Chapter 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Chapter 3: INDUSTRIAL CANTEENS

Chapter 4: RULES AND REGULATIONS

Chapter 5: DEPARTMENTAL CANTEENS

Chapter 6: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Chapter 7: CONCLUDING REMARKS

The outline of the chapters brings out the fact that the first two chapters present

the background of the research topic and the middle three chapters give information

about the industrial canteens and the last two chapters are devoted to the presentation of

data and concluding remarks. The study contains Annexure I of specimen

Questionnaire and Annexure II which lists the Industrial Units selected for survey in

the present study. The study is concluded with the Bibliography.

CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1.1 Introduction of Methodology

2.2.1 Nomenclature

2.3.1 Method of Data Collection

2.3.2 Coverage of the study

2.3.3 Period of the study

2.3.4 Limitations of the study

2.4.1 Methodology of the study

2.4.2 Questionnaire designed for the study

2.4.3 Method of Data Analysis

2.4.4 Research design of the study

2.5.1 Review of Past Literature

CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 Introduction to Methodology

Research Methodology consists of a cumulative set of procedural steps in

conducting research on a topic chosen for that specific purpose. Research means

finding something new, something original conceptually or experimentally or applying

the same

to domain. The present research study is an attempt to apply the guiding principles of

administration and management to a group of industrial canteens. The survey of

industrial canteens is attempted through the compilation of responses. The data is

compiled from the responses given as answers to the Questionnaire specially designed

for the present research on hand. The Questionnaire contains fifty questions and these

questions address areas concerned with the aspects of administration, management and

organisational structure. About one third part of the battery of these fifty questions

deals with the organisational structure of the industrial canteens. The remaining two

thirds of the Questionnaire are further sub-divided in three parts which address the

areas of administration, financial management and personnel management. The

responses to the Questionnaire were solicited from approximately 200 industrial units

having industrial canteens. All those that were approached have not given their

responses but 122 industrial canteens have responded and these responses-6100

responses in all-have formed the basis of the present study. The method of data

collection, the method of data analysis and other features such as the period, the

coverage and the limitations of the study are presented in the present chapter. The

sections on the methodology are followed by a brief sketch of the past literature.

In today’s competitive world, with the rapid expansion of industries and the

large scale production of goods and the ever increasing variety of services, the

importance of human welfare deserves to be taken into consideration. An employee or a

worker belongs to a company as much as the employer who owns the company belongs

to it. The worker’s interest is automatically the interest of the company and eventually

also that of the employer who monitors it.

The success of any industrial company indisputably lies in the hands of its

workforce. In order to succeed any industrial unit needs to maintain reliable, committed

and sincere attitude towards the employees of the unit concerned. The employees of a

company constitute the core of its workforce and so they must be looked after

appropriately.

It is for this reason which is proved again and again, that it is necessary for the

management to take care of its employees. It is a fact that morale, health and emotional

stability play an important role in the discharge of his performance as an employee. A

high morale and emotional stability of a worker can directly be linked with good health.

An unhealthy person is more vulnerable to crumble under the pressure of performing an

excessive workload. This renders him more susceptible to failure in performing the

various tasks assigned to him.

A company can contribute fairly its share towards the good health of its

employees by providing quality food and refreshments. For this purpose, it is

imperative for a company to maintain and manage a good canteen providing quality

food and services.

These canteens can be of two types:

1. Company-run Departmental Canteens

2. Contractor-run canteens

3. Departmental (Company-run canteens): In this type of canteen all the cooks,

waiters, maidservants etc. are employed by the company itself. The

company directly incurs all the canteen expenses. This type of canteen is

viable only in companies which have a large number of employees

depending on them for food and refreshments.

4. Contractor-run Canteens: These canteens are run by contractors for a

stipulated term of contract. This type of canteen is mostly preferred by the

companies, having an average/medium or small strength/workforce. In this

case, the company lets out the task of providing food and refreshments to

outside/private parties on contract basis.

The main purpose of a canteen is not only to provide food to the workers but

also to look after and maintain a regular nutritious diet in order to enhance his

performance in increasing the scale of production and improving the quality of work.

A canteen may be managed by a few handful of people in a small industry

employing a minimum of 50 to 100 workers. But this same job of running a canteen

becomes difficult for a large industrial organisation which employs not less that 5000

workers and employees. Thus the growing importance of canteen management in the

present times confirms need for a proper and resourceful management in maintaining

and managing a canteen. The canteen management is not just required for providing

food and refreshments to the employees but also for purchasing of materials for the

purpose of cooking, maintenance of records of the purchase and sale of canteen items,

looking after the requirements of the employees and the workers, and lastly, taking care

of the employee’s health by providing healthy and nutritious food. Considering the

significance of the administrative machinery, the management of finances and of

personnel in canteens and the organisational structure, the functioning of industrial

canteens surveyed is presented in a manner as required by the methodology of a

research work. The first step is to clarify the meaning of the key terms used in high

frequency in the present dissertation. The next section of ‘Nomenclature’ introduces the

key terms of the study.

2.2 Nomenclature

2-2-1 Industrial canteens : Any industrial unit that ordinarily employees 250 or more

workers is under the statutory obligation of making a provision of an industrial canteen

or canteens in order to feed its workforce. The regulations of how to run such an

industrial canteen are to be framed by the respective State Government.

2-2-2 Departmental canteens: A departmental canteen is run by the industrial unit itself

or by the department concerned. The canteen staff and the entire purchasing,

preparation of food and distribution is the responsibility of the employer or the

department.

2-2-3 Canteen Management : Canteen Management is required to look after the entire

catering process through the cycles of the Space Management, Kitchen Management,

Food Management, Equipment Management, Financial Management, Personnel

Management and Disposal Management.

