Chapter Two Models of Abnormal Behavior OR “Welcome [back] to PSY 101!”
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Transcript of Chapter Two Models of Abnormal Behavior OR “Welcome [back] to PSY 101!”
Chapter Two
Models of Abnormal Behavior
OR
“Welcome [back] to PSY 101!”
• We use a model (theory) to describe, understand, predict and control behavior.
• Some people stick to one model (purists)• Some people choose from among all the
models (eclectics) • Sue, Sue, & Sue use a “multi-path” model so they’re eclectics….
Multi-path/eclectic models acknowledge…
• … that no one single theory is best all of the time.
• …that there may be factors from more than one theory to explain a behavior.
• …that all theories should at least be considered all of the time.
• …some theories MAY be more relevant than others at times.
• …theories may interact with each other.
Multi-path Model (Dimensions)
BiologicalGenetics, Brain,
Biochemical, CNS, ANS
PsychologicalPersonality, Cognition,
Emotions, Learning, Stress, Self-esteem, Development.
SocialFamily, Relationships, Social
Support, Belonging, Love, Marital Status, etc.
SocioculturalRace, Gender, Sexual Or., SES, Religion, Ethnicity,
Culture
Cognitive
Behaviorism Early childhood experiences
Humanism
Interaction
Depression?
The Brain
HindbrainSerotonin
Limbic System
HippocampusAmygdala:
Pleasure, fear, aggression,
arousal,
Sleep, alertness, pain, vision,
hearing. Serotonin, Norepinephrine,
dopamine.
Neuron
• Dendrites receive messages
• Axons send messages
• To next neuron
• 100 billion
neurons in the brain
• Myelin: Fatty layer of tissue that coats
axons
• Synapse
Genetic ExplanationsGenetically transmitted mental illness:
– Depression – Alcoholism, – Schizophrenia – 35-91%
– Pharmacogenomics
Biology-based TreatmentsPsychopharmacology: aka drug therapy (drugs
that affect mind and behavior)
Four classes:
» Antianxiety» Antipsychotic» Antidpressant» Antimanic
(handout)
Electoconvulsive Therapy• Declined in ‘70s – recent upswing…• Used in endogenous depression. • Mayo Clinic
Psychosurgery
Rosemary Kennedy
Psychological Factors(More PSY 101)
• Sigmund Freud
Personality: • Id – Pleasure principle• Ego – Reality principle• Supergo - Conscience
Psychosexual Stages:• Oral• Anal• Phallic• Latency• Genital
Develops during…
Psychological Factors
Psychodynamic treatments:• Free association• Dream analysis• Analysis of resistance• Transference
Criticism: No empirical data, anti-female, works best on well-educated, upper SES patients.
Psychological Factors
Behaviorism: Classical Conditioning:
• Ivan Pavlov, John Watson. • Behavior is elicited.
Operant Conditioning: • Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner. • Behavior is emitted then strengthened or
weakened through: – Positive reinforcement– Negative reinforcement– Punishment
Psychological Factors
Observational Learning
Albert Bandura
Psychological Factors
Cognitive Models• Thinking and events affect behavior. • Therapists need to change our schemata
(schemas)
Conclusion: It’s all in the attitude! …or…so says Charles Swindoll
(handout)
Or it’s the power of POSITIVE thinking says Wil Smith!
Psychological Factors
Humanistic/ExistentialSome assumptions:
1. Subjective experience is more important than objective experience (“Daddy, I’m scared!)
2. People can make their own choices and be responsible for those choices.
3. Need to look at whole person – not one behavior, not toilet training, not just SES…
4. People have the ability to be whatever they want. (touches of cognitive psychology here…)
Psychological Factors , Humanistic
Abraham Maslow
Psychological Factors , Humanistic
Carl Rogers
• Client-centered therapy. • Unconditional Positive Regard. • Non-directive therapy.
Psychological Factors , Humanistic
ExistentialADDRESSES:
• irrational beliefs• human suffering• “intrusion of technology” into society• moral, philosophical, and ethical
behaviors of self and others. • “Fuzzy” “Not Scientific”• Doesn’t work with severe mental disorders
Social Factors DimensionAddresses how others affect our behavior:
Family systems: Everyone in a family affects every other family member.
• Personality is developed by how parents treat children. • Abnormal behavior is a symptom of a “dysfunctional” family
Therapies: Family therapy focuses on the entire famly and addresses:
• communication• power struggles
Couple therapy: • needs • expectations
Group therapy: Everyone has something in common….
Sociocultural Factors• Gender: More stress on females than males• SES: health, depression, stressors, wages,
unemployment, food/shelter, hopeless, helpless, dependence, inferiority
• RACE: – Inferiority model –– Are Asians smartest?
• Multicultural model says some cultures are not bad just DIFFERENT in values, customs, etc.
• Need to understand behavior