerment (EM) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
economic and social empowermentrsquo [IMPC 11] lsquoIncrease in power of
decision makingrsquo [IMPC 31] lsquoImproving communication skillrsquo [IMPC 38]
lsquoEnhancement of ability to fight injusticersquo [IMPC 44] lsquoEnhancement of
strengthened ties among womenrsquo [IMPC 50] lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
improved status in household and communityrsquo [IMPC 52] and lsquoEnhancement
of ability to participate in non-family grouprsquo [IMPC 65]
(d) Skill development (SD) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in technical amp
practical skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 13] lsquoEnhancement of use of skills for
income generationrsquo [IMPC 17] lsquoEnhancement of awareness about trainings
organized by NGOrsquo [IMPC 20] and lsquoImprovement in technical and practical
skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 30]
(e) Access to social services (AS) with the elements like lsquoAwareness on health
and sanitationrsquo [IMPC 7] lsquoEnhancement of help government in immunisation
programmesrsquo [IMPC 57] and lsquoEnhancement of social responsibility drivesrsquo
[IMPC 29]
(f) Social (SO) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in the literacy levelrsquo [IMPC
5] lsquoReduction in childrenrsquos school dropoutsrsquo [IMPC 56] lsquoEnhancement of
menrsquos positive change in behaviour and attitudersquo [IMPC 53] and
lsquoEnhancement of action to bring gender equalityrsquo [IMPC 54]
(g) Psychological (PS) with the elements like lsquoImprovements in couragersquo [IMPC
1] lsquoAwareness on food and nutritionrsquo [IMPC 8] lsquoConfidences to talk within
family by womenrsquo [IMPC 9] lsquoCreating awareness about self reliancersquo [IMPC
35] lsquoEnhancement of societal statusrsquo [IMPC 36] and lsquoEnhancement of
improved relationships with husbandsrsquo [IMPC 51]
(h) Community development (CD) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of
creating awareness about cleanliness of surrounding of environmentrsquo [IMPC
37] lsquoEnhancement of water supply within the residential localityrsquo [IMPC 61]
and lsquoEnhancement of medical facility for livestock within localityrsquo [IMPC 62]
and
Chapter VII
391
(i) Capacity building (CB) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of managerial
abilities of womenrsquo [IMPC 16] lsquoOrientation for groups managementrsquo [IMPC
18] lsquoEnhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groupsrsquo [IMPC
19] lsquoEnhancement of setting micro enterprisesincome generating activityrsquo
[IMPC 21] lsquoEnhancement of ability to try new venturesrsquo [IMPC 41]
lsquoEnhancement of inducing to assume leadership on issues and skillsrsquo [IMPC
42] and lsquoEnhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding
itrsquo [IMPC 58]
ix Different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoneither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
Promoter Financial Institutions and Group member perceived their opinion that
impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues should be
lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo while Donor perceived their opinion as
lsquoMostly core componentrsquo This implied that Donorrsquos are more concerned with the
social impact on members while Financial Institutions are less concerned with such
issues
x Direct stakeholders perceived their opinion that impact on members on social
perspectives are seems to be a core component or neither core nor peripheral
component on 46 selected statements while assessing the quality parameters of SHGs
Similarly they showed their negative perceptions on 19 selected statements and hence
considered peripheral components while assessing impact on members of SHGs and
its involvement in large social issues is core or peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs The elements on which the different stakeholders showed
negative perception signify that these elements are peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs These are (i) Social impact (Negative attitude towards dowry and
other social evils [IMPC-4] Enhancement of action to bring gender equality [IMPC-
54]) (ii) Capacity building (Orientation for groups management [IMPC-18]
Enhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groups [IMPC-19]
Enhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding it [IMPC-58]
Enhancement of lobbying with administrative authorities for amenitiesproblem
solving [IMPC-59]) (iii) Economic Impact (Increases the value of asset [IMPC-25]
Chapter VII
392
Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social
Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory
(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])
and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the
residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within
locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the
core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on
members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues
In nutshell it may be concluded that
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of
SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group
itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis
I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model
(Not same as hypothesis IV)
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality
indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)
73 Generalisation of Findings
Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other
populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe
usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)
Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe
2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo
(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of
generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
380
as low quality of groups unequal growth policy contradictions huge shortage of capacity
building infrastructure including resource material and resource persons to support the SHPIs
(Reddy amp Reddy 2012)
SHGs in India established themselves as credible institutions for financial inclusion
livelihood promotion and social development vis-a-vis cultural changes As a result many
official agencies civil society organisations and corporate bodies are adapting and or
partnering with SHGs in pursuing of their own agendas Because of this all-round support
from village level volunteers to the Government of India and from international NGOs to
Multilateral and Bilateral Donors SHGs are growing at an exponential rate (APMAS 2009a)
Several studies pointed out that SHG - banking has resulted in a significant decline in poverty
among SHG members It also resulted in a significant decline in SHG membersrsquo dependency
on money lenders and other informal credit sources Evidence from many parts of the country
suggests that the SHG ndash bank linkage not only helped the groups and members but also the
banks in optimum utilisation of their vast network of rural branches Though the SBLP is in
existence for more than two decades there are very few large scale studies on SHGs
particularly on issues related to quality amp sustainability The present study has been made
with the objective of assessment of perception of direct stakeholders of SGHs about quality
parameters of SHGs in Nagaon District of Assam
Observation of information processing in survey population samples presents an entirely
different set of problems than it does in the laboratory The kind of research which is done
through a questionnaire more cautions needs to be taken In the present study the
respondents have asked questions on their perceptions in the quality assessment of SHGs and
other quality issues After collecting the data and doing the necessary analysis the findings
have to be presented This is required in order to make necessary policy decisions because the
findings have certain policy implications Given the previous chapters the objectives of the
present chapter is to revisit the conclusions implications of the present study generalisation
of the present study to suggest measure for SHGs quality improvement if any to point out
the limitations of the studies and scope of future research in this area
72 Overall Conclusion
The followings conclusions are forwarded from the overall analysis interview with different
direct stakeholders of the study districts
Chapter VII
381
i Since the majority of the group respondents belongs to 40 years amp above age group
who are mainly wage earner disguised labour non-agricultural labourers private
employees job seeker and below poverty level hence it may be concluded that the
main objectives of the SHG approach in the study area is to provide employment and
to remove poverty
ii The majority of the promoting organisations of SHG in the study area are from
government agencies DRDA (SGSY) is the major promoter of SHG in the study
district Further majority of donor respondents comes from Government Departments
(50) while majority of financial institution respondents (789) comes from Public
Sector Financial Institutions like SBI and Other nationalised commercial banks
available in the study district Further most of the promoters covered within the
study are originated from Assam while there are a good number of respondents who
belongs to all India level and they are mostly financial institutions and Donor
Therefore it is concluded that the SHG programme in the study district is dominated
by government agencies like in other areas
iii Regarding the recovery percentage of SHG funds it is observed average recovery rate
of different stakeholders is within 50 -75 Further it is observed that 1579
respondents belonging to financial institutions and 125 of the respondents
belonging to Donor who reported recovery percentage is above 75 Therefore under
this consideration the quality of SHGs in the study district is average
iv Only 2556 of respondents from all categories of stakeholders excluding group
members reported that they conducted quality assessment Again only 1556
respondents from all categories of stakeholders excluding group members reported
that they conducted Impact Assessment Therefore it may conclude that quality and
impact assessment of SHGs in the study area is still at nascent stage Further 4556
of respondents from all categories of stakeholders excluding group members reported
that they conducted performance assessment therefore it may be concluded that
stakeholders are little bit more concerned with performance assessment in comparison
to impact and quality assessment
Chapter VII
382
v Since the direct stakeholders of SHG have no differences of opinion regarding the
parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs ie about the scale
containing 61 quality parameters covering 8 subscales of quality parameters however
only on 37 quality parameters they perceived differences of opinion The direct
stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common understanding on 25 elements of
selected quality assessment parameters for SHGs on 7 subscales only since they do
not perceived any elements of the sub-scales titled Organisational discipline (OD)
such as Attendance of members of SHGrsquos in group meeting (QAP-18) Degree of
unanimity among the members while arriving at decision in SHG (QAP-19) Division
amongst members because of disagreements in meeting of SHG (QAP-20) Regularity
in savings of SHG (QAP-22) Revision of mandatory savings of SHG (QAP-23)
Frequency and regularity of group meetings (QAP-43) and Degree of dropout rate of
members of the SHG (QAP-55) However in many studies these elements were
considered as the key elements while assessing the quality and performance SGHs in
India In the present study all the stakeholders do not perceived these elements as the
elements of quality assessment of SHGs The reasons for non inclusion of
Organisational discipline as a sub scale of quality parameters of SHG by all the
stakeholders of SHG are self explanatory (Table No 71)
Table No 71
Descriptive Statistics on Organisational Discipline (OD) as Quality Parameters for SHG
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Attendance of members of SHGrsquos in
group meeting
[QAP 18]
Promoter Mean 149 077 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 134 Upper Bound 165
Median 200 Variance 329 Std Deviation 573
Donor Mean 156 128 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 129 Upper Bound 184
Median 200 Variance 263 Std Deviation 512
Financial Institutions
Mean 174 104 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 152 Upper Bound 195
Median 200 Variance 205 Std Deviation 452
Chapter VII
383
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Group Members Mean 81 094 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 63 Upper Bound 100
Median 100 Variance 667 Std Deviation 817
Degree of unanimity among the members
while arriving at decision in
SHG [QAP 19]
Promoter Mean 93 103 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 72 Upper Bound 113
Median 100 Variance 587 Std Deviation 766
Donor Mean 125 112 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 101 Upper Bound 149
Median 100 Variance 200 Std Deviation 447
Financial Institutions
Mean 126 168 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 91 Upper Bound 162
Median 100 Variance 538 Std Deviation 733
Group Members Mean 77 096 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 58 Upper Bound 96
Median 100 Variance 691 Std Deviation 831
Division amongst members
because of disagreements in meeting of
SHG [QAP 20]
Promoter Mean 85 114 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 63 Upper Bound 108
Median 100 Variance 719 Std Deviation 848
Donor Mean 106 111 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 83 Upper Bound 130
Median 100 Variance 196 Std Deviation 443
Financial Institutions
Mean 121 237 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 71 Upper Bound 171
Median 100 Variance 1064
Chapter VII
384
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Std Deviation 1032 Group Members Mean 69 100
95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 49 Upper Bound 89
Median 100 Variance 756 Std Deviation 870
Regularity in savings of
SHG [QAP 22]
Promoter Mean 195 040 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 186 Upper Bound 203
Median 200 Variance 090 Std Deviation 299
Financial Institutions
Mean 184 115 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 160 Upper Bound 208
Median 200 Variance 251 Std Deviation 501
Group Members Mean 173 051 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 163 Upper Bound 184
Median 200 Variance 198 Std Deviation 445
Revision of mandatory savings of
SHG [QAP 23]
Promoter Mean 16 121 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -08 Upper Bound 41
Median 000 Variance 806 Std Deviation 898
Donor Mean 75 171 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 39 Upper Bound 111
Median 100 Variance 467 Std Deviation 683
Financial Institutions
Mean 05 195 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -36 Upper Bound 46
Median 000 Variance 719 Std Deviation 848
Group Members Mean 69 106 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 48 Upper Bound 90
Median 100 Variance 837
Chapter VII
385
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Std Deviation 915 Frequency
and regularity of group meetings [QAP 43]
Promoter Mean 85 071 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 71 Upper Bound 100
Median 100 Variance 275 Std Deviation 524
Donor Mean 88 085 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 69 Upper Bound 106
Median 100 Variance 117 Std Deviation 342
Financial Institutions
Mean 111 130 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 83 Upper Bound 138
Median 100 Variance 322 Std Deviation 567
Group Members Mean -05 097 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -25 Upper Bound 14
Median 000 Variance 700 Std Deviation 837
Degree of dropout rate of members of the SHG [QAP 55]
Promoter Mean 35 111 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 12 Upper Bound 57
Median 000 Variance 675 Std Deviation 821
Donor Mean 56 157 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 23 Upper Bound 90
Median 100 Variance 396 Std Deviation 629
Financial Institutions
Mean 32 217 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -14 Upper Bound 77
Median 000 Variance 895 Std Deviation 946
Group Members Mean 127 092 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 108 Upper Bound 145
Median 100
Chapter VII
386
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Variance 631 Std Deviation 794
The twenty five elements of quality parameters of SHG wherein all the stakeholders of SHG
perceived no differences of opinion and hence concluded as the key elements for assessing
the quality of SHGs based on the perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs viz
(a) Group constitutions (GC) which consist four items such as lsquoVision based
functioning of SHGrsquo [QAP-1] lsquoGender based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-2] lsquoCaste
based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-3] and lsquoDuration of existence of the SHGrsquo [QAP-
42]
(b) Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control
system (OS) which consist six items such as lsquoPre-fixed rules and regulation for
running the grouprsquo [QAP-5] lsquoLevel of awareness of members of SHGrsquo [QAP-8]
lsquoStrict following of the group norms by all the membersrsquo [QAP-9] lsquoElected group
leaders and office bearersrsquo [QAP-10] lsquoPractice of rotating leadershiprsquo [QAP-11]
and lsquoAccessibility of books and accounts by the membersrsquo [QAP-17]
(c) Financial management and performance (FM) which consist four items such as
lsquoDecision of SHG on loan sanctioningrsquo [QAP-26] lsquoPolicy of keeping emergency
funds by SHGrsquo [QAP-27] lsquoLoan recovery policy of SHGrsquo [QAP-28] and lsquoDegree
of exposure of investment portfolio risk assumed by SHGrsquo [QAP-49]
(d) Credit policy (CP) which consist three items such as lsquoFixation of rate of interestrsquo
[QAP-24] lsquoPractice of the doctrine all members needing loans have got them at
least oncersquo [QAP-58] and lsquoPractice of the principle of office bearers have taken
loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo [QAP-59]
(e) Capabilities and achievements (CA) which consist four items such as lsquoDegree of
participation measured in Percentage of members in decision makingrsquo [QAP-4]
lsquoMechanism for maintaining grouprsquos distinct identity in the communityrsquo [QAP-
57] and lsquoAccessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest
earned and default amount if any by the SHG membersrsquo [QAP-60]
Chapter VII
387
(f) ActivitiesServices undertaken by group members Activities Services
undertaken by group members (AC) that consist two items such as lsquoLevel of
awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justicersquo
[QAP-33] and lsquoOrganisation of community events by the SHGrsquo [QAP-34]
(g) External linkages (EL) which consist lsquoExistence of multiple agencies in group
promotionrsquo [QAP-41]
vi Direct stakeholders of SHGs have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Donor and Group
members have also lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG while Promoter and Financial Institutions
have lsquohigh level of intensityrsquo However there are differences among direct
stakeholders regarding perception of stakeholders about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
(a) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived strong level of desire to assess the quality of SHGs on
forty-one parameters
(b) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived low desire to assess the quality of SHGs on eight
parameters
(c) Group members had perceived strong level of desire on the four elements while
other direct stakeholders have low level of desire on the said elements
(d) Promoter have perceived low level of desire on fourteen elements Donor have
perceived low level of desire on fifteen elements Financial Institutions have
perceived low level of desire on nineteen elements while Group members have
perceived low level of desire on eight elements to assess the quality of SHGs on
their own perspective
vii Since the opinion of direct stakeholders regarding SHGs as Empowerment model is
Chapter VII
388
more homogeneous and having high values of descriptive statistics and therefore it is
concluded that SHGs are considered more as Empowerment Model Further there is
statistically significant difference between the group means of empowerment and
financial model However it is concluded that
(a) Financial Institutions does not perceive to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(b) Promoter and Group member perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(c) Donor strongly perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model of
development
(d) Group members do not perceived to consider SHG as financial Model of
development
(e) Donor and Promoter do not strongly perceive to consider SHG as financial Model
of development
(f) Financial Institutions strongly perceived to consider SHG as Financial Model of
development
(g) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Empowerment model viz lsquoParticipation in public
protests and campaigningrsquo (EM 1) lsquoAbility to make judicious purchasesrsquo (EM 2)
lsquoReduction in domestic violencersquo (EM 3) lsquoOvercoming the resistance from
husband and other members of the family to join the SHGrsquo (EM 5) lsquoSome women
can actively engage in the decision of their marriage with the elders in her
household ie freedom in choosing life partnerrsquo (EM 14) and lsquoCampaign against
social evilsrsquo (EM 32)
(h) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Financial model viz lsquoHelps in money transfersrsquo (FM
4 ) lsquoHelps in insurance to group membersrsquo (FM 6) lsquoAbility to take financial riskrsquo
Chapter VII
389
(FM 7) lsquoHelps in preparation of cash book and other ledger booksrsquo (FM 9)
lsquoHelps in acquiring the skill of cash managementrsquo (FM 10) lsquoHelps in acquiring
the skill budgetingrsquo (FM 11) lsquoHelps in special loan products for women from
funding agenciesrsquo (FM 12) lsquoHelps in pre-loan help with business planning by
fund provider to the groupsrsquo (FM 13) lsquoHelps in special loan guarantee and
collateral arrangements for groupsrsquo (FM 14) lsquoUnderstand and manage
commercial rate of interest on loanrsquo (FM 19) lsquoUnderstand and manage investment
of SHGs Understand and manage investment of SHGsrsquo (FM 20) lsquoUnderstand and
manage assets of SHGrsquo (FM 21) lsquoUnderstand and manage liability of the SHGrsquo
(FM 22) lsquoUnderstand and manage financing portfolio of SHGrsquo (FM 23)
lsquoUnderstand and manage cash flow projectionrsquo (FM 28) lsquoUnderstand and manage
return on earningrsquo (FM 29) and lsquoUnderstand and manage operating expensesrsquo (FM
30)
viii Since there is statistically significant no differences among the opinion of the direct
stakeholders of SHGs regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be core or peripheral components
of quality indicators of SHG ie about the scale containing 65 statements on impact
on members of SHGs covering 9 subscales however only on 27 elements there are
differences of opinion The direct stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common
understanding on 38 elements covering 9 sub-scales of selected statements regarding
whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be core or peripheral components of quality indicators of SHG
and hence considered the key factors that impact the members of SHGs These are as
follows
(a) Economic impact (EC) with the elements like lsquoReduction in poverty through
SHGrsquo [IMPC 12] lsquoEnhancement of employment opportunities in rural areasrsquo
[IMPC 14] and lsquoEnhancement of creation of assets in rural areasrsquo [IMPC 15]
(b) Participatory (PA) with the element like lsquoEnhancement of ability to
understand amp solve problemsrsquo [IMPC 55]
Chapter VII
390
(c) Empowerment (EM) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
economic and social empowermentrsquo [IMPC 11] lsquoIncrease in power of