2-2-4 Canteen Manager:

The canteen manager is the individual who is responsible for implementing the

catering process and the various cycles of Canteen Management such as Space

Management, Kitchen Management, Food Management, Equipment Management,

Financial Management, Personnel Management and Disposal Management

2-2-5 Canteen Committee:

The Canteen Committee is the decision-making body that runs the industrial

canteen, implements the catering process, executes the cycles of the canteen

management and comprises of either the elected representatives or the nominated

members or both as the case may be.

2-2-6 Purchases:

The purchases of the perishable and non perishable ingredients are the essential

initial phase of canteen management

6a Perishable

The purchases of perishable items like milk, egg, vegetables are to be made

daily or at short intervals, but not later than a week

6b Non-perishable

The purchases of non-perishable items like food grains, pulses, oil, sugar etc are

to be made at specific periods such as monthly, quarterly or annually.

2-2-7 Space

The space management of the storage, kitchen and the service area in which the

items are stored, the food is prepared and the food is served is the initial stage of

canteen management.

2-2-8 Seating Arrangement

Seating arrangement in the industrial canteen depends on the service area

available, and on the type of furniture used to serve food to the workers and also on the

policy of the canteen management.

2-2-9 Timings

Timings for the industrial canteens vary from unit to unit, but timings

throughout the 24 hours every day and on all the days of a year are favoured.

Shifts

Shifts of the industrial canteens depend on the size of the industrial unit and the

number of employees. A three-shift arrangement from 7 a.m. to 4.p.m. 4 p.m. to 11 p.m.

and 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. is favoured most.

2-2-10 Canteen Staff

Canteen Staff includes all those who are involved in purchasing provisions,

storing, preparing and cooking food items, serving food and those engaged in safety

and sanitation of the industrial canteen.

Cooks

Cooks and assistant cooks are those engaged in the actual making of the meals

and snacks and are engaged in boiling, steaming, frying, baking, roasting and other

related activities to prepare food. Ice-makers are also included in this category.

2-2-11 Waiters

Waiters in the industrial canteens serve food and wait on the consumers to feed

them in the manner pre-determined by the management of the canteen concerned.

2-2-12 Maid Servants

Maid Servants are generally employed in the industrial canteens to carry out the

utility services such as cutting, peeling, slicing, cleaning and dishwashing or for

preparing chapatti, roti etc.

2-2-13 Canteen Equipment

Canteen equipment is available for almost all the heavy tasks now but in the

context of the present study, the use of mixers, grinders, refrigerators, and holding in

the ice-storage is included in canteen equipment and these instruments are being

universally used.

2-2-14 Menu

The menu preparation is a delicate task as dietary preferences vary from region

to region in India, but in the industrial canteen, the meals and snacks are to be served to

a group that is relatively fixed and so the standardised Veg. Thali items are favoured.

2-2-15 Physical features

The physical features of an industrial canteen include the space, the site, the

constructed area, the store, the kitchen, the service area for dining, the fuel, the power

and water connections and safety measurements.

15a Fuel

The LPG gas cylinder is used as the fuel in majority of the industrial canteens.

Diesel burners and electric hot-plates are also used in some units.

15b Electricity

The electric power supply is essential for lighting, using the kitchen equipment

and keeping the premises well-ventilated.

15c Water

The use of water is necessary in all the processes of food preparation, for dish

washing, cleaning purposes and for sanitation and therefore the industrial canteens

arrange for the supply of pure drinking water.

2-2-16 Budget

Budget is the planned estimate of receipts and expenditure for a specified period,

it is a policy statement of operative execution of the activity planned within the

pragmatic framework of ‘inputs and outputs’.

2-2-17 Monthly Operating Statement (=MOS)

Monthly Operating Statement in an industrial canteen is the monthly planner of

the activities to be operated and executed within the framework of the predetermined

policies and the network of material and financial resources.

2-2-18 Canteen Cost Sheet (=CCS)

Canteen Cost Sheet in an industrial canteen is the period specific statement of

the cost incurred in the making of each item and the ratio of expenditure incurred on

various activities and processes of canteen management.

2-2-19 Hazards

The major hazards in the canteen management can be the calamities like the

outbreak of fire, accidents, food poisoning or the quarrels, fight and riots of consumers

from the industrial unit.

19a Food Poisoning

The occurrence of food poisoning is a hazard that can be caused due to

contamination, pollution, impurity of materials and other causes.

19b Accidents

Accidents may occur on account of certain technical failure, mechanical defect,

electric shock or wounds, cuts, burns or falls in the kitchen and other areas of the

industrial canteen.

19c Fights

Fights among the consumers on account of groupism, quarrels, electioneering

do occur oceastionally in places like industrial canteens.

Riots are caused on account of the infighting among groups, long-drawn

quarreling feuds and rowdism of consumers in places like industrial canteens.

2-2-20 Hygiene

Hygienic food service, hygienic preparation of food, hygienic ambience,

hygienic upkeep of appliances and staff and hygienic conditions to maintain health and

sanitation are to be maintained is an obligatory condition in the industrial canteens.

20a Cleanliness

Cleanliness of the provisions, the kitchen applicances, the kitchen space, the

service area, the dining space, the dishwashing and the disposal and waste management

are included in the cleanliness measures in the industrial canteens.

20b Security

Security and safety measures are required in places like industrial canteens and

the security of equipment, security of storage space, the electric supply and the

appliances and fittings and the general security of the premises are included in the same.

2.3.1 Method of Data Collection

The method of data collection for the present research study is that of the

compilation of data based on the responses given to the Questionnaires specially

designed for the purpose of the present study. It was intended to collect the data from

200 industrial canteens but the responses received are from 122 industrial canteens.

