Chapter Two Final

EPS 116/100EPS 116/100

Welcome! Welcome!

COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION

Perception, the Self and Perception, the Self and Communication Communication

You should understand:You should understand: How common perceptual tendencies and situational factors How common perceptual tendencies and situational factors

influence perception.influence perception. The influence of culture on perception and the self-concept.The influence of culture on perception and the self-concept. The importance of empathy in communicationThe importance of empathy in communication The communicative influences that shape the self-conceptThe communicative influences that shape the self-concept How self-fulfilling prophecies influence behaviorHow self-fulfilling prophecies influence behavior How the process of identity management can result in How the process of identity management can result in

presentation of multiple selvespresentation of multiple selves The reasons for and the ethical dimensions of identity The reasons for and the ethical dimensions of identity

management. management.

Perception, the Self and Perception, the Self and CommunicationCommunication

You should be able to:You should be able to: Explain how the tendencies outlined in this chapter have led Explain how the tendencies outlined in this chapter have led

you to develop distorted perceptions of yourself and others.you to develop distorted perceptions of yourself and others. Use perception-checking and empathy to be more accurate in Use perception-checking and empathy to be more accurate in

your perceptions of others’ behavior.your perceptions of others’ behavior. Identify the ways you influence the self-concepts of others and Identify the ways you influence the self-concepts of others and

the ways significant others influence your self-concept.the ways significant others influence your self-concept. Identify the communication-related self-fulfilling prophecies Identify the communication-related self-fulfilling prophecies

that you have imposed on yourself, that others have imposed that you have imposed on yourself, that others have imposed on you, and that you have imposed on others.on you, and that you have imposed on others.

Describe the various identities you attempt to create and the Describe the various identities you attempt to create and the ethical merit of your identity management strategies. ethical merit of your identity management strategies.

Perceiving OthersPerceiving Others Two or more people often perceive the world in Two or more people often perceive the world in

radically different ways which presents major radically different ways which presents major challenges for communicationchallenges for communication

The set of beliefs of each of us hold about ourselves – The set of beliefs of each of us hold about ourselves – our self-concept-has a powerful effect on our own our self-concept-has a powerful effect on our own communication behavior.communication behavior.

The messages we send can shape others’ self-concept The messages we send can shape others’ self-concept and thus influence their communication.and thus influence their communication.

The image we present to the world varies from one The image we present to the world varies from one situation to another. situation to another.

Perceiving Others Perceiving Others

Narrative and PerceptionNarrative and PerceptionThe social stories that we and others creates to The social stories that we and others creates to

make sense of our personal world are called make sense of our personal world are called narratives. narratives.

‘‘Perception-checking’ can help cobble a Perception-checking’ can help cobble a pathway to connect different narratives. pathway to connect different narratives.

Different narratives can lead to problematic Different narratives can lead to problematic communication. communication.

Perceiving OthersPerceiving Others Attribution is the process of attaching meaning Attribution is the process of attaching meaning

to behavior – we attribute meaning to our own to behavior – we attribute meaning to our own actions and actions of others. actions and actions of others.

Cognitive Conceit occurs when we Cognitive Conceit occurs when we overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments and reconstruct the memory of our judgments and reconstruct the memory of our past in self-serving ways. past in self-serving ways.

Perceiving OthersPerceiving Others

We are bombarded with more information than We are bombarded with more information than we can possibly take in during our first we can possibly take in during our first encounter with another personencounter with another person

There is a tidal wave of data to sort through… There is a tidal wave of data to sort through… So, So,


We pay attention to:We pay attention to:

Intense Intense RepetitiousRepetitiousContrastiveContrastive


Most noticeable behavior of others isn’t always Most noticeable behavior of others isn’t always the most important.the most important.