decision makingrsquo [IMPC 31] lsquoImproving communication skillrsquo [IMPC 38]
lsquoEnhancement of ability to fight injusticersquo [IMPC 44] lsquoEnhancement of
strengthened ties among womenrsquo [IMPC 50] lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
improved status in household and communityrsquo [IMPC 52] and lsquoEnhancement
of ability to participate in non-family grouprsquo [IMPC 65]
(d) Skill development (SD) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in technical amp
practical skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 13] lsquoEnhancement of use of skills for
income generationrsquo [IMPC 17] lsquoEnhancement of awareness about trainings
organized by NGOrsquo [IMPC 20] and lsquoImprovement in technical and practical
skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 30]
(e) Access to social services (AS) with the elements like lsquoAwareness on health
and sanitationrsquo [IMPC 7] lsquoEnhancement of help government in immunisation
programmesrsquo [IMPC 57] and lsquoEnhancement of social responsibility drivesrsquo
[IMPC 29]
(f) Social (SO) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in the literacy levelrsquo [IMPC
5] lsquoReduction in childrenrsquos school dropoutsrsquo [IMPC 56] lsquoEnhancement of
menrsquos positive change in behaviour and attitudersquo [IMPC 53] and
lsquoEnhancement of action to bring gender equalityrsquo [IMPC 54]
(g) Psychological (PS) with the elements like lsquoImprovements in couragersquo [IMPC
1] lsquoAwareness on food and nutritionrsquo [IMPC 8] lsquoConfidences to talk within
family by womenrsquo [IMPC 9] lsquoCreating awareness about self reliancersquo [IMPC
35] lsquoEnhancement of societal statusrsquo [IMPC 36] and lsquoEnhancement of
improved relationships with husbandsrsquo [IMPC 51]
(h) Community development (CD) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of
creating awareness about cleanliness of surrounding of environmentrsquo [IMPC
37] lsquoEnhancement of water supply within the residential localityrsquo [IMPC 61]
and lsquoEnhancement of medical facility for livestock within localityrsquo [IMPC 62]
and
Chapter VII
391
(i) Capacity building (CB) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of managerial
abilities of womenrsquo [IMPC 16] lsquoOrientation for groups managementrsquo [IMPC
18] lsquoEnhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groupsrsquo [IMPC
19] lsquoEnhancement of setting micro enterprisesincome generating activityrsquo
[IMPC 21] lsquoEnhancement of ability to try new venturesrsquo [IMPC 41]
lsquoEnhancement of inducing to assume leadership on issues and skillsrsquo [IMPC
42] and lsquoEnhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding
itrsquo [IMPC 58]
ix Different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoneither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
Promoter Financial Institutions and Group member perceived their opinion that
impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues should be
lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo while Donor perceived their opinion as
lsquoMostly core componentrsquo This implied that Donorrsquos are more concerned with the
social impact on members while Financial Institutions are less concerned with such
issues
x Direct stakeholders perceived their opinion that impact on members on social
perspectives are seems to be a core component or neither core nor peripheral
component on 46 selected statements while assessing the quality parameters of SHGs
Similarly they showed their negative perceptions on 19 selected statements and hence
considered peripheral components while assessing impact on members of SHGs and
its involvement in large social issues is core or peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs The elements on which the different stakeholders showed
negative perception signify that these elements are peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs These are (i) Social impact (Negative attitude towards dowry and
other social evils [IMPC-4] Enhancement of action to bring gender equality [IMPC-
54]) (ii) Capacity building (Orientation for groups management [IMPC-18]
Enhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groups [IMPC-19]
Enhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding it [IMPC-58]
Enhancement of lobbying with administrative authorities for amenitiesproblem
solving [IMPC-59]) (iii) Economic Impact (Increases the value of asset [IMPC-25]
Chapter VII
392
Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social
Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory
(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])
and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the
residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within
locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the
core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on
members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues
In nutshell it may be concluded that
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of
SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group
itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis
I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model
(Not same as hypothesis IV)
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality
indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)
73 Generalisation of Findings
Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other
populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe
usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)
Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe
2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo
(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of
generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
381
i Since the majority of the group respondents belongs to 40 years amp above age group
who are mainly wage earner disguised labour non-agricultural labourers private
employees job seeker and below poverty level hence it may be concluded that the
main objectives of the SHG approach in the study area is to provide employment and
to remove poverty
ii The majority of the promoting organisations of SHG in the study area are from
government agencies DRDA (SGSY) is the major promoter of SHG in the study
district Further majority of donor respondents comes from Government Departments
(50) while majority of financial institution respondents (789) comes from Public
Sector Financial Institutions like SBI and Other nationalised commercial banks
available in the study district Further most of the promoters covered within the
study are originated from Assam while there are a good number of respondents who
belongs to all India level and they are mostly financial institutions and Donor
Therefore it is concluded that the SHG programme in the study district is dominated
by government agencies like in other areas
iii Regarding the recovery percentage of SHG funds it is observed average recovery rate
of different stakeholders is within 50 -75 Further it is observed that 1579
respondents belonging to financial institutions and 125 of the respondents
belonging to Donor who reported recovery percentage is above 75 Therefore under
this consideration the quality of SHGs in the study district is average
iv Only 2556 of respondents from all categories of stakeholders excluding group
members reported that they conducted quality assessment Again only 1556
respondents from all categories of stakeholders excluding group members reported
that they conducted Impact Assessment Therefore it may conclude that quality and
impact assessment of SHGs in the study area is still at nascent stage Further 4556
of respondents from all categories of stakeholders excluding group members reported
that they conducted performance assessment therefore it may be concluded that
stakeholders are little bit more concerned with performance assessment in comparison
to impact and quality assessment
Chapter VII
382
v Since the direct stakeholders of SHG have no differences of opinion regarding the
parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs ie about the scale
containing 61 quality parameters covering 8 subscales of quality parameters however
only on 37 quality parameters they perceived differences of opinion The direct
stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common understanding on 25 elements of
selected quality assessment parameters for SHGs on 7 subscales only since they do
not perceived any elements of the sub-scales titled Organisational discipline (OD)
such as Attendance of members of SHGrsquos in group meeting (QAP-18) Degree of
unanimity among the members while arriving at decision in SHG (QAP-19) Division
amongst members because of disagreements in meeting of SHG (QAP-20) Regularity
in savings of SHG (QAP-22) Revision of mandatory savings of SHG (QAP-23)
Frequency and regularity of group meetings (QAP-43) and Degree of dropout rate of
members of the SHG (QAP-55) However in many studies these elements were
considered as the key elements while assessing the quality and performance SGHs in
India In the present study all the stakeholders do not perceived these elements as the
elements of quality assessment of SHGs The reasons for non inclusion of
Organisational discipline as a sub scale of quality parameters of SHG by all the
stakeholders of SHG are self explanatory (Table No 71)
Table No 71
Descriptive Statistics on Organisational Discipline (OD) as Quality Parameters for SHG
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Attendance of members of SHGrsquos in
group meeting
[QAP 18]
Promoter Mean 149 077 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 134 Upper Bound 165
Median 200 Variance 329 Std Deviation 573
Donor Mean 156 128 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 129 Upper Bound 184
Median 200 Variance 263 Std Deviation 512
Financial Institutions
Mean 174 104 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 152 Upper Bound 195
Median 200 Variance 205 Std Deviation 452
Chapter VII
383
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Group Members Mean 81 094 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 63 Upper Bound 100
Median 100 Variance 667 Std Deviation 817
Degree of unanimity among the members
while arriving at decision in
SHG [QAP 19]
Promoter Mean 93 103 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 72 Upper Bound 113
Median 100 Variance 587 Std Deviation 766
Donor Mean 125 112 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 101 Upper Bound 149
Median 100 Variance 200 Std Deviation 447
Financial Institutions
Mean 126 168 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 91 Upper Bound 162
Median 100 Variance 538 Std Deviation 733
Group Members Mean 77 096 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 58 Upper Bound 96
Median 100 Variance 691 Std Deviation 831
Division amongst members
because of disagreements in meeting of
SHG [QAP 20]
Promoter Mean 85 114 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 63 Upper Bound 108
Median 100 Variance 719 Std Deviation 848
Donor Mean 106 111 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 83 Upper Bound 130
Median 100 Variance 196 Std Deviation 443
Financial Institutions
Mean 121 237 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 71 Upper Bound 171
Median 100 Variance 1064
Chapter VII
384
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Std Deviation 1032 Group Members Mean 69 100
95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 49 Upper Bound 89
Median 100 Variance 756 Std Deviation 870
Regularity in savings of
SHG [QAP 22]
Promoter Mean 195 040 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 186 Upper Bound 203
Median 200 Variance 090 Std Deviation 299
Financial Institutions
Mean 184 115 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 160 Upper Bound 208
Median 200 Variance 251 Std Deviation 501
Group Members Mean 173 051 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 163 Upper Bound 184
Median 200 Variance 198 Std Deviation 445
Revision of mandatory savings of
SHG [QAP 23]
Promoter Mean 16 121 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -08 Upper Bound 41
Median 000 Variance 806 Std Deviation 898
Donor Mean 75 171 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 39 Upper Bound 111
Median 100 Variance 467 Std Deviation 683
Financial Institutions
Mean 05 195 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -36 Upper Bound 46
Median 000 Variance 719 Std Deviation 848
Group Members Mean 69 106 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 48 Upper Bound 90
Median 100 Variance 837
Chapter VII
385
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Std Deviation 915 Frequency
and regularity of group meetings [QAP 43]
Promoter Mean 85 071 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 71 Upper Bound 100
Median 100 Variance 275 Std Deviation 524
Donor Mean 88 085 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 69 Upper Bound 106
Median 100 Variance 117 Std Deviation 342
Financial Institutions
Mean 111 130 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 83 Upper Bound 138
Median 100 Variance 322 Std Deviation 567
Group Members Mean -05 097 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -25 Upper Bound 14
Median 000 Variance 700 Std Deviation 837
Degree of dropout rate of members of the SHG [QAP 55]
Promoter Mean 35 111 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 12 Upper Bound 57
Median 000 Variance 675 Std Deviation 821
Donor Mean 56 157 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 23 Upper Bound 90
Median 100 Variance 396 Std Deviation 629
Financial Institutions
Mean 32 217 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -14 Upper Bound 77
Median 000 Variance 895 Std Deviation 946
Group Members Mean 127 092 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 108 Upper Bound 145
Median 100
Chapter VII
386
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Variance 631 Std Deviation 794
The twenty five elements of quality parameters of SHG wherein all the stakeholders of SHG
perceived no differences of opinion and hence concluded as the key elements for assessing
the quality of SHGs based on the perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs viz
(a) Group constitutions (GC) which consist four items such as lsquoVision based
functioning of SHGrsquo [QAP-1] lsquoGender based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-2] lsquoCaste
based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-3] and lsquoDuration of existence of the SHGrsquo [QAP-
42]
(b) Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control
system (OS) which consist six items such as lsquoPre-fixed rules and regulation for
running the grouprsquo [QAP-5] lsquoLevel of awareness of members of SHGrsquo [QAP-8]
lsquoStrict following of the group norms by all the membersrsquo [QAP-9] lsquoElected group
leaders and office bearersrsquo [QAP-10] lsquoPractice of rotating leadershiprsquo [QAP-11]
and lsquoAccessibility of books and accounts by the membersrsquo [QAP-17]
(c) Financial management and performance (FM) which consist four items such as
lsquoDecision of SHG on loan sanctioningrsquo [QAP-26] lsquoPolicy of keeping emergency
funds by SHGrsquo [QAP-27] lsquoLoan recovery policy of SHGrsquo [QAP-28] and lsquoDegree
of exposure of investment portfolio risk assumed by SHGrsquo [QAP-49]
(d) Credit policy (CP) which consist three items such as lsquoFixation of rate of interestrsquo
[QAP-24] lsquoPractice of the doctrine all members needing loans have got them at
least oncersquo [QAP-58] and lsquoPractice of the principle of office bearers have taken
loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo [QAP-59]
(e) Capabilities and achievements (CA) which consist four items such as lsquoDegree of
participation measured in Percentage of members in decision makingrsquo [QAP-4]
lsquoMechanism for maintaining grouprsquos distinct identity in the communityrsquo [QAP-
57] and lsquoAccessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest
earned and default amount if any by the SHG membersrsquo [QAP-60]
Chapter VII
387
(f) ActivitiesServices undertaken by group members Activities Services
undertaken by group members (AC) that consist two items such as lsquoLevel of
awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justicersquo
[QAP-33] and lsquoOrganisation of community events by the SHGrsquo [QAP-34]
(g) External linkages (EL) which consist lsquoExistence of multiple agencies in group
promotionrsquo [QAP-41]
vi Direct stakeholders of SHGs have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Donor and Group
members have also lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG while Promoter and Financial Institutions
have lsquohigh level of intensityrsquo However there are differences among direct
stakeholders regarding perception of stakeholders about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
(a) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived strong level of desire to assess the quality of SHGs on
forty-one parameters
(b) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived low desire to assess the quality of SHGs on eight
parameters
(c) Group members had perceived strong level of desire on the four elements while
other direct stakeholders have low level of desire on the said elements
(d) Promoter have perceived low level of desire on fourteen elements Donor have
perceived low level of desire on fifteen elements Financial Institutions have
perceived low level of desire on nineteen elements while Group members have
perceived low level of desire on eight elements to assess the quality of SHGs on
their own perspective
vii Since the opinion of direct stakeholders regarding SHGs as Empowerment model is
Chapter VII
388
more homogeneous and having high values of descriptive statistics and therefore it is
concluded that SHGs are considered more as Empowerment Model Further there is
statistically significant difference between the group means of empowerment and
financial model However it is concluded that
(a) Financial Institutions does not perceive to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(b) Promoter and Group member perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(c) Donor strongly perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model of
development
(d) Group members do not perceived to consider SHG as financial Model of
development
(e) Donor and Promoter do not strongly perceive to consider SHG as financial Model
of development
(f) Financial Institutions strongly perceived to consider SHG as Financial Model of
development
(g) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Empowerment model viz lsquoParticipation in public
protests and campaigningrsquo (EM 1) lsquoAbility to make judicious purchasesrsquo (EM 2)
lsquoReduction in domestic violencersquo (EM 3) lsquoOvercoming the resistance from
husband and other members of the family to join the SHGrsquo (EM 5) lsquoSome women
can actively engage in the decision of their marriage with the elders in her
household ie freedom in choosing life partnerrsquo (EM 14) and lsquoCampaign against
social evilsrsquo (EM 32)
(h) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Financial model viz lsquoHelps in money transfersrsquo (FM
4 ) lsquoHelps in insurance to group membersrsquo (FM 6) lsquoAbility to take financial riskrsquo
Chapter VII
389
(FM 7) lsquoHelps in preparation of cash book and other ledger booksrsquo (FM 9)
lsquoHelps in acquiring the skill of cash managementrsquo (FM 10) lsquoHelps in acquiring
the skill budgetingrsquo (FM 11) lsquoHelps in special loan products for women from
funding agenciesrsquo (FM 12) lsquoHelps in pre-loan help with business planning by
fund provider to the groupsrsquo (FM 13) lsquoHelps in special loan guarantee and
collateral arrangements for groupsrsquo (FM 14) lsquoUnderstand and manage
commercial rate of interest on loanrsquo (FM 19) lsquoUnderstand and manage investment
of SHGs Understand and manage investment of SHGsrsquo (FM 20) lsquoUnderstand and
manage assets of SHGrsquo (FM 21) lsquoUnderstand and manage liability of the SHGrsquo
(FM 22) lsquoUnderstand and manage financing portfolio of SHGrsquo (FM 23)
lsquoUnderstand and manage cash flow projectionrsquo (FM 28) lsquoUnderstand and manage
return on earningrsquo (FM 29) and lsquoUnderstand and manage operating expensesrsquo (FM
30)
viii Since there is statistically significant no differences among the opinion of the direct
stakeholders of SHGs regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be core or peripheral components
of quality indicators of SHG ie about the scale containing 65 statements on impact
on members of SHGs covering 9 subscales however only on 27 elements there are
differences of opinion The direct stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common
understanding on 38 elements covering 9 sub-scales of selected statements regarding
whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be core or peripheral components of quality indicators of SHG
and hence considered the key factors that impact the members of SHGs These are as
follows
(a) Economic impact (EC) with the elements like lsquoReduction in poverty through
SHGrsquo [IMPC 12] lsquoEnhancement of employment opportunities in rural areasrsquo
[IMPC 14] and lsquoEnhancement of creation of assets in rural areasrsquo [IMPC 15]
(b) Participatory (PA) with the element like lsquoEnhancement of ability to
understand amp solve problemsrsquo [IMPC 55]
Chapter VII
390
(c) Empowerment (EM) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
economic and social empowermentrsquo [IMPC 11] lsquoIncrease in power of
decision makingrsquo [IMPC 31] lsquoImproving communication skillrsquo [IMPC 38]
lsquoEnhancement of ability to fight injusticersquo [IMPC 44] lsquoEnhancement of
strengthened ties among womenrsquo [IMPC 50] lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
improved status in household and communityrsquo [IMPC 52] and lsquoEnhancement
of ability to participate in non-family grouprsquo [IMPC 65]
(d) Skill development (SD) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in technical amp
practical skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 13] lsquoEnhancement of use of skills for
income generationrsquo [IMPC 17] lsquoEnhancement of awareness about trainings
organized by NGOrsquo [IMPC 20] and lsquoImprovement in technical and practical
skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 30]
(e) Access to social services (AS) with the elements like lsquoAwareness on health
and sanitationrsquo [IMPC 7] lsquoEnhancement of help government in immunisation
programmesrsquo [IMPC 57] and lsquoEnhancement of social responsibility drivesrsquo
[IMPC 29]
(f) Social (SO) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in the literacy levelrsquo [IMPC
5] lsquoReduction in childrenrsquos school dropoutsrsquo [IMPC 56] lsquoEnhancement of
menrsquos positive change in behaviour and attitudersquo [IMPC 53] and
lsquoEnhancement of action to bring gender equalityrsquo [IMPC 54]
(g) Psychological (PS) with the elements like lsquoImprovements in couragersquo [IMPC
1] lsquoAwareness on food and nutritionrsquo [IMPC 8] lsquoConfidences to talk within
family by womenrsquo [IMPC 9] lsquoCreating awareness about self reliancersquo [IMPC
35] lsquoEnhancement of societal statusrsquo [IMPC 36] and lsquoEnhancement of
improved relationships with husbandsrsquo [IMPC 51]
(h) Community development (CD) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of
creating awareness about cleanliness of surrounding of environmentrsquo [IMPC
37] lsquoEnhancement of water supply within the residential localityrsquo [IMPC 61]
and lsquoEnhancement of medical facility for livestock within localityrsquo [IMPC 62]
and
Chapter VII
391
(i) Capacity building (CB) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of managerial
abilities of womenrsquo [IMPC 16] lsquoOrientation for groups managementrsquo [IMPC
18] lsquoEnhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groupsrsquo [IMPC
19] lsquoEnhancement of setting micro enterprisesincome generating activityrsquo
[IMPC 21] lsquoEnhancement of ability to try new venturesrsquo [IMPC 41]
lsquoEnhancement of inducing to assume leadership on issues and skillsrsquo [IMPC
42] and lsquoEnhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding
itrsquo [IMPC 58]