These 122 industrial canteens are from four different categories. The area wise breakup

is of 99 industrial canteens from the urban industrial area in and in the vicinity of Pune

city area. The remaining 23 industrial canteens are rural. The 99 industrial canteens in

the urban area have two broad categories, of which 85 industrial canteens are run by the

contractors while the 14 are departmental canteens. In the 85 urban industrial canteens

which are contractor – run, there are two groups which are single unit urban industrial

canteens numbering 22 canteens and there are 63 multiple unit urban industrial

canteens. The questionnaires of 50 questions were circulated to those who were

responsible for the management of these canteens. It is observed from the information

sheet of the questionnaire that the respondent is generally the canteen manager or the

proprietor who holds a responsible position and who knows the most about the canteen

concerned. The respondent is one of the policy – makers for the functioning of the

canteen he represents and gives answers to the questions in the Questionnaire.

The data pertaining to this study has been collected in the following manner.

The responses were collected in writing to the Questionnaire.

The Questionnaires were cyclostyled sheets containing the information page for

on the front responses and the 50 questions with spaces. The canteen manager /

contractor filled in the responses in whatever way they desired to express themselves

without any hesitation or pressure.

The 50 Question Questionnaire was designed in such a manner that it contained

17 Questions that elicited responses about the organizational structure of the industrial

canteens. The information about the administrative set –up was compiled from the

responses to 11 questions. The ten questions addressed the financial Management and

the remaining 12 questions collected information about their personnel management.

The primary data of the present research study is based on the responses to the

questions contained in 50 Question Questionnaire. The specially relevant questionnaire

was prepared for this purpose. The secondary data used was the contribution in books,

journals, periodicals, and manuals on the topic under investigation. Analysis has been

made with the help of standard statistical techniques like Classification, Tabulation,

Diagram and Charts. Appropriate statistical techniques have been applied to analyse

and interpret the data. The use of secondary sources has been acknowledged and the

Bibliography appears at the end of the present dissertation.

The Questionnaire and the investigatory survey of the 122 industrial canteens is

the core of the data compiled for the present study. The secondary sources have mainly

been used as library works or obtained through the use of the internet. It is necessary to

mention here that industrial canteen management of a specific industrial region like

Pune is an entirely unique topic for a research study and therefore the method of data

collection is necessarily novel and different from the routine pattern.

2.3.2 Coverage of the Study.

The present research study covers the topic that is concerned with the industrial

canteens. The 122 industrial canteens of which 99 are from the urban area and 23 from

the rural region around Pune city form the core of the investingation carried out in the

present study. Koregaon Bhima, Chakan, Shirur, Sudumbare, Jejuri, Bebedhol and

Sarola are the places where the 23 industrial canteens are situated within the radius of

about 50 kilometers from the city of Pune. A large majority of the 85 urban industrial

canteens run by the contractors is situated in the Pimpri, Chinchwad industrial belt.

HAL Primpri, Railway Catering, Pune, SC Railway canteen, Ghorpadi, Greaves, 512

Army Base Camp and RDE (Engg) Dighi are the units in which there are 14

Departmental canteens. The managers, proprietors or the contractors of these canteens

have recorded their responses to the Questionnaire circulated. The Questionnaire has

the break – up of 11 questions on the administrative setup, 10 questions on the financial

management and 12 questions on the personnel management 17 questions on the

organizational working of the industrial canteens. The study thus covers the 122

industrial canteens in and around Pune city which belong to four categories of single

unit urban industrial canteens (22), multiple unit urban industrial canteens (63),

departmental canteens (14), and rural industrial canteens (23) through the responses to

the 50 Question Questionnaire compiling 6100 responses from the respondents of the

canteens being investigated.

In this way the present study makes an attempt to the present survey undertaken

in accordance with the title of the thesis. It presents the account of the investigatory

research survey carried through the responses to the Questionnaire to study the

management, administration and organizational structure of the industrial canteens in

and around the city of Pune. The data compiled thus through the investigatory survey

and the compilation of responses gives information about the industrial canteens and

the features of their functions. The disciplines of administration and management in the

faculty of commerce have provided the necessary perspectives to study the compiled

data and to attempt its systematic analysis, interpretation and presentation following the

guidelines of the research methodology to be employed in the present dissertation. The

coverage of the study is to investigate into the operative functioning of the industrial

canteens.

The preparation of the 50 Question Questionnaire and the compilation of data

from the 6100 responses received in answer and the interpretation and analysis of the

data compiled is carried out by the researcher personally.

This shows that the present study covers 122 industrial canteens in number from

the area of Pune- Pimpri Chinchwad industrial belt as the urban base and the radius of

about 50 kms as the rural region and the four significant areas of the disciplines of

administration and management and the time – scale is of five years from 1998 to 2002

the period of transition of a millennium. Numerically, 122 industrial canteens, on the

spatial axis, the area of Pune city and Pune rural region, academically, the principle of

management applied to a commercial enterprise in the industrial units and temporally, a

period of five years of transition from the 20th

to the 21st century is the span of coverage

of the present research study.

2.3.3 Period of the study.

The rise of Pune as a city is from the beginnings of the 17th

century. From the

early 18th

century to the beginning of the 19th

century, Pune was the capital city of the

rule of the Peshwas. The British rulers made it a centre in the rainy season, the province

comprising the area of the whole of Gujarat, Western, Northern and Southern

Maharashtra and North Karnataka was administered from Pune. It became virtually the

cultural capital of Maharashtra and assumed great significance in the fields of defence,

railways, highways and education. After indeperdence, the city began to grow in all

directions due to the Pimpri, Chinchwad and Bhosari belt. As Mumbai and Ahmedabad,

Pune is not a centre of textile industry; it has no public government undertakings except

HAL at Pimpri as there are in Bangalore. The cluster of auto industries, casting, forging

units, paper industry, electric, electronic goods, diesel – oil engines, pneumatic

machines, automobile industry and others flourished in the industrial belt around Pune.