We cling to First Impression, Even if WrongWe cling to First Impression, Even if Wrong

Problems arise when the labels we attach are Problems arise when the labels we attach are inaccurate – always keep an O P E N mindinaccurate – always keep an O P E N mind


We tend to assume that others are similar to usWe tend to assume that others are similar to usWe tend to favor negative impressions over We tend to favor negative impressions over

positive onepositive one

BAD IDEA to allow negative traits to BAD IDEA to allow negative traits to overshadow positive – can lead to lonelinessovershadow positive – can lead to loneliness

Don’t assume your first judgment is accurateDon’t assume your first judgment is accurate


T-Chart Activity T-Chart Activity

Dozing off in classDozing off in classGetting angry at a customer on the jobGetting angry at a customer on the jobDressing sloppily in publicDressing sloppily in publicBeing insensitive to a friend’s distressBeing insensitive to a friend’s distressLaughing at an inappropriate or offensive jokeLaughing at an inappropriate or offensive joke


Relational SatisfactionRelational SatisfactionDegree of Involvement with the Other PersonDegree of Involvement with the Other PersonPast ExperiencePast ExperienceExpectationsExpectationsSocial RolesSocial RolesKnowledgeKnowledgeSelf-ConceptSelf-Concept

Perception and Culture Perception and Culture

Two categories:Two categories:

RelationalRelational

Similarity Similarity

Perception and CulturePerception and Culture

Activity 2Activity 2

Cultural differences among First Nations /Asian Cultural differences among First Nations /Asian /European/European

Empathy and PerceptionEmpathy and Perception

Empathy is the ability to re-create another Empathy is the ability to re-create another person’s perspective, to experience the world person’s perspective, to experience the world from the other’s point of view.from the other’s point of view.

Three dimensions:Three dimensions: Perspective-takingPerspective-taking Emotional dimensionEmotional dimension Genuine concern Genuine concern

Empathy and PerceptionEmpathy and Perception

Sympathy – means you feel compassion for Sympathy – means you feel compassion for another person’s predicamentanother person’s predicament

VERSUSVERSUS

Empathy – means you have a personal sense of Empathy – means you have a personal sense of what that predicament is like what that predicament is like

Perception-CheckPerception-Check

Three parts:Three parts:A description of the A description of the

behavior you noticed;behavior you noticed;At least two possible At least two possible

interpretations of the interpretations of the behavior; andbehavior; and

A request for clarification A request for clarification about how to interpret about how to interpret the behavior. the behavior.

Perceiving the SelfPerceiving the Self

Self-concept is a set of relatively stable perceptions that Self-concept is a set of relatively stable perceptions that each of us holds about ourselves. each of us holds about ourselves.

Who are You?Who are You?Activity 3Activity 3

Take 5 minutes to list as many ways as you can to Take 5 minutes to list as many ways as you can to identify who you are. identify who you are.

moods moods feelings feelings appearance appearance physical condition physical condition social traits social traits talentstalentsintelligence intelligence beliefs beliefs social roles social roles

Perceiving the SelfPerceiving the Self Social RolesSocial Roles Physical AppearancePhysical Appearance HealthHealth FriendshipsFriendships AccomplishmentsAccomplishments SkillsSkills



How does our culture contribute to our self-How does our culture contribute to our self-concept?concept?


Self-esteem is our Self-esteem is our evaluation of self-worth.evaluation of self-worth.

Communication and Communication and Development of Self Development of Self

Our identity almost comes exclusively from Our identity almost comes exclusively from communication with others. communication with others.

Ethical Challenge: Ethical Challenge: Is Honesty the Best Policy Is Honesty the Best Policy

Activity 5Activity 5Your friend, an aspiring singer, wants to try out for Your friend, an aspiring singer, wants to try out for

Canadian Idol? She can’t hold a tune. Canadian Idol? She can’t hold a tune.

Culture and Self-ConceptCulture and Self-Concept

Preservation of LanguagePreservation of Language

Some 7,000 distinct languages are Some 7,000 distinct languages are spoken in the world today, and one spoken in the world today, and one of them dies about every two of them dies about every two weeks. weeks.

Exceeds that of birds, mammals, fish Exceeds that of birds, mammals, fish or plants and that language loss or plants and that language loss often parallels loss of biological often parallels loss of biological species. species.