ix Different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoneither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
Promoter Financial Institutions and Group member perceived their opinion that
impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues should be
lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo while Donor perceived their opinion as
lsquoMostly core componentrsquo This implied that Donorrsquos are more concerned with the
social impact on members while Financial Institutions are less concerned with such
issues
x Direct stakeholders perceived their opinion that impact on members on social
perspectives are seems to be a core component or neither core nor peripheral
component on 46 selected statements while assessing the quality parameters of SHGs
Similarly they showed their negative perceptions on 19 selected statements and hence
considered peripheral components while assessing impact on members of SHGs and
its involvement in large social issues is core or peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs The elements on which the different stakeholders showed
negative perception signify that these elements are peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs These are (i) Social impact (Negative attitude towards dowry and
other social evils [IMPC-4] Enhancement of action to bring gender equality [IMPC-
54]) (ii) Capacity building (Orientation for groups management [IMPC-18]
Enhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groups [IMPC-19]
Enhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding it [IMPC-58]
Enhancement of lobbying with administrative authorities for amenitiesproblem
solving [IMPC-59]) (iii) Economic Impact (Increases the value of asset [IMPC-25]
Chapter VII
392
Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social
Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory
(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])
and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the
residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within
locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the
core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on
members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues
In nutshell it may be concluded that
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of
SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group
itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis
I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model
(Not same as hypothesis IV)
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality
indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)
73 Generalisation of Findings
Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other
populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe
usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)
Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe
2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo
(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of
generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
382
v Since the direct stakeholders of SHG have no differences of opinion regarding the
parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs ie about the scale
containing 61 quality parameters covering 8 subscales of quality parameters however
only on 37 quality parameters they perceived differences of opinion The direct
stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common understanding on 25 elements of
selected quality assessment parameters for SHGs on 7 subscales only since they do
not perceived any elements of the sub-scales titled Organisational discipline (OD)
such as Attendance of members of SHGrsquos in group meeting (QAP-18) Degree of
unanimity among the members while arriving at decision in SHG (QAP-19) Division
amongst members because of disagreements in meeting of SHG (QAP-20) Regularity
in savings of SHG (QAP-22) Revision of mandatory savings of SHG (QAP-23)
Frequency and regularity of group meetings (QAP-43) and Degree of dropout rate of
members of the SHG (QAP-55) However in many studies these elements were
considered as the key elements while assessing the quality and performance SGHs in
India In the present study all the stakeholders do not perceived these elements as the
elements of quality assessment of SHGs The reasons for non inclusion of
Organisational discipline as a sub scale of quality parameters of SHG by all the
stakeholders of SHG are self explanatory (Table No 71)
Table No 71
Descriptive Statistics on Organisational Discipline (OD) as Quality Parameters for SHG
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Attendance of members of SHGrsquos in
group meeting
[QAP 18]
Promoter Mean 149 077 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 134 Upper Bound 165
Median 200 Variance 329 Std Deviation 573
Donor Mean 156 128 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 129 Upper Bound 184
Median 200 Variance 263 Std Deviation 512
Financial Institutions
Mean 174 104 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 152 Upper Bound 195
Median 200 Variance 205 Std Deviation 452
Chapter VII
383
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Group Members Mean 81 094 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 63 Upper Bound 100
Median 100 Variance 667 Std Deviation 817
Degree of unanimity among the members
while arriving at decision in
SHG [QAP 19]
Promoter Mean 93 103 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 72 Upper Bound 113
Median 100 Variance 587 Std Deviation 766
Donor Mean 125 112 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 101 Upper Bound 149
Median 100 Variance 200 Std Deviation 447
Financial Institutions
Mean 126 168 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 91 Upper Bound 162
Median 100 Variance 538 Std Deviation 733
Group Members Mean 77 096 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 58 Upper Bound 96
Median 100 Variance 691 Std Deviation 831
Division amongst members
because of disagreements in meeting of
SHG [QAP 20]
Promoter Mean 85 114 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 63 Upper Bound 108
Median 100 Variance 719 Std Deviation 848
Donor Mean 106 111 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 83 Upper Bound 130
Median 100 Variance 196 Std Deviation 443
Financial Institutions
Mean 121 237 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 71 Upper Bound 171
Median 100 Variance 1064
Chapter VII
384
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Std Deviation 1032 Group Members Mean 69 100
95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 49 Upper Bound 89
Median 100 Variance 756 Std Deviation 870
Regularity in savings of
SHG [QAP 22]
Promoter Mean 195 040 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 186 Upper Bound 203
Median 200 Variance 090 Std Deviation 299
Financial Institutions
Mean 184 115 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 160 Upper Bound 208
Median 200 Variance 251 Std Deviation 501
Group Members Mean 173 051 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 163 Upper Bound 184
Median 200 Variance 198 Std Deviation 445
Revision of mandatory savings of
SHG [QAP 23]
Promoter Mean 16 121 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -08 Upper Bound 41
Median 000 Variance 806 Std Deviation 898
Donor Mean 75 171 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 39 Upper Bound 111
Median 100 Variance 467 Std Deviation 683
Financial Institutions
Mean 05 195 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -36 Upper Bound 46
Median 000 Variance 719 Std Deviation 848
Group Members Mean 69 106 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 48 Upper Bound 90
Median 100 Variance 837
Chapter VII
385
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Std Deviation 915 Frequency
and regularity of group meetings [QAP 43]
Promoter Mean 85 071 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 71 Upper Bound 100
Median 100 Variance 275 Std Deviation 524
Donor Mean 88 085 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 69 Upper Bound 106
Median 100 Variance 117 Std Deviation 342
Financial Institutions
Mean 111 130 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 83 Upper Bound 138
Median 100 Variance 322 Std Deviation 567
Group Members Mean -05 097 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -25 Upper Bound 14
Median 000 Variance 700 Std Deviation 837
Degree of dropout rate of members of the SHG [QAP 55]
Promoter Mean 35 111 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 12 Upper Bound 57
Median 000 Variance 675 Std Deviation 821
Donor Mean 56 157 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 23 Upper Bound 90
Median 100 Variance 396 Std Deviation 629
Financial Institutions
Mean 32 217 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -14 Upper Bound 77
Median 000 Variance 895 Std Deviation 946
Group Members Mean 127 092 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 108 Upper Bound 145
Median 100
Chapter VII
386
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Variance 631 Std Deviation 794
The twenty five elements of quality parameters of SHG wherein all the stakeholders of SHG
perceived no differences of opinion and hence concluded as the key elements for assessing
the quality of SHGs based on the perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs viz
(a) Group constitutions (GC) which consist four items such as lsquoVision based
functioning of SHGrsquo [QAP-1] lsquoGender based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-2] lsquoCaste
based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-3] and lsquoDuration of existence of the SHGrsquo [QAP-
42]
(b) Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control
system (OS) which consist six items such as lsquoPre-fixed rules and regulation for
running the grouprsquo [QAP-5] lsquoLevel of awareness of members of SHGrsquo [QAP-8]
lsquoStrict following of the group norms by all the membersrsquo [QAP-9] lsquoElected group
leaders and office bearersrsquo [QAP-10] lsquoPractice of rotating leadershiprsquo [QAP-11]
and lsquoAccessibility of books and accounts by the membersrsquo [QAP-17]
(c) Financial management and performance (FM) which consist four items such as
lsquoDecision of SHG on loan sanctioningrsquo [QAP-26] lsquoPolicy of keeping emergency
funds by SHGrsquo [QAP-27] lsquoLoan recovery policy of SHGrsquo [QAP-28] and lsquoDegree
of exposure of investment portfolio risk assumed by SHGrsquo [QAP-49]
(d) Credit policy (CP) which consist three items such as lsquoFixation of rate of interestrsquo
[QAP-24] lsquoPractice of the doctrine all members needing loans have got them at
least oncersquo [QAP-58] and lsquoPractice of the principle of office bearers have taken
loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo [QAP-59]
(e) Capabilities and achievements (CA) which consist four items such as lsquoDegree of
participation measured in Percentage of members in decision makingrsquo [QAP-4]
lsquoMechanism for maintaining grouprsquos distinct identity in the communityrsquo [QAP-
57] and lsquoAccessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest
earned and default amount if any by the SHG membersrsquo [QAP-60]
Chapter VII
387
(f) ActivitiesServices undertaken by group members Activities Services
undertaken by group members (AC) that consist two items such as lsquoLevel of
awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justicersquo
[QAP-33] and lsquoOrganisation of community events by the SHGrsquo [QAP-34]
(g) External linkages (EL) which consist lsquoExistence of multiple agencies in group
promotionrsquo [QAP-41]
vi Direct stakeholders of SHGs have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Donor and Group
members have also lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG while Promoter and Financial Institutions
have lsquohigh level of intensityrsquo However there are differences among direct
stakeholders regarding perception of stakeholders about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
(a) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived strong level of desire to assess the quality of SHGs on
forty-one parameters
(b) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived low desire to assess the quality of SHGs on eight
parameters
(c) Group members had perceived strong level of desire on the four elements while
other direct stakeholders have low level of desire on the said elements
(d) Promoter have perceived low level of desire on fourteen elements Donor have
perceived low level of desire on fifteen elements Financial Institutions have
perceived low level of desire on nineteen elements while Group members have
perceived low level of desire on eight elements to assess the quality of SHGs on
their own perspective
vii Since the opinion of direct stakeholders regarding SHGs as Empowerment model is
Chapter VII
388
more homogeneous and having high values of descriptive statistics and therefore it is
concluded that SHGs are considered more as Empowerment Model Further there is
statistically significant difference between the group means of empowerment and
financial model However it is concluded that
(a) Financial Institutions does not perceive to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(b) Promoter and Group member perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(c) Donor strongly perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model of
development
(d) Group members do not perceived to consider SHG as financial Model of
development
(e) Donor and Promoter do not strongly perceive to consider SHG as financial Model
of development
(f) Financial Institutions strongly perceived to consider SHG as Financial Model of
development
(g) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Empowerment model viz lsquoParticipation in public
protests and campaigningrsquo (EM 1) lsquoAbility to make judicious purchasesrsquo (EM 2)
lsquoReduction in domestic violencersquo (EM 3) lsquoOvercoming the resistance from
husband and other members of the family to join the SHGrsquo (EM 5) lsquoSome women
can actively engage in the decision of their marriage with the elders in her
household ie freedom in choosing life partnerrsquo (EM 14) and lsquoCampaign against
social evilsrsquo (EM 32)
(h) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Financial model viz lsquoHelps in money transfersrsquo (FM
4 ) lsquoHelps in insurance to group membersrsquo (FM 6) lsquoAbility to take financial riskrsquo
Chapter VII
389
(FM 7) lsquoHelps in preparation of cash book and other ledger booksrsquo (FM 9)
lsquoHelps in acquiring the skill of cash managementrsquo (FM 10) lsquoHelps in acquiring
the skill budgetingrsquo (FM 11) lsquoHelps in special loan products for women from
funding agenciesrsquo (FM 12) lsquoHelps in pre-loan help with business planning by
fund provider to the groupsrsquo (FM 13) lsquoHelps in special loan guarantee and
collateral arrangements for groupsrsquo (FM 14) lsquoUnderstand and manage
commercial rate of interest on loanrsquo (FM 19) lsquoUnderstand and manage investment
of SHGs Understand and manage investment of SHGsrsquo (FM 20) lsquoUnderstand and
manage assets of SHGrsquo (FM 21) lsquoUnderstand and manage liability of the SHGrsquo
(FM 22) lsquoUnderstand and manage financing portfolio of SHGrsquo (FM 23)
lsquoUnderstand and manage cash flow projectionrsquo (FM 28) lsquoUnderstand and manage
return on earningrsquo (FM 29) and lsquoUnderstand and manage operating expensesrsquo (FM
30)
viii Since there is statistically significant no differences among the opinion of the direct
stakeholders of SHGs regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be core or peripheral components
of quality indicators of SHG ie about the scale containing 65 statements on impact
on members of SHGs covering 9 subscales however only on 27 elements there are
differences of opinion The direct stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common
understanding on 38 elements covering 9 sub-scales of selected statements regarding
whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be core or peripheral components of quality indicators of SHG
and hence considered the key factors that impact the members of SHGs These are as
follows
(a) Economic impact (EC) with the elements like lsquoReduction in poverty through
SHGrsquo [IMPC 12] lsquoEnhancement of employment opportunities in rural areasrsquo
[IMPC 14] and lsquoEnhancement of creation of assets in rural areasrsquo [IMPC 15]
(b) Participatory (PA) with the element like lsquoEnhancement of ability to
understand amp solve problemsrsquo [IMPC 55]
Chapter VII
390
(c) Empowerment (EM) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
economic and social empowermentrsquo [IMPC 11] lsquoIncrease in power of
decision makingrsquo [IMPC 31] lsquoImproving communication skillrsquo [IMPC 38]
lsquoEnhancement of ability to fight injusticersquo [IMPC 44] lsquoEnhancement of
strengthened ties among womenrsquo [IMPC 50] lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
improved status in household and communityrsquo [IMPC 52] and lsquoEnhancement
of ability to participate in non-family grouprsquo [IMPC 65]
(d) Skill development (SD) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in technical amp
practical skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 13] lsquoEnhancement of use of skills for
income generationrsquo [IMPC 17] lsquoEnhancement of awareness about trainings
organized by NGOrsquo [IMPC 20] and lsquoImprovement in technical and practical
skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 30]
(e) Access to social services (AS) with the elements like lsquoAwareness on health
and sanitationrsquo [IMPC 7] lsquoEnhancement of help government in immunisation
programmesrsquo [IMPC 57] and lsquoEnhancement of social responsibility drivesrsquo
[IMPC 29]
(f) Social (SO) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in the literacy levelrsquo [IMPC
5] lsquoReduction in childrenrsquos school dropoutsrsquo [IMPC 56] lsquoEnhancement of
menrsquos positive change in behaviour and attitudersquo [IMPC 53] and
lsquoEnhancement of action to bring gender equalityrsquo [IMPC 54]
(g) Psychological (PS) with the elements like lsquoImprovements in couragersquo [IMPC
1] lsquoAwareness on food and nutritionrsquo [IMPC 8] lsquoConfidences to talk within
family by womenrsquo [IMPC 9] lsquoCreating awareness about self reliancersquo [IMPC
35] lsquoEnhancement of societal statusrsquo [IMPC 36] and lsquoEnhancement of
improved relationships with husbandsrsquo [IMPC 51]
(h) Community development (CD) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of
creating awareness about cleanliness of surrounding of environmentrsquo [IMPC
37] lsquoEnhancement of water supply within the residential localityrsquo [IMPC 61]
and lsquoEnhancement of medical facility for livestock within localityrsquo [IMPC 62]
and
Chapter VII
391
(i) Capacity building (CB) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of managerial
abilities of womenrsquo [IMPC 16] lsquoOrientation for groups managementrsquo [IMPC
18] lsquoEnhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groupsrsquo [IMPC
19] lsquoEnhancement of setting micro enterprisesincome generating activityrsquo
[IMPC 21] lsquoEnhancement of ability to try new venturesrsquo [IMPC 41]
lsquoEnhancement of inducing to assume leadership on issues and skillsrsquo [IMPC
42] and lsquoEnhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding
itrsquo [IMPC 58]
ix Different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoneither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
Promoter Financial Institutions and Group member perceived their opinion that
impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues should be
lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo while Donor perceived their opinion as
lsquoMostly core componentrsquo This implied that Donorrsquos are more concerned with the
social impact on members while Financial Institutions are less concerned with such
issues
x Direct stakeholders perceived their opinion that impact on members on social
perspectives are seems to be a core component or neither core nor peripheral
component on 46 selected statements while assessing the quality parameters of SHGs
Similarly they showed their negative perceptions on 19 selected statements and hence
considered peripheral components while assessing impact on members of SHGs and
its involvement in large social issues is core or peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs The elements on which the different stakeholders showed
negative perception signify that these elements are peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs These are (i) Social impact (Negative attitude towards dowry and
other social evils [IMPC-4] Enhancement of action to bring gender equality [IMPC-
54]) (ii) Capacity building (Orientation for groups management [IMPC-18]
Enhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groups [IMPC-19]
Enhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding it [IMPC-58]
Enhancement of lobbying with administrative authorities for amenitiesproblem
solving [IMPC-59]) (iii) Economic Impact (Increases the value of asset [IMPC-25]
Chapter VII
392
Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social
Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory
(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])
and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the
residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within
locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the
core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on
members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues
In nutshell it may be concluded that
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of
SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group
itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis
I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model
(Not same as hypothesis IV)
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality
indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)
73 Generalisation of Findings
Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other
populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe
usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)
Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe
2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo
(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of
generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
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[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
383
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Group Members Mean 81 094 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 63 Upper Bound 100
Median 100 Variance 667 Std Deviation 817
Degree of unanimity among the members
while arriving at decision in
SHG [QAP 19]
Promoter Mean 93 103 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 72 Upper Bound 113
Median 100 Variance 587 Std Deviation 766
Donor Mean 125 112 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 101 Upper Bound 149
Median 100 Variance 200 Std Deviation 447
Financial Institutions
Mean 126 168 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 91 Upper Bound 162
Median 100 Variance 538 Std Deviation 733
Group Members Mean 77 096 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 58 Upper Bound 96
Median 100 Variance 691 Std Deviation 831
Division amongst members
because of disagreements in meeting of
SHG [QAP 20]
Promoter Mean 85 114 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 63 Upper Bound 108
Median 100 Variance 719 Std Deviation 848
Donor Mean 106 111 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 83 Upper Bound 130
Median 100 Variance 196 Std Deviation 443
Financial Institutions
Mean 121 237 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 71 Upper Bound 171
Median 100 Variance 1064
Chapter VII
384
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Std Deviation 1032 Group Members Mean 69 100
95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 49 Upper Bound 89
Median 100 Variance 756 Std Deviation 870
Regularity in savings of
SHG [QAP 22]
Promoter Mean 195 040 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 186 Upper Bound 203
Median 200 Variance 090 Std Deviation 299