Recently, it has become an IT destination. The last sixty years have established Pune

firmly on the industrial map of the country. The growth of industrialization in and

around Pune is sketched in brief to show how the period of the present research study is

very carefully selected considering the significance of the study.

In the 80s and 90s of the 20th

century, significant changes have taken place on

the economic front which has made a lasting impact on the global economies including

the Indian economy. The era of glasnost started in the USSR and brought with it the

winds of change. Communisim as a principle governing the economies of the Soviet

bloc countries received a jolt. The privatization, emergence of the policies of

globalization and liberalization affected the world economies, India followed suit in the

1991 – 96 regime of Prime Minister P. V. Narsimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr.

Manmohan Singh. The first phase of economic reforms was introduced to bring the

national economy back from the brink of bankruptcy. Decontrols started in full earnest.

The public private partnership phase began. This affected industries and mainly the

status of labour welfare reforms in the country. It is against the backdrop of these

developments that the period of the study of this investigatory research survey has been

decided. It is a period of five years from 1998 to 2002 the years of transition, the years

of aftermath of economic reforms and the welfare schemes to be implemented for the

labour force in the industries. A specific regional survey of 122 industrial canteens is

carried out in the present study.

The selection of the period of the study mostly depends upon the objectives of

the study. The objectives and aims of the study are to make an investigatory

interpretative and the analytical study of industrial canteens in and around the city of

Pune after the economic and labour reforms by the Government in public sector. The

researcher has therefore selected the span of five years from 1998 to 2002 as the period

of the present study.

During this period of five years the Government of India introduced many

revolutionary changes in the company Act and also accepted many far-reaching

changes in economic sector with new economic reforms. The changes of economic

reforms like free licenses, privatization, and liberalization made an impact on the

industrial relations of the companies. After taking these factors into consideration, the

period of the study, from 1998 – 2002 studies the impact of economic reforms on

industrial relation and practices of the public companies in and around Pune City.

During this period of five years from 1998 -2002 depression pressures continued to

increase the economic problems of industries and also the standard of living of the

workers in the industrial sector.

During the period of ten years from 1991 -2000 the Government imposed many

restrictions on the recruitment in the Government sector and proposed the

disinvestment measures in the public limited sector. Such changes increased the

pressure of employment in the industrial sector in India.

The period of study of five years coincides with period of eight years after the

economic reforms. The workers in industries employed before 1991 were considered

eligible for their demands like wages, free housing etc. Trade Unions changed their

approaches and strategies to get their demands fulfilled.

The industries in private sector changed their approaches and policies towards

employment of labour and also attempted not to increase their financial commitment in

terms of wages and amenities to the workers. All these developments are relevant for

the study of impact of revision of wages and welfare schemes introduced in the

industries.

It is observed in the investigatory survey from the responses to question number

twenty seven that the proportion of male and female workers was determined by taking

into consideration the general percentage of male and female workers in industries

concerned. It is to be noted here the percentage of female workers in the industries

sector is comparatively very low in proportion to the percentage of male workers.

This shows that the period of the present research study is marked by many

remarkable features such as the transition period of millennium, the period of the

aftermath of new economic reforms, the period of recruitment due to the changing

recessions polices and restriction and the introduction of new labour policies, even then,

the initiative in the labour welfare measures continued during the period of economic

upheaval. The researcher has selected this period of great significance for the industrial

sector and the labour welfare schemes. The researcher desires to record the fact that the

status and benefits for the workers in the industrial canteens remained almost

unaffected during this period because these canteen employees generally belonged to

the unorganized sector but the status and benefits for the industrial workers were

affected to some extent during the same period.

2-3-4 Limitations of the Study

The present research study deals with the administration and management of

industrial canteens. The number of industrial canteens investigated is 122 in and around

Pune city. One of the major limitations of the present research study is that the study

does not cover all the industrial canteens in and around city of Pune, though; it is clear

from the facts about the compilation of data that even the data for 122 industrial

canteens has required a lot of efforts. Pune is only one of the industrial centres in the

country and there are industrial canteens in the other industrial centres all over the

country. The present study does not cover the industrial canteens outside Pune and that

is another major limitation of the present research study. There are other catering

establishments in addition to the industrial canteens in the industrial units and as such

the study of catering management in all such catering establishments would have been

a fruitful area of research but the study is limited only to the industrial canteens of a

specific region and is restricted in its coverage to the industrial canteen management in

Pune.

The other major limitation of the present research study is the response to the

Questionnaire. There were about 200 sets of Questionnaire which were circulated to the

industrial canteens in the area but the responses were received from 122 industrial

canteens, about 61% of the industrial canteens responded to the Questionnaire while

39% of the industrial canteens did not give the responses to the 50-Question

Questionnaire specially designed for the present research study. There are the four

areas of administration, financial management, personnel management and

organisational working of the industrial canteens covered in the Questionnaire and as

such other aspects of the industrial canteen management are not covered in the

responses compiled for the interpretative analysis and that is one of the limitations of

the present research study. The study investigates the responses given to the Question

and as such the objectivity of data is maintained but the entire spectrum of the

management of these canteens is not touched by these responses and so the present

study remains limited in its compilation of data for analysis. Even the responses to the

Questionnaire are not given to all the questions and therefore in the analysis of many

questions, the column of “no response” often appears, indicating another limitation of

the present study, which is the partial response to the tool of investigation. The primary

data of the responses and the secondary data from the published material are the only

sources of information collected and the limitation of the study in this area becomes

obvious.