Non-dominant LanguageNon-dominant Language

1.1. You will feel pressure to assimilate by You will feel pressure to assimilate by speaking the ‘better’ language; orspeaking the ‘better’ language; or

2.2. You may refuse to accede to the majority You may refuse to accede to the majority language and maintain loyalty to the non-language and maintain loyalty to the non-dominant language.dominant language.


Collective Cultures – gain identity by Collective Cultures – gain identity by belonging to a group (Asian/First belonging to a group (Asian/First Nation)Nation)

Individualist Cultures – gain identity Individualist Cultures – gain identity through self through self (Australian/Canadians/Americans)(Australian/Canadians/Americans)

Self-Concept, Personality and Self-Concept, Personality and CommunicationCommunication

Personality – consistent set of traits people Personality – consistent set of traits people exhibit across a variety of situationsexhibit across a variety of situations

Self-concept shapes our communication Self-concept shapes our communication behavior and is shaped by it. behavior and is shaped by it.

Self-Fulfilling ProphecySelf-Fulfilling Prophecy

This occurs when a person’s expectations of an This occurs when a person’s expectations of an outcome makes the outcome more likely to outcome makes the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been true.occur than would otherwise have been true.

Two types:Two types:1.1. When your own expectations influence your When your own expectations influence your

behavior. behavior. 2.2. When expectations of one person govern When expectations of one person govern

another’s actions.another’s actions.

Self-Fulfilling ProphecySelf-Fulfilling Prophecy

So,So,

We are what we believe we are . . . We are what we believe we are . . .

Critical Thinking ProbeCritical Thinking Probe


Identify one communication-related predictions Identify one communication-related predictions you make about others. What are the effects of you make about others. What are the effects of these predictions? these predictions?

Identify one self-fulfilling prophecy you Identify one self-fulfilling prophecy you imposed on yourself? imposed on yourself?

Identity Management: Communication as Identity Management: Communication as Impression ManagementImpression Management

Public and Private SelvesPublic and Private SelvesPerceived self – who you are in honest self-Perceived self – who you are in honest self-

examinationexaminationPresenting self – is your public image “face” Presenting self – is your public image “face”

verbal and non-verbal verbal and non-verbal


FaceworkFacework

1.1. Managing our own identity Managing our own identity 2.2. Communicating in ways that reinforce the Communicating in ways that reinforce the

identities that others are trying to present.identities that others are trying to present.


We Strive to Construct Multiple IdentitiesWe Strive to Construct Multiple Identities Identity Management is CollaborativeIdentity Management is Collaborative Identity Management Can Be Conscious or Identity Management Can Be Conscious or

UnconsciousUnconscious People Differ in their Degree of Identity People Differ in their Degree of Identity

ManagementManagement

Why Manage Impressions?Why Manage Impressions?

1.1. For social norms/rules.For social norms/rules.2.2. To accomplish personal goal/goals.To accomplish personal goal/goals.

How do We Manage Impressions?How do We Manage Impressions?

Face-to-Face Impression ManagementFace-to-Face Impression Management

1.1. MannerManner2.2. AppearanceAppearance3.3. SettingSetting

How do We Manage Impressions?How do We Manage Impressions?

Impression Management in Mediated Impression Management in Mediated CommunicationCommunication

1.1. Control over what messages say (email, text, Control over what messages say (email, text, voice mail)voice mail)

2.2. Control over how the message is shaped. Control over how the message is shaped.

Impression Management and HonestyImpression Management and Honesty

We all present a variety of “faces” throughout We all present a variety of “faces” throughout the day to manage our impressions. the day to manage our impressions.

Ethical Challenge: Honesty and Multiple Ethical Challenge: Honesty and Multiple IdentitiesIdentities

1.1. A time when you presented a public identity A time when you presented a public identity that didn’t match your private self in a that didn’t match your private self in a manner that wasn’t unethical.manner that wasn’t unethical.

2.2. A situation (real or hypothetical) in which A situation (real or hypothetical) in which you have presented or could present a you have presented or could present a dishonest identity. dishonest identity.

On Being a TeacherOn Being a Teacher

Journal Entry – Chapter Two Journal Entry – Chapter Two

Chapter Two Final

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Transcript of Chapter Two Final