Financial Institutions
Mean 184 115 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 160 Upper Bound 208
Median 200 Variance 251 Std Deviation 501
Group Members Mean 173 051 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 163 Upper Bound 184
Median 200 Variance 198 Std Deviation 445
Revision of mandatory savings of
SHG [QAP 23]
Promoter Mean 16 121 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -08 Upper Bound 41
Median 000 Variance 806 Std Deviation 898
Donor Mean 75 171 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 39 Upper Bound 111
Median 100 Variance 467 Std Deviation 683
Financial Institutions
Mean 05 195 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -36 Upper Bound 46
Median 000 Variance 719 Std Deviation 848
Group Members Mean 69 106 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 48 Upper Bound 90
Median 100 Variance 837
Chapter VII
385
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Std Deviation 915 Frequency
and regularity of group meetings [QAP 43]
Promoter Mean 85 071 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 71 Upper Bound 100
Median 100 Variance 275 Std Deviation 524
Donor Mean 88 085 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 69 Upper Bound 106
Median 100 Variance 117 Std Deviation 342
Financial Institutions
Mean 111 130 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 83 Upper Bound 138
Median 100 Variance 322 Std Deviation 567
Group Members Mean -05 097 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -25 Upper Bound 14
Median 000 Variance 700 Std Deviation 837
Degree of dropout rate of members of the SHG [QAP 55]
Promoter Mean 35 111 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 12 Upper Bound 57
Median 000 Variance 675 Std Deviation 821
Donor Mean 56 157 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 23 Upper Bound 90
Median 100 Variance 396 Std Deviation 629
Financial Institutions
Mean 32 217 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -14 Upper Bound 77
Median 000 Variance 895 Std Deviation 946
Group Members Mean 127 092 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 108 Upper Bound 145
Median 100
Chapter VII
386
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Variance 631 Std Deviation 794
The twenty five elements of quality parameters of SHG wherein all the stakeholders of SHG
perceived no differences of opinion and hence concluded as the key elements for assessing
the quality of SHGs based on the perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs viz
(a) Group constitutions (GC) which consist four items such as lsquoVision based
functioning of SHGrsquo [QAP-1] lsquoGender based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-2] lsquoCaste
based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-3] and lsquoDuration of existence of the SHGrsquo [QAP-
42]
(b) Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control
system (OS) which consist six items such as lsquoPre-fixed rules and regulation for
running the grouprsquo [QAP-5] lsquoLevel of awareness of members of SHGrsquo [QAP-8]
lsquoStrict following of the group norms by all the membersrsquo [QAP-9] lsquoElected group
leaders and office bearersrsquo [QAP-10] lsquoPractice of rotating leadershiprsquo [QAP-11]
and lsquoAccessibility of books and accounts by the membersrsquo [QAP-17]
(c) Financial management and performance (FM) which consist four items such as
lsquoDecision of SHG on loan sanctioningrsquo [QAP-26] lsquoPolicy of keeping emergency
funds by SHGrsquo [QAP-27] lsquoLoan recovery policy of SHGrsquo [QAP-28] and lsquoDegree
of exposure of investment portfolio risk assumed by SHGrsquo [QAP-49]
(d) Credit policy (CP) which consist three items such as lsquoFixation of rate of interestrsquo
[QAP-24] lsquoPractice of the doctrine all members needing loans have got them at
least oncersquo [QAP-58] and lsquoPractice of the principle of office bearers have taken
loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo [QAP-59]
(e) Capabilities and achievements (CA) which consist four items such as lsquoDegree of
participation measured in Percentage of members in decision makingrsquo [QAP-4]
lsquoMechanism for maintaining grouprsquos distinct identity in the communityrsquo [QAP-
57] and lsquoAccessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest
earned and default amount if any by the SHG membersrsquo [QAP-60]
Chapter VII
387
(f) ActivitiesServices undertaken by group members Activities Services
undertaken by group members (AC) that consist two items such as lsquoLevel of
awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justicersquo
[QAP-33] and lsquoOrganisation of community events by the SHGrsquo [QAP-34]
(g) External linkages (EL) which consist lsquoExistence of multiple agencies in group
promotionrsquo [QAP-41]
vi Direct stakeholders of SHGs have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Donor and Group
members have also lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG while Promoter and Financial Institutions
have lsquohigh level of intensityrsquo However there are differences among direct
stakeholders regarding perception of stakeholders about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
(a) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived strong level of desire to assess the quality of SHGs on
forty-one parameters
(b) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived low desire to assess the quality of SHGs on eight
parameters
(c) Group members had perceived strong level of desire on the four elements while
other direct stakeholders have low level of desire on the said elements
(d) Promoter have perceived low level of desire on fourteen elements Donor have
perceived low level of desire on fifteen elements Financial Institutions have
perceived low level of desire on nineteen elements while Group members have
perceived low level of desire on eight elements to assess the quality of SHGs on
their own perspective
vii Since the opinion of direct stakeholders regarding SHGs as Empowerment model is
Chapter VII
388
more homogeneous and having high values of descriptive statistics and therefore it is
concluded that SHGs are considered more as Empowerment Model Further there is
statistically significant difference between the group means of empowerment and
financial model However it is concluded that
(a) Financial Institutions does not perceive to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(b) Promoter and Group member perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(c) Donor strongly perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model of
development
(d) Group members do not perceived to consider SHG as financial Model of
development
(e) Donor and Promoter do not strongly perceive to consider SHG as financial Model
of development
(f) Financial Institutions strongly perceived to consider SHG as Financial Model of
development
(g) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Empowerment model viz lsquoParticipation in public
protests and campaigningrsquo (EM 1) lsquoAbility to make judicious purchasesrsquo (EM 2)
lsquoReduction in domestic violencersquo (EM 3) lsquoOvercoming the resistance from
husband and other members of the family to join the SHGrsquo (EM 5) lsquoSome women
can actively engage in the decision of their marriage with the elders in her
household ie freedom in choosing life partnerrsquo (EM 14) and lsquoCampaign against
social evilsrsquo (EM 32)
(h) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Financial model viz lsquoHelps in money transfersrsquo (FM
4 ) lsquoHelps in insurance to group membersrsquo (FM 6) lsquoAbility to take financial riskrsquo
Chapter VII
389
(FM 7) lsquoHelps in preparation of cash book and other ledger booksrsquo (FM 9)
lsquoHelps in acquiring the skill of cash managementrsquo (FM 10) lsquoHelps in acquiring
the skill budgetingrsquo (FM 11) lsquoHelps in special loan products for women from
funding agenciesrsquo (FM 12) lsquoHelps in pre-loan help with business planning by
fund provider to the groupsrsquo (FM 13) lsquoHelps in special loan guarantee and
collateral arrangements for groupsrsquo (FM 14) lsquoUnderstand and manage
commercial rate of interest on loanrsquo (FM 19) lsquoUnderstand and manage investment
of SHGs Understand and manage investment of SHGsrsquo (FM 20) lsquoUnderstand and
manage assets of SHGrsquo (FM 21) lsquoUnderstand and manage liability of the SHGrsquo
(FM 22) lsquoUnderstand and manage financing portfolio of SHGrsquo (FM 23)
lsquoUnderstand and manage cash flow projectionrsquo (FM 28) lsquoUnderstand and manage
return on earningrsquo (FM 29) and lsquoUnderstand and manage operating expensesrsquo (FM
30)
viii Since there is statistically significant no differences among the opinion of the direct
stakeholders of SHGs regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be core or peripheral components
of quality indicators of SHG ie about the scale containing 65 statements on impact
on members of SHGs covering 9 subscales however only on 27 elements there are
differences of opinion The direct stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common
understanding on 38 elements covering 9 sub-scales of selected statements regarding
whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be core or peripheral components of quality indicators of SHG
and hence considered the key factors that impact the members of SHGs These are as
follows
(a) Economic impact (EC) with the elements like lsquoReduction in poverty through
SHGrsquo [IMPC 12] lsquoEnhancement of employment opportunities in rural areasrsquo
[IMPC 14] and lsquoEnhancement of creation of assets in rural areasrsquo [IMPC 15]
(b) Participatory (PA) with the element like lsquoEnhancement of ability to
understand amp solve problemsrsquo [IMPC 55]
Chapter VII
390
(c) Empowerment (EM) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
economic and social empowermentrsquo [IMPC 11] lsquoIncrease in power of
decision makingrsquo [IMPC 31] lsquoImproving communication skillrsquo [IMPC 38]
lsquoEnhancement of ability to fight injusticersquo [IMPC 44] lsquoEnhancement of
strengthened ties among womenrsquo [IMPC 50] lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
improved status in household and communityrsquo [IMPC 52] and lsquoEnhancement
of ability to participate in non-family grouprsquo [IMPC 65]
(d) Skill development (SD) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in technical amp
practical skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 13] lsquoEnhancement of use of skills for
income generationrsquo [IMPC 17] lsquoEnhancement of awareness about trainings
organized by NGOrsquo [IMPC 20] and lsquoImprovement in technical and practical
skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 30]
(e) Access to social services (AS) with the elements like lsquoAwareness on health
and sanitationrsquo [IMPC 7] lsquoEnhancement of help government in immunisation
programmesrsquo [IMPC 57] and lsquoEnhancement of social responsibility drivesrsquo
[IMPC 29]
(f) Social (SO) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in the literacy levelrsquo [IMPC
5] lsquoReduction in childrenrsquos school dropoutsrsquo [IMPC 56] lsquoEnhancement of
menrsquos positive change in behaviour and attitudersquo [IMPC 53] and
lsquoEnhancement of action to bring gender equalityrsquo [IMPC 54]
(g) Psychological (PS) with the elements like lsquoImprovements in couragersquo [IMPC
1] lsquoAwareness on food and nutritionrsquo [IMPC 8] lsquoConfidences to talk within
family by womenrsquo [IMPC 9] lsquoCreating awareness about self reliancersquo [IMPC
35] lsquoEnhancement of societal statusrsquo [IMPC 36] and lsquoEnhancement of
improved relationships with husbandsrsquo [IMPC 51]
(h) Community development (CD) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of
creating awareness about cleanliness of surrounding of environmentrsquo [IMPC
37] lsquoEnhancement of water supply within the residential localityrsquo [IMPC 61]
and lsquoEnhancement of medical facility for livestock within localityrsquo [IMPC 62]
and
Chapter VII
391
(i) Capacity building (CB) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of managerial
abilities of womenrsquo [IMPC 16] lsquoOrientation for groups managementrsquo [IMPC
18] lsquoEnhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groupsrsquo [IMPC
19] lsquoEnhancement of setting micro enterprisesincome generating activityrsquo
[IMPC 21] lsquoEnhancement of ability to try new venturesrsquo [IMPC 41]
lsquoEnhancement of inducing to assume leadership on issues and skillsrsquo [IMPC
42] and lsquoEnhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding
itrsquo [IMPC 58]
ix Different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoneither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
Promoter Financial Institutions and Group member perceived their opinion that
impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues should be
lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo while Donor perceived their opinion as
lsquoMostly core componentrsquo This implied that Donorrsquos are more concerned with the
social impact on members while Financial Institutions are less concerned with such
issues
x Direct stakeholders perceived their opinion that impact on members on social
perspectives are seems to be a core component or neither core nor peripheral
component on 46 selected statements while assessing the quality parameters of SHGs
Similarly they showed their negative perceptions on 19 selected statements and hence
considered peripheral components while assessing impact on members of SHGs and
its involvement in large social issues is core or peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs The elements on which the different stakeholders showed
negative perception signify that these elements are peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs These are (i) Social impact (Negative attitude towards dowry and
other social evils [IMPC-4] Enhancement of action to bring gender equality [IMPC-
54]) (ii) Capacity building (Orientation for groups management [IMPC-18]
Enhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groups [IMPC-19]
Enhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding it [IMPC-58]
Enhancement of lobbying with administrative authorities for amenitiesproblem
solving [IMPC-59]) (iii) Economic Impact (Increases the value of asset [IMPC-25]
Chapter VII
392
Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social
Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory
(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])
and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the
residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within
locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the
core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on
members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues
In nutshell it may be concluded that
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of
SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group
itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis
I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model
(Not same as hypothesis IV)
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality
indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)
73 Generalisation of Findings
Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other
populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe
usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)
Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe
2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo
(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of
generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
384
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Std Deviation 1032 Group Members Mean 69 100
95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 49 Upper Bound 89
Median 100 Variance 756 Std Deviation 870
Regularity in savings of
SHG [QAP 22]
Promoter Mean 195 040 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 186 Upper Bound 203
Median 200 Variance 090 Std Deviation 299
Financial Institutions
Mean 184 115 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 160 Upper Bound 208
Median 200 Variance 251 Std Deviation 501
Group Members Mean 173 051 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 163 Upper Bound 184
Median 200 Variance 198 Std Deviation 445
Revision of mandatory savings of
SHG [QAP 23]
Promoter Mean 16 121 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -08 Upper Bound 41
Median 000 Variance 806 Std Deviation 898
Donor Mean 75 171 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 39 Upper Bound 111
Median 100 Variance 467 Std Deviation 683
Financial Institutions
Mean 05 195 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -36 Upper Bound 46
Median 000 Variance 719 Std Deviation 848
Group Members Mean 69 106 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 48 Upper Bound 90
Median 100 Variance 837
Chapter VII
385
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Std Deviation 915 Frequency
and regularity of group meetings [QAP 43]
Promoter Mean 85 071 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 71 Upper Bound 100
Median 100 Variance 275 Std Deviation 524
Donor Mean 88 085 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 69 Upper Bound 106
Median 100 Variance 117 Std Deviation 342
Financial Institutions
Mean 111 130 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 83 Upper Bound 138
Median 100 Variance 322 Std Deviation 567
Group Members Mean -05 097 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -25 Upper Bound 14
Median 000 Variance 700 Std Deviation 837
Degree of dropout rate of members of the SHG [QAP 55]
Promoter Mean 35 111 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 12 Upper Bound 57
Median 000 Variance 675 Std Deviation 821
Donor Mean 56 157 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 23 Upper Bound 90
Median 100 Variance 396 Std Deviation 629
Financial Institutions
Mean 32 217 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -14 Upper Bound 77
Median 000 Variance 895 Std Deviation 946
Group Members Mean 127 092 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 108 Upper Bound 145
Median 100
Chapter VII
386
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Variance 631 Std Deviation 794
The twenty five elements of quality parameters of SHG wherein all the stakeholders of SHG
perceived no differences of opinion and hence concluded as the key elements for assessing
the quality of SHGs based on the perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs viz
(a) Group constitutions (GC) which consist four items such as lsquoVision based
functioning of SHGrsquo [QAP-1] lsquoGender based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-2] lsquoCaste
based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-3] and lsquoDuration of existence of the SHGrsquo [QAP-
42]
(b) Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control
system (OS) which consist six items such as lsquoPre-fixed rules and regulation for
running the grouprsquo [QAP-5] lsquoLevel of awareness of members of SHGrsquo [QAP-8]
lsquoStrict following of the group norms by all the membersrsquo [QAP-9] lsquoElected group
leaders and office bearersrsquo [QAP-10] lsquoPractice of rotating leadershiprsquo [QAP-11]
and lsquoAccessibility of books and accounts by the membersrsquo [QAP-17]
(c) Financial management and performance (FM) which consist four items such as
lsquoDecision of SHG on loan sanctioningrsquo [QAP-26] lsquoPolicy of keeping emergency
funds by SHGrsquo [QAP-27] lsquoLoan recovery policy of SHGrsquo [QAP-28] and lsquoDegree
of exposure of investment portfolio risk assumed by SHGrsquo [QAP-49]
(d) Credit policy (CP) which consist three items such as lsquoFixation of rate of interestrsquo
[QAP-24] lsquoPractice of the doctrine all members needing loans have got them at
least oncersquo [QAP-58] and lsquoPractice of the principle of office bearers have taken
loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo [QAP-59]
(e) Capabilities and achievements (CA) which consist four items such as lsquoDegree of
participation measured in Percentage of members in decision makingrsquo [QAP-4]
lsquoMechanism for maintaining grouprsquos distinct identity in the communityrsquo [QAP-
57] and lsquoAccessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest
earned and default amount if any by the SHG membersrsquo [QAP-60]
Chapter VII
387
(f) ActivitiesServices undertaken by group members Activities Services
undertaken by group members (AC) that consist two items such as lsquoLevel of
awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justicersquo
[QAP-33] and lsquoOrganisation of community events by the SHGrsquo [QAP-34]
(g) External linkages (EL) which consist lsquoExistence of multiple agencies in group
promotionrsquo [QAP-41]
vi Direct stakeholders of SHGs have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Donor and Group
members have also lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG while Promoter and Financial Institutions
have lsquohigh level of intensityrsquo However there are differences among direct
stakeholders regarding perception of stakeholders about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
(a) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived strong level of desire to assess the quality of SHGs on
forty-one parameters
(b) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived low desire to assess the quality of SHGs on eight
parameters
(c) Group members had perceived strong level of desire on the four elements while
other direct stakeholders have low level of desire on the said elements
(d) Promoter have perceived low level of desire on fourteen elements Donor have
perceived low level of desire on fifteen elements Financial Institutions have
perceived low level of desire on nineteen elements while Group members have
perceived low level of desire on eight elements to assess the quality of SHGs on
their own perspective
vii Since the opinion of direct stakeholders regarding SHGs as Empowerment model is
Chapter VII
388
more homogeneous and having high values of descriptive statistics and therefore it is
concluded that SHGs are considered more as Empowerment Model Further there is
statistically significant difference between the group means of empowerment and
financial model However it is concluded that
(a) Financial Institutions does not perceive to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(b) Promoter and Group member perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(c) Donor strongly perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model of
development
(d) Group members do not perceived to consider SHG as financial Model of
development
(e) Donor and Promoter do not strongly perceive to consider SHG as financial Model
of development
(f) Financial Institutions strongly perceived to consider SHG as Financial Model of
development
(g) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Empowerment model viz lsquoParticipation in public
protests and campaigningrsquo (EM 1) lsquoAbility to make judicious purchasesrsquo (EM 2)
lsquoReduction in domestic violencersquo (EM 3) lsquoOvercoming the resistance from
husband and other members of the family to join the SHGrsquo (EM 5) lsquoSome women
can actively engage in the decision of their marriage with the elders in her
household ie freedom in choosing life partnerrsquo (EM 14) and lsquoCampaign against
social evilsrsquo (EM 32)
(h) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Financial model viz lsquoHelps in money transfersrsquo (FM
4 ) lsquoHelps in insurance to group membersrsquo (FM 6) lsquoAbility to take financial riskrsquo
Chapter VII
389
(FM 7) lsquoHelps in preparation of cash book and other ledger booksrsquo (FM 9)
lsquoHelps in acquiring the skill of cash managementrsquo (FM 10) lsquoHelps in acquiring
the skill budgetingrsquo (FM 11) lsquoHelps in special loan products for women from
funding agenciesrsquo (FM 12) lsquoHelps in pre-loan help with business planning by
fund provider to the groupsrsquo (FM 13) lsquoHelps in special loan guarantee and
collateral arrangements for groupsrsquo (FM 14) lsquoUnderstand and manage
commercial rate of interest on loanrsquo (FM 19) lsquoUnderstand and manage investment