The main limitations of the present research study can be listed as given below:

a) The study is limited to the industrial canteens and not to the other catering

establishments,

b) The study is limited to the industrial canteens in and around the city of Pune

and not to the other industrial canteens at the industrial centres in the country

c) The study is limited to the industrial canteens in and around the city of

Pune which number 122 and the other industrial canteens except these

canteens are excluded.

d) The study is limited to the 122 industrial canteens that responded to the

50-Question Questionnaire and has excluded those that have not

responded to the Questionnaire.

e) The study is limited to the four aspects of the administration and

management of these 122 industrial canteens and does not take into

consideration the other aspects related to these areas.

f) The study is limited to the data compiled from the responses to the

Questionnaire and does not exceed this limit of objectivity, and

g) The study is limited to the responses given to the Questionnaire and so it

is limited in those areas which indicate “no response”.

In spite of these limitations, the present researcher has compiled the data from the

responses given to the 50-Question Questionnaire by the 122 responding industrial

canteens in and around the city of Pune. The limitations of the study are overcome by

making the responses representative reactions of the individuals who run the industrial

canteens. What is true of industrial canteen management in and around Pune is

universally applicable to the industrial canteens all over the country. The study

representatively puts forward the guidelines of the administration and management of

the industrial canteens in the industrial units irrespective of the barriers of caste, creed,

race, region and religion.

2-4-1 Methodology of the Study

The methodology of the present research study begins with the selection of the

research topic and the region selected for the compilation of data.

The topic selected for research is the study of the administration and

management of the industrial canteens. The topic is unique in the sense that there is not

any full length research study on this topic. Catering management is an emerging area,

though catering establishments have existed all over the world right from the ancient

times. In particular, the application of the principles of administration and the

guidelines of management to the industrial canteen sector is an entirely new concept

which is the core idea of the present research study. The topic was selected in order to

find out how this specific factor of industrial canteens works from the perspectives of

the disciplines of administration and management, in the commerce faculty. The

running of an industrial canteen is one of the welfare activities but it is a commercial

enterprise of a special category. An industrial canteen is not a profit-making

establishment in the real sense, though the canteens let out to the contractors may

obtain a marginal surplus. In this sense, the topic of the research study is unique and

such a full-length research study on the industrial canteens is almost first-ever attempt

to investigate into the working of the industrial canteens.

After the first step of the selection of the research topic, the next step of the

research methodology of the present research study is the area selected for the

compilation of data from the units of industrial canteens in the industrial units in a

specific region. The region chosen is the area of Municipal Corporations of Pune and

Pimpri-Chinchwad for the compilation of data from the 99 urban industrial canteens of

which the departmental canteens are fourteen. Of the 85 urban industrial canteens, there

are 22 single-unit and 63 multiple-unit urban industrial canteens. The rural area is

within the radius of about 50kms around Pune, to be exact, Koregaon Bhima (25km),

Shirur (65km), Jejuri (50km), Chakan (20km) Sudumbare (28km), Bebedhol (20km),

and Sarola (45km) from which data is compiled from 23 rural industrial canteens. The

investigatory research survey is made on the cluster of these 122 industrial canteens in

and around the city of Pune. The area specific study of industrial canteens is another

feature of this unique research study.

The next step is the preparation of the Questionnaire in the methodology of the

present study. The 50-Question Questionnaire is carefully prepared to touch the aspects

of the industrial canteens in respect of the principles of administration and management.

The questions seek response on the administration (11 questions), the financial

management (10 questions), the personnel management (12 questions) and the

organisational working of the industrial canteens (17 questions).

The next step is the compilation of data from the 122 industrial canteens. The

Questionnaire was circulated among 200 canteens but the responses received were from

122 industrial canteens in Pune region.

After the compilation of data, the next step is of interpretation and analysis of

data. Based on the 6,100 responses to the Questionnaire, the interpretation and analysis

of data is attempted by the researcher and the same is presented in the chapter of the

presentation of data and from these the last step of offering the concluding remarks is

taken in the last chapter.

The methodology of the present research study has the steps such as (i)

selection of the topic (ii) the selection of the area for data collection (iii) the preparation

of the Questionnaire (iv) the compilation of data from the responses to the

Questionnaire (v) the interpretation and analysis of data and (vi) the conclusions of the

research study.

2-4-2 Questionnaire designed for the study

The Questionnaire specifically designed for the present research study contains

50 questions. The Questionnaire begins with an information sheet in which the

information regarding the name of the industrial canteen, the date of establishment, the

address with phone numbers and the nature of production or process in the industrial

unit, the name, address and the phone numbers of residence and workplace of the

respondent and the items prepared in the canteen is sought.

The information sheet is followed by the questionnaire with fifty questions

having blank space provided for each response to the items in the Questionnaire. The

fifty questions address the areas like the administration (11 questions), the financial

management (10 questions), the personnel management (12 questions) and the

organisational structure of the industrial canteens (17 questions).

The administrative set-up of the industrial canteens in Pune area is the focus of

information from the group of eleven questions. These eleven questions address the

administrative matters such as the days of functioning and of closure (q 12), the

decision-making about the menu (q24), visits by guests to the canteen (q 29), views

about the career in running an industrial canteen (q 34), the problems (q35), the ways of

overcoming the problems (q 36) qualities required for running the industrial canteen (q

37), the secret of success in the career of running the industrial canteen (q 38), the

positive and negative aspects of the career of running an industrial canteen (q 39), the

decision about allowing outsiders (q 44), and the decision about when to function (q

45).

The next group of ten questions addresses the financial management and the

questions in this group are - about the turnover-daily or monthly (q3) the proportion of

subsidy (q4) who purchases and at what discounts (q 6), the frequency in purchases

(q7), facilities to canteen employee (q17), tenders (Q18), about maintaining accounts

(q28), preparing monthly operating statement (q31), preparing budget (q32), preparing

canteen cost sheet (Q 33).

The third group of 12 questions seeks information about the personnel

management of the industrial canteens surveyed. The 12 questions are whether the

person running the industrial canteen has visited other canteens (q 9), has completed

any canteen management course (q10), is there domination of Trade Union Leader,

Personnel Manager, Labour Officer (Q13), are instructions received from the

management (q 20), participation in canteen committee (q26), views about running the

canteen by ladies (q27), composition of canteen committee (q41), cases of food

poisoning (q46), cases of accidents, fights, riots (q47), best thing about running an

industrial canteen (q48), the production of the industrial unit (q49), and liking the job of

running an industrial canteen (q 50).

The fourth group of 17 questions is designed to get information about the

organisational structure and working of the industrial canteens. These 17 questions are

about the date of establishment of the industrial canteen (q1), who the beneficiaries are

and their number (q 2), special items are prepared and disposal of unsold items (q5),

which special items are prepared (q8), number of cooks, waiters, utility men, helpers (q

11), precautions and measures of cleanliness (q14), equipment used (q 15), timings and

staff (q16), items made daily (q 19), discrimination in recruiting workers (q 21), are

maid servants employed (q 22), number of tables and chairs (q23), number of gas

cylinders (q 25), canteens as mirrors of cleanliness (q 30), effect on family life (q40)

area of the canteen (q 42), and if veg and non-veg food served (q 43). The questionnaire

containing 50 questions thus seeks to get information about four areas related to the

industrial canteen management.

An analytical and an exhaustive questionnaire was constructed to seek

information for running the industrial canteen in the industrial unit concerned. In all 50

questions were prepared of which most of the questions were of structured type and few

questions were formulated to get their reactions about the running of Industrial canteens.

The study generated both quantitative and qualitative information from the

respondents. In all 200 questionnaires were distributed to various industrial canteens in

the urban and rural areas in the Pune region.

The questionnaire designed for the present study has been the tool of

methodology of research in the functioning of the industrial canteens in the region in

and around the city of Pune. The Questionnaire addressing four areas of administration

and management is applied to four groups of single unit urban industrial canteens(22),

multiple unit urban industrial canteens(63), urban departmental canteens (14) and rural

industrial canteens (23).

2-4-3 Method of Data Analysis

The data compiled from the responses given to each of the fifty questions in the

Questionnaire was entered in the PageMaker in respect of each of the respondent that

represented the industrial canteens totaling one hundred twenty two units of the

industrial units concerned. The data thus compiled was a series of fifty responses in

respect of each of the 122 industrial canteens in the urban and rural areas of the Pune

region. Each question was separated for interpretation and analysis of data. The one

hundred and twenty two responses for each question were separately recorded in a

separate programme. The responses were then put into four different clusters as

determined by the research design and the parameters of the research methodology

adopted. These four clusters have been examined through the responses thus collected

through the Questionnaires circulated. The four-fold division of the responses to the 50

Questions by

the 122 industrial canteens is a major break-through for the analysis of data on the

industrial canteens in the rural and urban areas of the industrial belt in and around the

city of Pune. Each response from the total of 6,100 responses (50x122) indicates the

nature of canteens in this field.

The data compiled has been analyzed according to the objectives of the study of

the Industrial canteens. The average is worked out for explaining the data such as

classification and the tabulation of data is made according to the needs of the study.

The analysis has been made according to the factual information collected

though some results are found out from the information given by the respondents who

are the responsible individuals who actually run the industrial canteens.

The data collected is the result of the co-operative attitude of the canteen

managers or contractors who actually handle the entire functioning of the industrial

canteens they represent as respondents to the Questionnaire of the present research

study.

The representatives of the industrial canteens that responded are from the areas

of Kothrud, Bhosari, Pimpri, Chinchwad and Akurdi. In all 200 questionnaires

consisting of 50 well structured questions were prepared. These questionnaires were

circulated. 122 industrial canteens have responded.

Thus the co-operative response from the individual responsible for running of

these canteens is the main criterion of selection of the respondents.

The industrial units that have responded belong to the categories of Engineering

Companies, Electronic Companies, Automobile Companies, Electric Instrument

Companies, Textile Machinery, Aluminum Casting, Steel Forgings, Cement Companies,

Domestic Applicances, Carbon Steel, Pump Pipes, Air Conditioners and other products.

The data presented is thus analysed through the use of SSPS software which is

useful for research of survey types in the areas of social sciences and commerce. The

disciplines of administration and management accept the use of such software in the

compilation and interpretation of data. The interpretation and analysis of data has

followed the objective criteria. The method of data analysis is thus marked by the

statistical and software features and is useful for the analysis of data compiled through

the responses to the art and science of data analysis and data collection followed

is thus the one that is useful in the research in the faculty of commerce in the

disciplines of administration and management.

2-4-4 Research Design of the Study

The research design of the present research study is determined by its objectives

to study the industrial canteens in the Pune region in the context of the principles and

practices of running these canteens in the industrial units concerned. The principles of

administration and management are relevant to the procedures adopted in the running

of the industrial canteens in the industrial units. The focus of the present research study

is to present the administrative set-up, the financial management, the personnel

management and the organisational structure of the industrial canteens in the Pune

industrial region.