of SHGs Understand and manage investment of SHGsrsquo (FM 20) lsquoUnderstand and
manage assets of SHGrsquo (FM 21) lsquoUnderstand and manage liability of the SHGrsquo
(FM 22) lsquoUnderstand and manage financing portfolio of SHGrsquo (FM 23)
lsquoUnderstand and manage cash flow projectionrsquo (FM 28) lsquoUnderstand and manage
return on earningrsquo (FM 29) and lsquoUnderstand and manage operating expensesrsquo (FM
30)
viii Since there is statistically significant no differences among the opinion of the direct
stakeholders of SHGs regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be core or peripheral components
of quality indicators of SHG ie about the scale containing 65 statements on impact
on members of SHGs covering 9 subscales however only on 27 elements there are
differences of opinion The direct stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common
understanding on 38 elements covering 9 sub-scales of selected statements regarding
whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be core or peripheral components of quality indicators of SHG
and hence considered the key factors that impact the members of SHGs These are as
follows
(a) Economic impact (EC) with the elements like lsquoReduction in poverty through
SHGrsquo [IMPC 12] lsquoEnhancement of employment opportunities in rural areasrsquo
[IMPC 14] and lsquoEnhancement of creation of assets in rural areasrsquo [IMPC 15]
(b) Participatory (PA) with the element like lsquoEnhancement of ability to
understand amp solve problemsrsquo [IMPC 55]
Chapter VII
390
(c) Empowerment (EM) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
economic and social empowermentrsquo [IMPC 11] lsquoIncrease in power of
decision makingrsquo [IMPC 31] lsquoImproving communication skillrsquo [IMPC 38]
lsquoEnhancement of ability to fight injusticersquo [IMPC 44] lsquoEnhancement of
strengthened ties among womenrsquo [IMPC 50] lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
improved status in household and communityrsquo [IMPC 52] and lsquoEnhancement
of ability to participate in non-family grouprsquo [IMPC 65]
(d) Skill development (SD) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in technical amp
practical skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 13] lsquoEnhancement of use of skills for
income generationrsquo [IMPC 17] lsquoEnhancement of awareness about trainings
organized by NGOrsquo [IMPC 20] and lsquoImprovement in technical and practical
skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 30]
(e) Access to social services (AS) with the elements like lsquoAwareness on health
and sanitationrsquo [IMPC 7] lsquoEnhancement of help government in immunisation
programmesrsquo [IMPC 57] and lsquoEnhancement of social responsibility drivesrsquo
[IMPC 29]
(f) Social (SO) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in the literacy levelrsquo [IMPC
5] lsquoReduction in childrenrsquos school dropoutsrsquo [IMPC 56] lsquoEnhancement of
menrsquos positive change in behaviour and attitudersquo [IMPC 53] and
lsquoEnhancement of action to bring gender equalityrsquo [IMPC 54]
(g) Psychological (PS) with the elements like lsquoImprovements in couragersquo [IMPC
1] lsquoAwareness on food and nutritionrsquo [IMPC 8] lsquoConfidences to talk within
family by womenrsquo [IMPC 9] lsquoCreating awareness about self reliancersquo [IMPC
35] lsquoEnhancement of societal statusrsquo [IMPC 36] and lsquoEnhancement of
improved relationships with husbandsrsquo [IMPC 51]
(h) Community development (CD) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of
creating awareness about cleanliness of surrounding of environmentrsquo [IMPC
37] lsquoEnhancement of water supply within the residential localityrsquo [IMPC 61]
and lsquoEnhancement of medical facility for livestock within localityrsquo [IMPC 62]
and
Chapter VII
391
(i) Capacity building (CB) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of managerial
abilities of womenrsquo [IMPC 16] lsquoOrientation for groups managementrsquo [IMPC
18] lsquoEnhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groupsrsquo [IMPC
19] lsquoEnhancement of setting micro enterprisesincome generating activityrsquo
[IMPC 21] lsquoEnhancement of ability to try new venturesrsquo [IMPC 41]
lsquoEnhancement of inducing to assume leadership on issues and skillsrsquo [IMPC
42] and lsquoEnhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding
itrsquo [IMPC 58]
ix Different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoneither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
Promoter Financial Institutions and Group member perceived their opinion that
impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues should be
lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo while Donor perceived their opinion as
lsquoMostly core componentrsquo This implied that Donorrsquos are more concerned with the
social impact on members while Financial Institutions are less concerned with such
issues
x Direct stakeholders perceived their opinion that impact on members on social
perspectives are seems to be a core component or neither core nor peripheral
component on 46 selected statements while assessing the quality parameters of SHGs
Similarly they showed their negative perceptions on 19 selected statements and hence
considered peripheral components while assessing impact on members of SHGs and
its involvement in large social issues is core or peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs The elements on which the different stakeholders showed
negative perception signify that these elements are peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs These are (i) Social impact (Negative attitude towards dowry and
other social evils [IMPC-4] Enhancement of action to bring gender equality [IMPC-
54]) (ii) Capacity building (Orientation for groups management [IMPC-18]
Enhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groups [IMPC-19]
Enhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding it [IMPC-58]
Enhancement of lobbying with administrative authorities for amenitiesproblem
solving [IMPC-59]) (iii) Economic Impact (Increases the value of asset [IMPC-25]
Chapter VII
392
Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social
Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory
(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])
and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the
residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within
locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the
core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on
members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues
In nutshell it may be concluded that
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of
SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group
itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis
I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model
(Not same as hypothesis IV)
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality
indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)
73 Generalisation of Findings
Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other
populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe
usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)
Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe
2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo
(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of
generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
385
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Std Deviation 915 Frequency
and regularity of group meetings [QAP 43]
Promoter Mean 85 071 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 71 Upper Bound 100
Median 100 Variance 275 Std Deviation 524
Donor Mean 88 085 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 69 Upper Bound 106
Median 100 Variance 117 Std Deviation 342
Financial Institutions
Mean 111 130 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 83 Upper Bound 138
Median 100 Variance 322 Std Deviation 567
Group Members Mean -05 097 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -25 Upper Bound 14
Median 000 Variance 700 Std Deviation 837
Degree of dropout rate of members of the SHG [QAP 55]
Promoter Mean 35 111 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 12 Upper Bound 57
Median 000 Variance 675 Std Deviation 821
Donor Mean 56 157 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 23 Upper Bound 90
Median 100 Variance 396 Std Deviation 629
Financial Institutions
Mean 32 217 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound -14 Upper Bound 77
Median 000 Variance 895 Std Deviation 946
Group Members Mean 127 092 95 Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound 108 Upper Bound 145
Median 100
Chapter VII
386
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Variance 631 Std Deviation 794
The twenty five elements of quality parameters of SHG wherein all the stakeholders of SHG
perceived no differences of opinion and hence concluded as the key elements for assessing
the quality of SHGs based on the perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs viz
(a) Group constitutions (GC) which consist four items such as lsquoVision based
functioning of SHGrsquo [QAP-1] lsquoGender based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-2] lsquoCaste
based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-3] and lsquoDuration of existence of the SHGrsquo [QAP-
42]
(b) Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control
system (OS) which consist six items such as lsquoPre-fixed rules and regulation for
running the grouprsquo [QAP-5] lsquoLevel of awareness of members of SHGrsquo [QAP-8]
lsquoStrict following of the group norms by all the membersrsquo [QAP-9] lsquoElected group
leaders and office bearersrsquo [QAP-10] lsquoPractice of rotating leadershiprsquo [QAP-11]
and lsquoAccessibility of books and accounts by the membersrsquo [QAP-17]
(c) Financial management and performance (FM) which consist four items such as
lsquoDecision of SHG on loan sanctioningrsquo [QAP-26] lsquoPolicy of keeping emergency
funds by SHGrsquo [QAP-27] lsquoLoan recovery policy of SHGrsquo [QAP-28] and lsquoDegree
of exposure of investment portfolio risk assumed by SHGrsquo [QAP-49]
(d) Credit policy (CP) which consist three items such as lsquoFixation of rate of interestrsquo
[QAP-24] lsquoPractice of the doctrine all members needing loans have got them at
least oncersquo [QAP-58] and lsquoPractice of the principle of office bearers have taken
loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo [QAP-59]
(e) Capabilities and achievements (CA) which consist four items such as lsquoDegree of
participation measured in Percentage of members in decision makingrsquo [QAP-4]
lsquoMechanism for maintaining grouprsquos distinct identity in the communityrsquo [QAP-
57] and lsquoAccessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest
earned and default amount if any by the SHG membersrsquo [QAP-60]
Chapter VII
387
(f) ActivitiesServices undertaken by group members Activities Services
undertaken by group members (AC) that consist two items such as lsquoLevel of
awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justicersquo
[QAP-33] and lsquoOrganisation of community events by the SHGrsquo [QAP-34]
(g) External linkages (EL) which consist lsquoExistence of multiple agencies in group
promotionrsquo [QAP-41]
vi Direct stakeholders of SHGs have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Donor and Group
members have also lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG while Promoter and Financial Institutions
have lsquohigh level of intensityrsquo However there are differences among direct
stakeholders regarding perception of stakeholders about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
(a) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived strong level of desire to assess the quality of SHGs on
forty-one parameters
(b) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived low desire to assess the quality of SHGs on eight
parameters
(c) Group members had perceived strong level of desire on the four elements while
other direct stakeholders have low level of desire on the said elements
(d) Promoter have perceived low level of desire on fourteen elements Donor have
perceived low level of desire on fifteen elements Financial Institutions have
perceived low level of desire on nineteen elements while Group members have
perceived low level of desire on eight elements to assess the quality of SHGs on
their own perspective
vii Since the opinion of direct stakeholders regarding SHGs as Empowerment model is
Chapter VII
388
more homogeneous and having high values of descriptive statistics and therefore it is
concluded that SHGs are considered more as Empowerment Model Further there is
statistically significant difference between the group means of empowerment and
financial model However it is concluded that
(a) Financial Institutions does not perceive to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(b) Promoter and Group member perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(c) Donor strongly perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model of
development
(d) Group members do not perceived to consider SHG as financial Model of
development
(e) Donor and Promoter do not strongly perceive to consider SHG as financial Model
of development
(f) Financial Institutions strongly perceived to consider SHG as Financial Model of
development
(g) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Empowerment model viz lsquoParticipation in public
protests and campaigningrsquo (EM 1) lsquoAbility to make judicious purchasesrsquo (EM 2)
lsquoReduction in domestic violencersquo (EM 3) lsquoOvercoming the resistance from
husband and other members of the family to join the SHGrsquo (EM 5) lsquoSome women
can actively engage in the decision of their marriage with the elders in her
household ie freedom in choosing life partnerrsquo (EM 14) and lsquoCampaign against
social evilsrsquo (EM 32)
(h) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Financial model viz lsquoHelps in money transfersrsquo (FM
4 ) lsquoHelps in insurance to group membersrsquo (FM 6) lsquoAbility to take financial riskrsquo
Chapter VII
389
(FM 7) lsquoHelps in preparation of cash book and other ledger booksrsquo (FM 9)
lsquoHelps in acquiring the skill of cash managementrsquo (FM 10) lsquoHelps in acquiring
the skill budgetingrsquo (FM 11) lsquoHelps in special loan products for women from
funding agenciesrsquo (FM 12) lsquoHelps in pre-loan help with business planning by
fund provider to the groupsrsquo (FM 13) lsquoHelps in special loan guarantee and
collateral arrangements for groupsrsquo (FM 14) lsquoUnderstand and manage
commercial rate of interest on loanrsquo (FM 19) lsquoUnderstand and manage investment
of SHGs Understand and manage investment of SHGsrsquo (FM 20) lsquoUnderstand and
manage assets of SHGrsquo (FM 21) lsquoUnderstand and manage liability of the SHGrsquo
(FM 22) lsquoUnderstand and manage financing portfolio of SHGrsquo (FM 23)
lsquoUnderstand and manage cash flow projectionrsquo (FM 28) lsquoUnderstand and manage
return on earningrsquo (FM 29) and lsquoUnderstand and manage operating expensesrsquo (FM
30)
viii Since there is statistically significant no differences among the opinion of the direct
stakeholders of SHGs regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be core or peripheral components
of quality indicators of SHG ie about the scale containing 65 statements on impact
on members of SHGs covering 9 subscales however only on 27 elements there are
differences of opinion The direct stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common
understanding on 38 elements covering 9 sub-scales of selected statements regarding
whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be core or peripheral components of quality indicators of SHG
and hence considered the key factors that impact the members of SHGs These are as
follows
(a) Economic impact (EC) with the elements like lsquoReduction in poverty through
SHGrsquo [IMPC 12] lsquoEnhancement of employment opportunities in rural areasrsquo
[IMPC 14] and lsquoEnhancement of creation of assets in rural areasrsquo [IMPC 15]
(b) Participatory (PA) with the element like lsquoEnhancement of ability to
understand amp solve problemsrsquo [IMPC 55]
Chapter VII
390
(c) Empowerment (EM) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
economic and social empowermentrsquo [IMPC 11] lsquoIncrease in power of
decision makingrsquo [IMPC 31] lsquoImproving communication skillrsquo [IMPC 38]
lsquoEnhancement of ability to fight injusticersquo [IMPC 44] lsquoEnhancement of
strengthened ties among womenrsquo [IMPC 50] lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
improved status in household and communityrsquo [IMPC 52] and lsquoEnhancement
of ability to participate in non-family grouprsquo [IMPC 65]
(d) Skill development (SD) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in technical amp
practical skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 13] lsquoEnhancement of use of skills for
income generationrsquo [IMPC 17] lsquoEnhancement of awareness about trainings
organized by NGOrsquo [IMPC 20] and lsquoImprovement in technical and practical
skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 30]
(e) Access to social services (AS) with the elements like lsquoAwareness on health
and sanitationrsquo [IMPC 7] lsquoEnhancement of help government in immunisation
programmesrsquo [IMPC 57] and lsquoEnhancement of social responsibility drivesrsquo
[IMPC 29]
(f) Social (SO) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in the literacy levelrsquo [IMPC
5] lsquoReduction in childrenrsquos school dropoutsrsquo [IMPC 56] lsquoEnhancement of
menrsquos positive change in behaviour and attitudersquo [IMPC 53] and
lsquoEnhancement of action to bring gender equalityrsquo [IMPC 54]
(g) Psychological (PS) with the elements like lsquoImprovements in couragersquo [IMPC
1] lsquoAwareness on food and nutritionrsquo [IMPC 8] lsquoConfidences to talk within
family by womenrsquo [IMPC 9] lsquoCreating awareness about self reliancersquo [IMPC
35] lsquoEnhancement of societal statusrsquo [IMPC 36] and lsquoEnhancement of
improved relationships with husbandsrsquo [IMPC 51]
(h) Community development (CD) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of
creating awareness about cleanliness of surrounding of environmentrsquo [IMPC
37] lsquoEnhancement of water supply within the residential localityrsquo [IMPC 61]
and lsquoEnhancement of medical facility for livestock within localityrsquo [IMPC 62]
and
Chapter VII
391
(i) Capacity building (CB) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of managerial
abilities of womenrsquo [IMPC 16] lsquoOrientation for groups managementrsquo [IMPC
18] lsquoEnhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groupsrsquo [IMPC
19] lsquoEnhancement of setting micro enterprisesincome generating activityrsquo
[IMPC 21] lsquoEnhancement of ability to try new venturesrsquo [IMPC 41]
lsquoEnhancement of inducing to assume leadership on issues and skillsrsquo [IMPC
42] and lsquoEnhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding
itrsquo [IMPC 58]
ix Different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoneither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
Promoter Financial Institutions and Group member perceived their opinion that
impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues should be
lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo while Donor perceived their opinion as
lsquoMostly core componentrsquo This implied that Donorrsquos are more concerned with the
social impact on members while Financial Institutions are less concerned with such
issues
x Direct stakeholders perceived their opinion that impact on members on social
perspectives are seems to be a core component or neither core nor peripheral
component on 46 selected statements while assessing the quality parameters of SHGs
Similarly they showed their negative perceptions on 19 selected statements and hence
considered peripheral components while assessing impact on members of SHGs and
its involvement in large social issues is core or peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs The elements on which the different stakeholders showed
negative perception signify that these elements are peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs These are (i) Social impact (Negative attitude towards dowry and
other social evils [IMPC-4] Enhancement of action to bring gender equality [IMPC-
54]) (ii) Capacity building (Orientation for groups management [IMPC-18]
Enhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groups [IMPC-19]
Enhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding it [IMPC-58]
Enhancement of lobbying with administrative authorities for amenitiesproblem
solving [IMPC-59]) (iii) Economic Impact (Increases the value of asset [IMPC-25]
Chapter VII
392
Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social
Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory
(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])
and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the
residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within
locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the
core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on
members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues
In nutshell it may be concluded that
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of
SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group
itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis
I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model
(Not same as hypothesis IV)
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality
indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)
73 Generalisation of Findings
Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other
populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe
usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)
Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe
2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo
(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of
generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
386
QAP (OD)
Stakeholders Category
Descriptives Statistic Std Error
Variance 631 Std Deviation 794
The twenty five elements of quality parameters of SHG wherein all the stakeholders of SHG
perceived no differences of opinion and hence concluded as the key elements for assessing
the quality of SHGs based on the perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs viz
(a) Group constitutions (GC) which consist four items such as lsquoVision based
functioning of SHGrsquo [QAP-1] lsquoGender based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-2] lsquoCaste
based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-3] and lsquoDuration of existence of the SHGrsquo [QAP-
42]
(b) Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control
system (OS) which consist six items such as lsquoPre-fixed rules and regulation for
running the grouprsquo [QAP-5] lsquoLevel of awareness of members of SHGrsquo [QAP-8]
lsquoStrict following of the group norms by all the membersrsquo [QAP-9] lsquoElected group
leaders and office bearersrsquo [QAP-10] lsquoPractice of rotating leadershiprsquo [QAP-11]
and lsquoAccessibility of books and accounts by the membersrsquo [QAP-17]
(c) Financial management and performance (FM) which consist four items such as
lsquoDecision of SHG on loan sanctioningrsquo [QAP-26] lsquoPolicy of keeping emergency
funds by SHGrsquo [QAP-27] lsquoLoan recovery policy of SHGrsquo [QAP-28] and lsquoDegree
of exposure of investment portfolio risk assumed by SHGrsquo [QAP-49]
(d) Credit policy (CP) which consist three items such as lsquoFixation of rate of interestrsquo
[QAP-24] lsquoPractice of the doctrine all members needing loans have got them at
least oncersquo [QAP-58] and lsquoPractice of the principle of office bearers have taken
loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo [QAP-59]
(e) Capabilities and achievements (CA) which consist four items such as lsquoDegree of
participation measured in Percentage of members in decision makingrsquo [QAP-4]
lsquoMechanism for maintaining grouprsquos distinct identity in the communityrsquo [QAP-