The methodology of the research study passes through the stages of the

selection of the research topic, the selection of the area of the canteens to be studied,

the preparation of the Questionnaire, the compilation of data through the responses to

each of the fifty questions by 122 respondents, the interpretation and analysis of data

and the conclusions drawn on the basis of the data compiled. After the initial steps are

completed and the data is collected, the research design enters the phase of the

interpretation, analysis and presentation of the data. The planned design of the

dissertation is of the seven chapters.

The first two chapters introduce the preliminary details such as the explanation

of key concepts, the objectives, the purpose, the hypotheses and the status of industrial

canteens in the scheme of labour welfare measures, the outline of the study, and the

research methodology. The middle three chapters give details of the functioning of the

industrial canteens, the rules and regulations governing the industrial canteens and the

functioning of the departmental canteens. The last two chapters deal with the

presentation, interpretation, analysis of data and the conclusions of the study. This is

the design of the research dissertation to be prepared for submission.

The preparatory stage of the data collection and compilation and the later stage

of the preparation of the research dissertation are the major stages of the research study

of five years from 1998 to 2002. Therefore the present study could begin only after the

period of research study was over in 2003, and then began the phase of the preparation

of the tools of research and the compilation of the data which is the basis of the present

research work. The statistical methods have been applied to the data, wherever

necessary.

Each question and its responses are presented, interpreted, analysed, tabulated

and graphically displayed. The analysis, and interpretation of the responses of the fifty

questions are grouped in the four different groups of administration, management-

finance, management-personnel and organisational structure. The research design is

scrupulously followed in the preparation of the present research study and dissertation.

2-5-1 Review of past literature

It must be stated at the very outset that there are no research studies undertaken

on the present topic that is chosen for the present research study. This being an

analytical study of the administration and management of the industrial canteens, the

works on administration and management has been used to some extent for the

theoretical discussion. There are some works that have been referred to for the certain

portions of the present study as these works deal with the catering management and the

human resources management in hotel industry. In recent times, many food-craft

institutes and catering colleges have sprung up in many parts of the country and the

studies of the preparations of the food items, the dietics, the nutritional value of the

meals served have come out in the last two decades or so. A review of those works

which have been consulted from these three groups of works on administration and

management, works on catering management and works from the food-craft experts has

been offered in brief.

Peter F. Drucker is a major management thinker of the 20th

century. His works

Management, 1975, Allied Publishers, New Delhi and Practice of Management,

Heimeann, London, 1959 have asserted the principle that the running of an industrial

unit depends not just on the capital investment or the material inputs, but solely

depends on its workforce. The better you manage your workforce, the better

performance of your enterprise will materialize. The insistence on the management of

the personnel in an industry unit is the remarkable contribution to the management

thought and Peter F. Drucker is known as the exponent of the personnel management.

The foundations of the modern management thinking have been laid by Drucker,

though the use of the books by him and the other major management thinkers like

Oliver Sheldon, Henri Fayol and E.F.L Brech is not made directly on account of the

non-availability of the originals, their views have been presented from the works by

Koontz Harold, O Doomel Cyril and Weihrich Heinz- Essentials of Management 3rd

edition, 1982, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. Oliver Sheldon considers administration

to be the higher decision making function and the management as the operative

executive function. E.F.L Brech opines that management is a generic term that includes

administration. Between these two opposites is the view held by Henri Fayol who

considers both terms to be interchangeable. The fourteen principles of management put

forward by Henri Fayol have been discussed in the present study with reference to the

industrial canteen management.

There are four works on the catering management, human resources

management in hotels and on industrial relations which the researcher has relied upon

in the relevant

portions of the present research study.

These works are:-

1) Catering Management – An integrated approach by Mohini Sethi and Surjeet

Malhan published by New Age International Publishers (4835/24, Ansari road,

Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002) second edition reprinted in 2007.

2) HRM in Hotel Industry – Concepts and realities by Dr. Ashok Singh published

by Raj Book Enterprise (1199, Uniyaroka Rasta, Chandpole Bazaar, Jaipur-

302001) First edition in 2002.

3) Industrial Relations – Concepts and Issues by T.N. Chhabra and R.K. Suri,

published by Dhanpat Rai and Co(P) ltd. (1710, Nai Sarak, Delhi-110006)

second revised edition reprinted in 2005.

4) Green book of guidelines on the regulation of departmental canteens prepared

by the Director of Canteens.

Sethi and Malhan’s Catering Management – An integrated approach is written to assist

managers of catering establishments and to meet the requirements offering food-craft

and catering management courses. The volume contains eight units such as:

a) Catering management

b) Organization of space

c) Equipment

d) Food management

e) Financial management

f) Personnel management

g) Hygiene, Sanitation and Safety

h) Future trends.

These eight units are spread over the span of thirty-one chapters. The first unit of the

catering management has three chapters on principles and functions of catering

management, tools of management and management of resources. The second unit of

organization of space has three chapters on kitchen spaces, storage spaces and service

areas. The third unit equipment – has five chapters such as classification of equipment,

selection of equipment, equipment design, installation and operation, purchasing

equipment and care and maintenance of equipment. The fourth unit is food

management in which there are seven chapters on characteristics of food, food

purchasing, receiving, and storage of food, menu planning, food production, food

service and dishwashing. The fifth unit of financial management has five chapters on

financial management- definition and scope, cost concepts, cost control, pricing and

book-keeping and accounting. The sixth unit of personnel management has four

chapters on personnel management, development and policies, recruitment, selection

and induction, employee facilities and benefits and training and development. The

seventh unit of hygiene, sanitation and safety

has three chapters on hygiene and sanitation, safety and laws governing food service

establishments. The last eighth unit of future trends has a single chapter on catering

through the nineties. There are seven appendices, references, glossary and index at the

end of this volume. This volume of 438 pages is useful handy reference work for

caterers with a lot of illustrative photographs and graphic presentations.

Dr. Ashok Singh’s HRM in Hotel Industry, is the book published on the basis of

his doctoral thesis submitted to the M.L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan. The

state of Rajasthan has become a hot tourist destination. There are more than one

thousand hotels with a capacity of more than fifty thousand beds. The present study is

designed to assess and examine the practices of human resource management in the

hotel industry in Rajasthan. It portrays the real employment conditions in the hotel

industry in particular in Udaipur and Jaipur. The present study has been divided in

eleven chapters. The first chapter deals with the introductory part, research

methodology and the research design adopted. The first chapter discusses objectives,

coverage, hypothesis, period and limitations of the present research study. The second

chapter deals with the conceptual framework of the human resource management. The

third chapter offers profile and organizational structure of the sample hotel units

alongwith the historical background. The fourth chapter begins the empirical analysis

of the human resource practices in the hotel industry in Udaipur and Jaipur by offering

the analysis of the human resource planning in the terms of short term operational

planning and long term strategic planning. The fifth chapter brings out the real situation

as it exists in respect of job and work design by presenting a document of sixty-four

instructions as duties and responsibilities of hospitality assistants. The sixth chapter

deals with the staffing conditions such as recruitment, selection, appointment, induction

and separation. The seventh chapter deals with the training and development practices

in the hotels and the eighth chapter presents the different methods of performance

appraisal systems in various hotels. The ninth chapter comments on the compensation

of the reward given to the hotel employees for the hard work performed by them. The

tenth chapter brings out the protection and representation practices and systems in these

hotels. The last eleventh chapter is that of the conclusions and suggestions. The book of

240 pages is extensively supported by tables, charts, diagrams, and three appendices

and comprehensive bibliography. The author hopes that the book would prove a

milestone in highlighting the prevailing human resource management scenario in hotel

industry in Rajasthan.

T.N Chhabra and R.K Suri’s book Industrial Relations, is a volume of 663 pages that

contains thirty four chapters grouped under six units such as:-

1) Concept and evolution of industrial relations.

2) Dynamics of industrial relations.

3) Union-management relations.

4) Wage policy and legislation.

5) Health, safety, security and labour welfare and

6) Emerging trends in industrial relations.

The first unit of concept and evolution of industrial relations has eight chapters

on an overview of Indian labour, concept and scope of industrial relations, trade

unionism-concepts and approaches, trade unionism in India, employers organizations in

India, role of state in industrial relations, ILO- international labour organization. The

second unit of dynamics of industrial relations has seven chapters on industrial conflicts,

industrial unrest in India, industrial relation machinery in India, the industrial disputes

act 1947, industrial employment act 1948, discipline and grievance procedure and

labour turnover, absenteeism alcoholism and drug abuse. The third unit of union

management relations contains three chapters on the trade union act 1926, collective

bargaining and negotiation and industrial democracy and workers participation in

management. The fourth unit of wage policy and legislation has six chapters on

national wage policy, the minimum wages act 1948, the payment of wages act 1936,

the payment of bonus act 1965, the equal remuneration act 1976 and profit sharing and

co-partnership. The fifth unit of health, safety, security and labour welfare has nine

chapters on industrial health and safety, the factories act 1948, social security,

employee welfare, workmen’s compensation act 1923, the maternity benefit act 1961,

the employees state insurance act 1948, the payment of gratuity act 1972 and

employees PF and misc. provisions act 1952. The sixth unit of emerging trends in

industrial relations has a single chapter on emerging challenges of industrial relations.

These thirty four chapters are followed by two appendices and the volume is concluded

by select bibliography.

The Greenbook of guidelines on the regulation of the departmental canteens is

a set of directives on how to run a departmental canteen. The various aspects of the

equipment, the personnel and financial functioning of the canteens are covered by the

various sections which issue detailed instructions of the running of a departmental

canteen.

There are works from those engaged in teaching at the food-craft and catering

management institutions. One such study is Dr.Thakur’s study of industrial canteens

around the city of Nagpur in the state of Maharashtra. The research project undertaken

mainly deals with the nutritional value and calorie content of the various items of food

prepared in the industrial canteens selected for the research project. The dietics,

nutrition, hygiene, protein content, the vitamin enriched diet are the areas which are

discussed in the projects undertaken in the food-craft and catering institutes. The hotel

management courses have also opened the vistas of conducting research in the food

preparations and the management of the hotel industry. One research project

undertaken for the M.Ed. course is an impact of distribution of mid-day meals in the

primary schools on the performance and the attendance of the students. The increase

both in performance and attendance by 15 to 20 percent has been noticed. Most of these

studies are concerned with the preparation of food in these various establishments but

the topic of the present research study is not simply the preparation of food. The topic

of research is unique in the sense that the study concerns the industrial canteens and the

four areas of the study are related to the administration and the financial as well as

personnel management of these industrial canteens. Moreover, the canteens under

scrutiny belong to a single industrial belt of Pune, Pimpri-Chinchwad and Pune rural

areas. In this sense, it is a pioneering study of unique nature investigating 122 industrial

canteens on the objective criteria of total six thousand and one hundred responses. It is

indeed the first ever attempt to interpret the data compiled on the administration and

management of industrial canteens. It is an empirical study of the industrial canteen

management. Though works directly concerning this topic are not available, this review

of past literature has recorded the indebtedness to those scholars who have contributed

to the shaping of the present research study.