57] and lsquoAccessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest
earned and default amount if any by the SHG membersrsquo [QAP-60]
Chapter VII
387
(f) ActivitiesServices undertaken by group members Activities Services
undertaken by group members (AC) that consist two items such as lsquoLevel of
awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justicersquo
[QAP-33] and lsquoOrganisation of community events by the SHGrsquo [QAP-34]
(g) External linkages (EL) which consist lsquoExistence of multiple agencies in group
promotionrsquo [QAP-41]
vi Direct stakeholders of SHGs have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Donor and Group
members have also lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG while Promoter and Financial Institutions
have lsquohigh level of intensityrsquo However there are differences among direct
stakeholders regarding perception of stakeholders about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
(a) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived strong level of desire to assess the quality of SHGs on
forty-one parameters
(b) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived low desire to assess the quality of SHGs on eight
parameters
(c) Group members had perceived strong level of desire on the four elements while
other direct stakeholders have low level of desire on the said elements
(d) Promoter have perceived low level of desire on fourteen elements Donor have
perceived low level of desire on fifteen elements Financial Institutions have
perceived low level of desire on nineteen elements while Group members have
perceived low level of desire on eight elements to assess the quality of SHGs on
their own perspective
vii Since the opinion of direct stakeholders regarding SHGs as Empowerment model is
Chapter VII
388
more homogeneous and having high values of descriptive statistics and therefore it is
concluded that SHGs are considered more as Empowerment Model Further there is
statistically significant difference between the group means of empowerment and
financial model However it is concluded that
(a) Financial Institutions does not perceive to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(b) Promoter and Group member perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(c) Donor strongly perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model of
development
(d) Group members do not perceived to consider SHG as financial Model of
development
(e) Donor and Promoter do not strongly perceive to consider SHG as financial Model
of development
(f) Financial Institutions strongly perceived to consider SHG as Financial Model of
development
(g) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Empowerment model viz lsquoParticipation in public
protests and campaigningrsquo (EM 1) lsquoAbility to make judicious purchasesrsquo (EM 2)
lsquoReduction in domestic violencersquo (EM 3) lsquoOvercoming the resistance from
husband and other members of the family to join the SHGrsquo (EM 5) lsquoSome women
can actively engage in the decision of their marriage with the elders in her
household ie freedom in choosing life partnerrsquo (EM 14) and lsquoCampaign against
social evilsrsquo (EM 32)
(h) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Financial model viz lsquoHelps in money transfersrsquo (FM
4 ) lsquoHelps in insurance to group membersrsquo (FM 6) lsquoAbility to take financial riskrsquo
Chapter VII
389
(FM 7) lsquoHelps in preparation of cash book and other ledger booksrsquo (FM 9)
lsquoHelps in acquiring the skill of cash managementrsquo (FM 10) lsquoHelps in acquiring
the skill budgetingrsquo (FM 11) lsquoHelps in special loan products for women from
funding agenciesrsquo (FM 12) lsquoHelps in pre-loan help with business planning by
fund provider to the groupsrsquo (FM 13) lsquoHelps in special loan guarantee and
collateral arrangements for groupsrsquo (FM 14) lsquoUnderstand and manage
commercial rate of interest on loanrsquo (FM 19) lsquoUnderstand and manage investment
of SHGs Understand and manage investment of SHGsrsquo (FM 20) lsquoUnderstand and
manage assets of SHGrsquo (FM 21) lsquoUnderstand and manage liability of the SHGrsquo
(FM 22) lsquoUnderstand and manage financing portfolio of SHGrsquo (FM 23)
lsquoUnderstand and manage cash flow projectionrsquo (FM 28) lsquoUnderstand and manage
return on earningrsquo (FM 29) and lsquoUnderstand and manage operating expensesrsquo (FM
30)
viii Since there is statistically significant no differences among the opinion of the direct
stakeholders of SHGs regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be core or peripheral components
of quality indicators of SHG ie about the scale containing 65 statements on impact
on members of SHGs covering 9 subscales however only on 27 elements there are
differences of opinion The direct stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common
understanding on 38 elements covering 9 sub-scales of selected statements regarding
whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be core or peripheral components of quality indicators of SHG
and hence considered the key factors that impact the members of SHGs These are as
follows
(a) Economic impact (EC) with the elements like lsquoReduction in poverty through
SHGrsquo [IMPC 12] lsquoEnhancement of employment opportunities in rural areasrsquo
[IMPC 14] and lsquoEnhancement of creation of assets in rural areasrsquo [IMPC 15]
(b) Participatory (PA) with the element like lsquoEnhancement of ability to
understand amp solve problemsrsquo [IMPC 55]
Chapter VII
390
(c) Empowerment (EM) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
economic and social empowermentrsquo [IMPC 11] lsquoIncrease in power of
decision makingrsquo [IMPC 31] lsquoImproving communication skillrsquo [IMPC 38]
lsquoEnhancement of ability to fight injusticersquo [IMPC 44] lsquoEnhancement of
strengthened ties among womenrsquo [IMPC 50] lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
improved status in household and communityrsquo [IMPC 52] and lsquoEnhancement
of ability to participate in non-family grouprsquo [IMPC 65]
(d) Skill development (SD) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in technical amp
practical skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 13] lsquoEnhancement of use of skills for
income generationrsquo [IMPC 17] lsquoEnhancement of awareness about trainings
organized by NGOrsquo [IMPC 20] and lsquoImprovement in technical and practical
skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 30]
(e) Access to social services (AS) with the elements like lsquoAwareness on health
and sanitationrsquo [IMPC 7] lsquoEnhancement of help government in immunisation
programmesrsquo [IMPC 57] and lsquoEnhancement of social responsibility drivesrsquo
[IMPC 29]
(f) Social (SO) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in the literacy levelrsquo [IMPC
5] lsquoReduction in childrenrsquos school dropoutsrsquo [IMPC 56] lsquoEnhancement of
menrsquos positive change in behaviour and attitudersquo [IMPC 53] and
lsquoEnhancement of action to bring gender equalityrsquo [IMPC 54]
(g) Psychological (PS) with the elements like lsquoImprovements in couragersquo [IMPC
1] lsquoAwareness on food and nutritionrsquo [IMPC 8] lsquoConfidences to talk within
family by womenrsquo [IMPC 9] lsquoCreating awareness about self reliancersquo [IMPC
35] lsquoEnhancement of societal statusrsquo [IMPC 36] and lsquoEnhancement of
improved relationships with husbandsrsquo [IMPC 51]
(h) Community development (CD) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of
creating awareness about cleanliness of surrounding of environmentrsquo [IMPC
37] lsquoEnhancement of water supply within the residential localityrsquo [IMPC 61]
and lsquoEnhancement of medical facility for livestock within localityrsquo [IMPC 62]
and
Chapter VII
391
(i) Capacity building (CB) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of managerial
abilities of womenrsquo [IMPC 16] lsquoOrientation for groups managementrsquo [IMPC
18] lsquoEnhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groupsrsquo [IMPC
19] lsquoEnhancement of setting micro enterprisesincome generating activityrsquo
[IMPC 21] lsquoEnhancement of ability to try new venturesrsquo [IMPC 41]
lsquoEnhancement of inducing to assume leadership on issues and skillsrsquo [IMPC
42] and lsquoEnhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding
itrsquo [IMPC 58]
ix Different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoneither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
Promoter Financial Institutions and Group member perceived their opinion that
impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues should be
lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo while Donor perceived their opinion as
lsquoMostly core componentrsquo This implied that Donorrsquos are more concerned with the
social impact on members while Financial Institutions are less concerned with such
issues
x Direct stakeholders perceived their opinion that impact on members on social
perspectives are seems to be a core component or neither core nor peripheral
component on 46 selected statements while assessing the quality parameters of SHGs
Similarly they showed their negative perceptions on 19 selected statements and hence
considered peripheral components while assessing impact on members of SHGs and
its involvement in large social issues is core or peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs The elements on which the different stakeholders showed
negative perception signify that these elements are peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs These are (i) Social impact (Negative attitude towards dowry and
other social evils [IMPC-4] Enhancement of action to bring gender equality [IMPC-
54]) (ii) Capacity building (Orientation for groups management [IMPC-18]
Enhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groups [IMPC-19]
Enhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding it [IMPC-58]
Enhancement of lobbying with administrative authorities for amenitiesproblem
solving [IMPC-59]) (iii) Economic Impact (Increases the value of asset [IMPC-25]
Chapter VII
392
Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social
Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory
(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])
and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the
residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within
locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the
core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on
members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues
In nutshell it may be concluded that
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of
SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group
itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis
I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model
(Not same as hypothesis IV)
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality
indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)
73 Generalisation of Findings
Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other
populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe
usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)
Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe
2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo
(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of
generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
387
(f) ActivitiesServices undertaken by group members Activities Services
undertaken by group members (AC) that consist two items such as lsquoLevel of
awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justicersquo
[QAP-33] and lsquoOrganisation of community events by the SHGrsquo [QAP-34]
(g) External linkages (EL) which consist lsquoExistence of multiple agencies in group
promotionrsquo [QAP-41]
vi Direct stakeholders of SHGs have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Donor and Group
members have also lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG while Promoter and Financial Institutions
have lsquohigh level of intensityrsquo However there are differences among direct
stakeholders regarding perception of stakeholders about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
(a) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived strong level of desire to assess the quality of SHGs on
forty-one parameters
(b) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or
group itself have perceived low desire to assess the quality of SHGs on eight
parameters
(c) Group members had perceived strong level of desire on the four elements while
other direct stakeholders have low level of desire on the said elements
(d) Promoter have perceived low level of desire on fourteen elements Donor have
perceived low level of desire on fifteen elements Financial Institutions have
perceived low level of desire on nineteen elements while Group members have
perceived low level of desire on eight elements to assess the quality of SHGs on
their own perspective
vii Since the opinion of direct stakeholders regarding SHGs as Empowerment model is
Chapter VII
388
more homogeneous and having high values of descriptive statistics and therefore it is
concluded that SHGs are considered more as Empowerment Model Further there is
statistically significant difference between the group means of empowerment and
financial model However it is concluded that
(a) Financial Institutions does not perceive to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(b) Promoter and Group member perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(c) Donor strongly perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model of
development
(d) Group members do not perceived to consider SHG as financial Model of
development
(e) Donor and Promoter do not strongly perceive to consider SHG as financial Model
of development
(f) Financial Institutions strongly perceived to consider SHG as Financial Model of
development
(g) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Empowerment model viz lsquoParticipation in public
protests and campaigningrsquo (EM 1) lsquoAbility to make judicious purchasesrsquo (EM 2)
lsquoReduction in domestic violencersquo (EM 3) lsquoOvercoming the resistance from
husband and other members of the family to join the SHGrsquo (EM 5) lsquoSome women
can actively engage in the decision of their marriage with the elders in her
household ie freedom in choosing life partnerrsquo (EM 14) and lsquoCampaign against
social evilsrsquo (EM 32)
(h) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Financial model viz lsquoHelps in money transfersrsquo (FM
4 ) lsquoHelps in insurance to group membersrsquo (FM 6) lsquoAbility to take financial riskrsquo
Chapter VII
389
(FM 7) lsquoHelps in preparation of cash book and other ledger booksrsquo (FM 9)
lsquoHelps in acquiring the skill of cash managementrsquo (FM 10) lsquoHelps in acquiring
the skill budgetingrsquo (FM 11) lsquoHelps in special loan products for women from
funding agenciesrsquo (FM 12) lsquoHelps in pre-loan help with business planning by
fund provider to the groupsrsquo (FM 13) lsquoHelps in special loan guarantee and
collateral arrangements for groupsrsquo (FM 14) lsquoUnderstand and manage
commercial rate of interest on loanrsquo (FM 19) lsquoUnderstand and manage investment
of SHGs Understand and manage investment of SHGsrsquo (FM 20) lsquoUnderstand and
manage assets of SHGrsquo (FM 21) lsquoUnderstand and manage liability of the SHGrsquo
(FM 22) lsquoUnderstand and manage financing portfolio of SHGrsquo (FM 23)
lsquoUnderstand and manage cash flow projectionrsquo (FM 28) lsquoUnderstand and manage
return on earningrsquo (FM 29) and lsquoUnderstand and manage operating expensesrsquo (FM
30)
viii Since there is statistically significant no differences among the opinion of the direct
stakeholders of SHGs regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be core or peripheral components
of quality indicators of SHG ie about the scale containing 65 statements on impact
on members of SHGs covering 9 subscales however only on 27 elements there are
differences of opinion The direct stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common
understanding on 38 elements covering 9 sub-scales of selected statements regarding
whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be core or peripheral components of quality indicators of SHG
and hence considered the key factors that impact the members of SHGs These are as
follows
(a) Economic impact (EC) with the elements like lsquoReduction in poverty through
SHGrsquo [IMPC 12] lsquoEnhancement of employment opportunities in rural areasrsquo
[IMPC 14] and lsquoEnhancement of creation of assets in rural areasrsquo [IMPC 15]
(b) Participatory (PA) with the element like lsquoEnhancement of ability to
understand amp solve problemsrsquo [IMPC 55]
Chapter VII
390
(c) Empowerment (EM) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
economic and social empowermentrsquo [IMPC 11] lsquoIncrease in power of
decision makingrsquo [IMPC 31] lsquoImproving communication skillrsquo [IMPC 38]
lsquoEnhancement of ability to fight injusticersquo [IMPC 44] lsquoEnhancement of
strengthened ties among womenrsquo [IMPC 50] lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
improved status in household and communityrsquo [IMPC 52] and lsquoEnhancement
of ability to participate in non-family grouprsquo [IMPC 65]
(d) Skill development (SD) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in technical amp
practical skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 13] lsquoEnhancement of use of skills for
income generationrsquo [IMPC 17] lsquoEnhancement of awareness about trainings
organized by NGOrsquo [IMPC 20] and lsquoImprovement in technical and practical
skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 30]
(e) Access to social services (AS) with the elements like lsquoAwareness on health
and sanitationrsquo [IMPC 7] lsquoEnhancement of help government in immunisation
programmesrsquo [IMPC 57] and lsquoEnhancement of social responsibility drivesrsquo
[IMPC 29]
(f) Social (SO) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in the literacy levelrsquo [IMPC
5] lsquoReduction in childrenrsquos school dropoutsrsquo [IMPC 56] lsquoEnhancement of
menrsquos positive change in behaviour and attitudersquo [IMPC 53] and
lsquoEnhancement of action to bring gender equalityrsquo [IMPC 54]
(g) Psychological (PS) with the elements like lsquoImprovements in couragersquo [IMPC
1] lsquoAwareness on food and nutritionrsquo [IMPC 8] lsquoConfidences to talk within
family by womenrsquo [IMPC 9] lsquoCreating awareness about self reliancersquo [IMPC
35] lsquoEnhancement of societal statusrsquo [IMPC 36] and lsquoEnhancement of
improved relationships with husbandsrsquo [IMPC 51]
(h) Community development (CD) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of
creating awareness about cleanliness of surrounding of environmentrsquo [IMPC
37] lsquoEnhancement of water supply within the residential localityrsquo [IMPC 61]
and lsquoEnhancement of medical facility for livestock within localityrsquo [IMPC 62]
and
Chapter VII
391
(i) Capacity building (CB) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of managerial
abilities of womenrsquo [IMPC 16] lsquoOrientation for groups managementrsquo [IMPC
18] lsquoEnhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groupsrsquo [IMPC
19] lsquoEnhancement of setting micro enterprisesincome generating activityrsquo
[IMPC 21] lsquoEnhancement of ability to try new venturesrsquo [IMPC 41]
lsquoEnhancement of inducing to assume leadership on issues and skillsrsquo [IMPC
42] and lsquoEnhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding
itrsquo [IMPC 58]
ix Different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoneither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
Promoter Financial Institutions and Group member perceived their opinion that
impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues should be
lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo while Donor perceived their opinion as
lsquoMostly core componentrsquo This implied that Donorrsquos are more concerned with the
social impact on members while Financial Institutions are less concerned with such
issues
x Direct stakeholders perceived their opinion that impact on members on social
perspectives are seems to be a core component or neither core nor peripheral
component on 46 selected statements while assessing the quality parameters of SHGs
Similarly they showed their negative perceptions on 19 selected statements and hence
considered peripheral components while assessing impact on members of SHGs and
its involvement in large social issues is core or peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs The elements on which the different stakeholders showed
negative perception signify that these elements are peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs These are (i) Social impact (Negative attitude towards dowry and
other social evils [IMPC-4] Enhancement of action to bring gender equality [IMPC-
54]) (ii) Capacity building (Orientation for groups management [IMPC-18]
Enhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groups [IMPC-19]
Enhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding it [IMPC-58]
Enhancement of lobbying with administrative authorities for amenitiesproblem
solving [IMPC-59]) (iii) Economic Impact (Increases the value of asset [IMPC-25]
Chapter VII
392
Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social
Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory
(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])
and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the
residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within
locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the
core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on
members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues
In nutshell it may be concluded that
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of
SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group
itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis
I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model
(Not same as hypothesis IV)
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality
indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)
73 Generalisation of Findings
Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other
populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe
usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)
Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe
2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo
(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of
generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
388
more homogeneous and having high values of descriptive statistics and therefore it is
concluded that SHGs are considered more as Empowerment Model Further there is
statistically significant difference between the group means of empowerment and
financial model However it is concluded that
(a) Financial Institutions does not perceive to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(b) Promoter and Group member perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model
of development
(c) Donor strongly perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model of
development
(d) Group members do not perceived to consider SHG as financial Model of
development
(e) Donor and Promoter do not strongly perceive to consider SHG as financial Model
of development
(f) Financial Institutions strongly perceived to consider SHG as Financial Model of
development
(g) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Empowerment model viz lsquoParticipation in public
protests and campaigningrsquo (EM 1) lsquoAbility to make judicious purchasesrsquo (EM 2)
lsquoReduction in domestic violencersquo (EM 3) lsquoOvercoming the resistance from
husband and other members of the family to join the SHGrsquo (EM 5) lsquoSome women
can actively engage in the decision of their marriage with the elders in her
household ie freedom in choosing life partnerrsquo (EM 14) and lsquoCampaign against
social evilsrsquo (EM 32)
(h) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which
does not recognise SHGs as Financial model viz lsquoHelps in money transfersrsquo (FM
4 ) lsquoHelps in insurance to group membersrsquo (FM 6) lsquoAbility to take financial riskrsquo
Chapter VII
389
(FM 7) lsquoHelps in preparation of cash book and other ledger booksrsquo (FM 9)
lsquoHelps in acquiring the skill of cash managementrsquo (FM 10) lsquoHelps in acquiring
the skill budgetingrsquo (FM 11) lsquoHelps in special loan products for women from
funding agenciesrsquo (FM 12) lsquoHelps in pre-loan help with business planning by
fund provider to the groupsrsquo (FM 13) lsquoHelps in special loan guarantee and
collateral arrangements for groupsrsquo (FM 14) lsquoUnderstand and manage
commercial rate of interest on loanrsquo (FM 19) lsquoUnderstand and manage investment
of SHGs Understand and manage investment of SHGsrsquo (FM 20) lsquoUnderstand and
manage assets of SHGrsquo (FM 21) lsquoUnderstand and manage liability of the SHGrsquo
(FM 22) lsquoUnderstand and manage financing portfolio of SHGrsquo (FM 23)
lsquoUnderstand and manage cash flow projectionrsquo (FM 28) lsquoUnderstand and manage
return on earningrsquo (FM 29) and lsquoUnderstand and manage operating expensesrsquo (FM
30)
viii Since there is statistically significant no differences among the opinion of the direct
stakeholders of SHGs regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be core or peripheral components
of quality indicators of SHG ie about the scale containing 65 statements on impact
on members of SHGs covering 9 subscales however only on 27 elements there are
differences of opinion The direct stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common
understanding on 38 elements covering 9 sub-scales of selected statements regarding
whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be core or peripheral components of quality indicators of SHG
and hence considered the key factors that impact the members of SHGs These are as
follows
(a) Economic impact (EC) with the elements like lsquoReduction in poverty through
SHGrsquo [IMPC 12] lsquoEnhancement of employment opportunities in rural areasrsquo
[IMPC 14] and lsquoEnhancement of creation of assets in rural areasrsquo [IMPC 15]
(b) Participatory (PA) with the element like lsquoEnhancement of ability to
understand amp solve problemsrsquo [IMPC 55]
Chapter VII
390
(c) Empowerment (EM) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
economic and social empowermentrsquo [IMPC 11] lsquoIncrease in power of
decision makingrsquo [IMPC 31] lsquoImproving communication skillrsquo [IMPC 38]
lsquoEnhancement of ability to fight injusticersquo [IMPC 44] lsquoEnhancement of
strengthened ties among womenrsquo [IMPC 50] lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
improved status in household and communityrsquo [IMPC 52] and lsquoEnhancement
of ability to participate in non-family grouprsquo [IMPC 65]
(d) Skill development (SD) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in technical amp
practical skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 13] lsquoEnhancement of use of skills for
income generationrsquo [IMPC 17] lsquoEnhancement of awareness about trainings
organized by NGOrsquo [IMPC 20] and lsquoImprovement in technical and practical
skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 30]
(e) Access to social services (AS) with the elements like lsquoAwareness on health
and sanitationrsquo [IMPC 7] lsquoEnhancement of help government in immunisation
programmesrsquo [IMPC 57] and lsquoEnhancement of social responsibility drivesrsquo
[IMPC 29]
(f) Social (SO) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in the literacy levelrsquo [IMPC
5] lsquoReduction in childrenrsquos school dropoutsrsquo [IMPC 56] lsquoEnhancement of
menrsquos positive change in behaviour and attitudersquo [IMPC 53] and
lsquoEnhancement of action to bring gender equalityrsquo [IMPC 54]
(g) Psychological (PS) with the elements like lsquoImprovements in couragersquo [IMPC
1] lsquoAwareness on food and nutritionrsquo [IMPC 8] lsquoConfidences to talk within
family by womenrsquo [IMPC 9] lsquoCreating awareness about self reliancersquo [IMPC
35] lsquoEnhancement of societal statusrsquo [IMPC 36] and lsquoEnhancement of
improved relationships with husbandsrsquo [IMPC 51]
(h) Community development (CD) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of
creating awareness about cleanliness of surrounding of environmentrsquo [IMPC
37] lsquoEnhancement of water supply within the residential localityrsquo [IMPC 61]
and lsquoEnhancement of medical facility for livestock within localityrsquo [IMPC 62]
and
Chapter VII
391
(i) Capacity building (CB) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of managerial
abilities of womenrsquo [IMPC 16] lsquoOrientation for groups managementrsquo [IMPC
18] lsquoEnhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groupsrsquo [IMPC
19] lsquoEnhancement of setting micro enterprisesincome generating activityrsquo
[IMPC 21] lsquoEnhancement of ability to try new venturesrsquo [IMPC 41]
lsquoEnhancement of inducing to assume leadership on issues and skillsrsquo [IMPC
42] and lsquoEnhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding
itrsquo [IMPC 58]
ix Different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoneither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
Promoter Financial Institutions and Group member perceived their opinion that
impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues should be
lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo while Donor perceived their opinion as
lsquoMostly core componentrsquo This implied that Donorrsquos are more concerned with the
social impact on members while Financial Institutions are less concerned with such
issues
x Direct stakeholders perceived their opinion that impact on members on social
perspectives are seems to be a core component or neither core nor peripheral
component on 46 selected statements while assessing the quality parameters of SHGs
Similarly they showed their negative perceptions on 19 selected statements and hence
considered peripheral components while assessing impact on members of SHGs and
its involvement in large social issues is core or peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs The elements on which the different stakeholders showed
negative perception signify that these elements are peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs These are (i) Social impact (Negative attitude towards dowry and
other social evils [IMPC-4] Enhancement of action to bring gender equality [IMPC-
54]) (ii) Capacity building (Orientation for groups management [IMPC-18]
Enhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groups [IMPC-19]
Enhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding it [IMPC-58]
Enhancement of lobbying with administrative authorities for amenitiesproblem
solving [IMPC-59]) (iii) Economic Impact (Increases the value of asset [IMPC-25]
Chapter VII
392
Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social
Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory
(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])
and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the
residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within
locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the
core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on
members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues
In nutshell it may be concluded that
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of
SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group
itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis
I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model
(Not same as hypothesis IV)
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality
indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)
73 Generalisation of Findings
Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other
populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe
usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)
Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe
2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo
(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of
generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
389
(FM 7) lsquoHelps in preparation of cash book and other ledger booksrsquo (FM 9)
lsquoHelps in acquiring the skill of cash managementrsquo (FM 10) lsquoHelps in acquiring
the skill budgetingrsquo (FM 11) lsquoHelps in special loan products for women from
funding agenciesrsquo (FM 12) lsquoHelps in pre-loan help with business planning by
fund provider to the groupsrsquo (FM 13) lsquoHelps in special loan guarantee and
collateral arrangements for groupsrsquo (FM 14) lsquoUnderstand and manage
commercial rate of interest on loanrsquo (FM 19) lsquoUnderstand and manage investment
of SHGs Understand and manage investment of SHGsrsquo (FM 20) lsquoUnderstand and
manage assets of SHGrsquo (FM 21) lsquoUnderstand and manage liability of the SHGrsquo
(FM 22) lsquoUnderstand and manage financing portfolio of SHGrsquo (FM 23)
lsquoUnderstand and manage cash flow projectionrsquo (FM 28) lsquoUnderstand and manage
return on earningrsquo (FM 29) and lsquoUnderstand and manage operating expensesrsquo (FM
30)
viii Since there is statistically significant no differences among the opinion of the direct
stakeholders of SHGs regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be core or peripheral components
of quality indicators of SHG ie about the scale containing 65 statements on impact
on members of SHGs covering 9 subscales however only on 27 elements there are
differences of opinion The direct stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common
understanding on 38 elements covering 9 sub-scales of selected statements regarding
whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be core or peripheral components of quality indicators of SHG
and hence considered the key factors that impact the members of SHGs These are as
follows
(a) Economic impact (EC) with the elements like lsquoReduction in poverty through
SHGrsquo [IMPC 12] lsquoEnhancement of employment opportunities in rural areasrsquo
[IMPC 14] and lsquoEnhancement of creation of assets in rural areasrsquo [IMPC 15]
(b) Participatory (PA) with the element like lsquoEnhancement of ability to
understand amp solve problemsrsquo [IMPC 55]
Chapter VII
390
(c) Empowerment (EM) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
economic and social empowermentrsquo [IMPC 11] lsquoIncrease in power of
decision makingrsquo [IMPC 31] lsquoImproving communication skillrsquo [IMPC 38]
lsquoEnhancement of ability to fight injusticersquo [IMPC 44] lsquoEnhancement of
strengthened ties among womenrsquo [IMPC 50] lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
improved status in household and communityrsquo [IMPC 52] and lsquoEnhancement
of ability to participate in non-family grouprsquo [IMPC 65]
(d) Skill development (SD) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in technical amp
practical skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 13] lsquoEnhancement of use of skills for
income generationrsquo [IMPC 17] lsquoEnhancement of awareness about trainings
organized by NGOrsquo [IMPC 20] and lsquoImprovement in technical and practical
skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 30]
(e) Access to social services (AS) with the elements like lsquoAwareness on health
and sanitationrsquo [IMPC 7] lsquoEnhancement of help government in immunisation
programmesrsquo [IMPC 57] and lsquoEnhancement of social responsibility drivesrsquo
[IMPC 29]
(f) Social (SO) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in the literacy levelrsquo [IMPC
5] lsquoReduction in childrenrsquos school dropoutsrsquo [IMPC 56] lsquoEnhancement of
menrsquos positive change in behaviour and attitudersquo [IMPC 53] and
lsquoEnhancement of action to bring gender equalityrsquo [IMPC 54]
(g) Psychological (PS) with the elements like lsquoImprovements in couragersquo [IMPC
1] lsquoAwareness on food and nutritionrsquo [IMPC 8] lsquoConfidences to talk within
family by womenrsquo [IMPC 9] lsquoCreating awareness about self reliancersquo [IMPC
35] lsquoEnhancement of societal statusrsquo [IMPC 36] and lsquoEnhancement of
improved relationships with husbandsrsquo [IMPC 51]
(h) Community development (CD) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of
creating awareness about cleanliness of surrounding of environmentrsquo [IMPC
37] lsquoEnhancement of water supply within the residential localityrsquo [IMPC 61]
and lsquoEnhancement of medical facility for livestock within localityrsquo [IMPC 62]
and
Chapter VII
391
(i) Capacity building (CB) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of managerial
abilities of womenrsquo [IMPC 16] lsquoOrientation for groups managementrsquo [IMPC
18] lsquoEnhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groupsrsquo [IMPC
19] lsquoEnhancement of setting micro enterprisesincome generating activityrsquo
[IMPC 21] lsquoEnhancement of ability to try new venturesrsquo [IMPC 41]
lsquoEnhancement of inducing to assume leadership on issues and skillsrsquo [IMPC
42] and lsquoEnhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding
itrsquo [IMPC 58]
ix Different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoneither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
Promoter Financial Institutions and Group member perceived their opinion that
impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues should be
lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo while Donor perceived their opinion as
lsquoMostly core componentrsquo This implied that Donorrsquos are more concerned with the
social impact on members while Financial Institutions are less concerned with such
issues
x Direct stakeholders perceived their opinion that impact on members on social
perspectives are seems to be a core component or neither core nor peripheral
component on 46 selected statements while assessing the quality parameters of SHGs
Similarly they showed their negative perceptions on 19 selected statements and hence
considered peripheral components while assessing impact on members of SHGs and
its involvement in large social issues is core or peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs The elements on which the different stakeholders showed
negative perception signify that these elements are peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs These are (i) Social impact (Negative attitude towards dowry and
other social evils [IMPC-4] Enhancement of action to bring gender equality [IMPC-
54]) (ii) Capacity building (Orientation for groups management [IMPC-18]
Enhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groups [IMPC-19]
Enhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding it [IMPC-58]
Enhancement of lobbying with administrative authorities for amenitiesproblem
solving [IMPC-59]) (iii) Economic Impact (Increases the value of asset [IMPC-25]
Chapter VII
392
Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social
Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory
(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])
and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the
residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within
locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the
core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on
members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues
In nutshell it may be concluded that
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of
SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group
itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis
I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model
(Not same as hypothesis IV)
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality
indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)
73 Generalisation of Findings
Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other
populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe
usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)
Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe
2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo
(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of
generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
390
(c) Empowerment (EM) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
economic and social empowermentrsquo [IMPC 11] lsquoIncrease in power of
decision makingrsquo [IMPC 31] lsquoImproving communication skillrsquo [IMPC 38]
lsquoEnhancement of ability to fight injusticersquo [IMPC 44] lsquoEnhancement of
strengthened ties among womenrsquo [IMPC 50] lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos
improved status in household and communityrsquo [IMPC 52] and lsquoEnhancement
of ability to participate in non-family grouprsquo [IMPC 65]
(d) Skill development (SD) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in technical amp
practical skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 13] lsquoEnhancement of use of skills for
income generationrsquo [IMPC 17] lsquoEnhancement of awareness about trainings
organized by NGOrsquo [IMPC 20] and lsquoImprovement in technical and practical
skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 30]
(e) Access to social services (AS) with the elements like lsquoAwareness on health
and sanitationrsquo [IMPC 7] lsquoEnhancement of help government in immunisation
programmesrsquo [IMPC 57] and lsquoEnhancement of social responsibility drivesrsquo
[IMPC 29]
(f) Social (SO) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in the literacy levelrsquo [IMPC
5] lsquoReduction in childrenrsquos school dropoutsrsquo [IMPC 56] lsquoEnhancement of
menrsquos positive change in behaviour and attitudersquo [IMPC 53] and
lsquoEnhancement of action to bring gender equalityrsquo [IMPC 54]
(g) Psychological (PS) with the elements like lsquoImprovements in couragersquo [IMPC
1] lsquoAwareness on food and nutritionrsquo [IMPC 8] lsquoConfidences to talk within
family by womenrsquo [IMPC 9] lsquoCreating awareness about self reliancersquo [IMPC
35] lsquoEnhancement of societal statusrsquo [IMPC 36] and lsquoEnhancement of
improved relationships with husbandsrsquo [IMPC 51]
(h) Community development (CD) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of
creating awareness about cleanliness of surrounding of environmentrsquo [IMPC
37] lsquoEnhancement of water supply within the residential localityrsquo [IMPC 61]
and lsquoEnhancement of medical facility for livestock within localityrsquo [IMPC 62]
and
Chapter VII
391
(i) Capacity building (CB) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of managerial
abilities of womenrsquo [IMPC 16] lsquoOrientation for groups managementrsquo [IMPC
18] lsquoEnhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groupsrsquo [IMPC
19] lsquoEnhancement of setting micro enterprisesincome generating activityrsquo
[IMPC 21] lsquoEnhancement of ability to try new venturesrsquo [IMPC 41]
lsquoEnhancement of inducing to assume leadership on issues and skillsrsquo [IMPC
42] and lsquoEnhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding
itrsquo [IMPC 58]
ix Different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoneither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
Promoter Financial Institutions and Group member perceived their opinion that
impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues should be
lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo while Donor perceived their opinion as
lsquoMostly core componentrsquo This implied that Donorrsquos are more concerned with the
social impact on members while Financial Institutions are less concerned with such
issues
x Direct stakeholders perceived their opinion that impact on members on social
perspectives are seems to be a core component or neither core nor peripheral
component on 46 selected statements while assessing the quality parameters of SHGs
Similarly they showed their negative perceptions on 19 selected statements and hence
considered peripheral components while assessing impact on members of SHGs and
its involvement in large social issues is core or peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs The elements on which the different stakeholders showed
negative perception signify that these elements are peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs These are (i) Social impact (Negative attitude towards dowry and
other social evils [IMPC-4] Enhancement of action to bring gender equality [IMPC-
54]) (ii) Capacity building (Orientation for groups management [IMPC-18]
Enhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groups [IMPC-19]
Enhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding it [IMPC-58]
Enhancement of lobbying with administrative authorities for amenitiesproblem
solving [IMPC-59]) (iii) Economic Impact (Increases the value of asset [IMPC-25]
Chapter VII
392
Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social
Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory
(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])
and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the
residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within
locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the
core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on
members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues
In nutshell it may be concluded that
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of
SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group
itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis
I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model
(Not same as hypothesis IV)
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality
indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)
73 Generalisation of Findings
Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other
populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe
usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)
Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe
2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo
(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of
generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
391
(i) Capacity building (CB) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of managerial
abilities of womenrsquo [IMPC 16] lsquoOrientation for groups managementrsquo [IMPC
18] lsquoEnhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groupsrsquo [IMPC
19] lsquoEnhancement of setting micro enterprisesincome generating activityrsquo
[IMPC 21] lsquoEnhancement of ability to try new venturesrsquo [IMPC 41]
lsquoEnhancement of inducing to assume leadership on issues and skillsrsquo [IMPC
42] and lsquoEnhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding
itrsquo [IMPC 58]
ix Different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoneither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
Promoter Financial Institutions and Group member perceived their opinion that
impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues should be
lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo while Donor perceived their opinion as
lsquoMostly core componentrsquo This implied that Donorrsquos are more concerned with the
social impact on members while Financial Institutions are less concerned with such
issues
x Direct stakeholders perceived their opinion that impact on members on social
perspectives are seems to be a core component or neither core nor peripheral
component on 46 selected statements while assessing the quality parameters of SHGs
Similarly they showed their negative perceptions on 19 selected statements and hence
considered peripheral components while assessing impact on members of SHGs and
its involvement in large social issues is core or peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs The elements on which the different stakeholders showed
negative perception signify that these elements are peripheral components of quality
indicators of SHGs These are (i) Social impact (Negative attitude towards dowry and
other social evils [IMPC-4] Enhancement of action to bring gender equality [IMPC-
54]) (ii) Capacity building (Orientation for groups management [IMPC-18]
Enhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groups [IMPC-19]
Enhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding it [IMPC-58]
Enhancement of lobbying with administrative authorities for amenitiesproblem
solving [IMPC-59]) (iii) Economic Impact (Increases the value of asset [IMPC-25]
Chapter VII
392
Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social
Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory
(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])
and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the
residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within
locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the
core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on
members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues
In nutshell it may be concluded that
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of
SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group
itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis
I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model
(Not same as hypothesis IV)
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality
indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)
73 Generalisation of Findings
Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other
populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe
usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)
Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe
2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo
(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of
generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
392
Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social
Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory
(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])
and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the
residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within
locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the
core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on
members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues
In nutshell it may be concluded that
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of
SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group
itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis
I)
There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model
(Not same as hypothesis IV)
There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of
SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality
indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)
73 Generalisation of Findings
Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other
populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe
usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)
Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe
2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo
(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of
generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
393
would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative
research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study
(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology
questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it
incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]
Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin
2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that
provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative
studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation
(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on
random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included
in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is
considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up
of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were
a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical
generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different
theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter
2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the
third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco
2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other
researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity
proximal similarity)
731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs
The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated
below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings
of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal
2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts
with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72
Reader generalisability of the present research findings
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
394
Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters
Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability
(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]
QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG
Organisational discipline (OD)
NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs
Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)
QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group
Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX
QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG
QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members
QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers
QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and
accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)
QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA
QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG
QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment
portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually
supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007
QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo
QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo
Capabilities and achievements (CA)
QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making
Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining
groups distinct identity in the community
QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members
Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)
QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice
These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI
QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG
External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion
These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
395
732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG
Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions
strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by
some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das
(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of
Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is
the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp
Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other
parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp
lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive
parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo
perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official
procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements
are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study
about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of
empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh
(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions
on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies
lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of
beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study
Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering
different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)
733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model
The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp
Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present
perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are
also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001
and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial
model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002
Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
396
734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core
or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher
considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp
Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs
regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either
theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002
Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not
accurately in pure sense of the terms
Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp
perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and
Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality
assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the
resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present
finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the
same construct
74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct
stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded
a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this
is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence
there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models
that suited to the local context
b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is
possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing
the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact
on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to
establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
397
c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for
sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the
challenge of quality and sustainability issues
d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help
character
e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be
sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance
movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit
to poor in general and women in particular
f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used
for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and
micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long
run too
g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted
by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings
are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be
contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to
be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance
h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in
future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by
another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method
needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG
i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of
SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and
growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation
and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has
retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
398
given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro
finance activities
j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial
viability
k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs
is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in
the orientation of mindset is required
l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group
sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from
becoming the members of new groups
m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve
a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model
n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a
networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their
problems solved
o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first
and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them
Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with
SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates
so as to empowering them
p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the
quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the
supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor
who access financial services through this mode
q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is
suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained
at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
399
accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among
members etc
r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged
Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable
s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies
so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable
livelihoods for the rural poor
t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local
levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all
levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would
improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large
corporations
u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic
empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more
economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social
psychological empowerment etc
v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution
building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the
institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and
socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal
banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial
model of development
w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of
financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks
and rural SHG members
x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified
aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages
In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
400
institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be
disseminated more effectively
y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should
comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper
check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)
procedures (governance audit)
z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt
agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members
With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken
aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social
service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented
This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the
further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified
bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service
function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating
organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and
rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising
managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)
cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a
stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the
specific challenges and risks of this function
dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own
experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need
based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the
groups
ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans
needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable
IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
401
ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such
as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc
gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the
poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to
protect the poor against shock and stresses
hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at
state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such
committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to
which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes
relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well
as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in
empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and
practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of
womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices
ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by
the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women
should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and
sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the
Government may be implemented through SHGs
75 Limitation of the Study
The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present
research also underwent the following limitations
a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved
issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing
the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine
while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment
model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG
and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
402
quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of
the study
b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using
various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the
conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical
tests employed in the analyses
c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain
sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite
of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the
confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have
given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation
d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were
reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of
filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection
e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one
district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists
hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study
However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos
generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is
totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding
overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future
investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct
76 Research Contributions
This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of
preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this
final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as
discuss directions for future research
The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor
contributions are omitted)
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
403
The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the
researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are
further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality
Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring
SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and
(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger
social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG
This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter
Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and
experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key
issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters
to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of
association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five
elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key
elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective
parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct
stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to
be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether
SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and
Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed
SHGs as financial model of development
Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue
whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be
peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
404
level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs
Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its
involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo
77 Scope of Future Research
Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta
Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)
and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment
on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct
under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales
regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)
for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following
are the key areas on which future research may be extended
a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters
b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other
similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group
and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model
of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment
model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its
involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators
g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social
groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the
present study viz
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
405
(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG
(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs
(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical
location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required
(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the
quality indicators will be applicable to it
REFERENCE
[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]
[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)
[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305
[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83
[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366
[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704
[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190
[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130
[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59
[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
406
[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72
[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522
[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71
[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108
[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65
[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23
[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]
[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW
[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender
Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by
the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers
[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]
[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group
Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]
[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]
[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11
[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs
Chapter VII
407
[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85
[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott
[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins
[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education
[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]
[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]
[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]
[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River
[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and
Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152
[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers
[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd
[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]
[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]
[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc
[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]
[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Publications
clubs clubs clubs