CHAPTER The Clause · 2019. 11. 15. · Identifying Independent and Subordinate Clauses Identify...

422 The ClauseChapter 15

C H A P T E RC H A P T E R

A. Identifying and Classifying Independentand Subordinate Clauses

Identify each of the following clauses as either independent orsubordinate.

EXAMPLE 1. when I was eleven years old1. subordinate

1. because I have lived in Chile and Ecuador2. his writing has improved3. although Gullah is still spoken on South Carolina’s Sea Islands4. when the Philadelphia Phillies baseball team won the

National League pennant5. she served as secretary of labor6. which we brought to the Juneteenth picnic7. everyone laughed8. whose mother you met yesterday9. during the storm the power failed

10. to whom his mother explained the reason for the delay

Diagnostic Preview

The ClauseIndependent and Subordinate Clauses

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu

for an interactive activity.Go to the Chapter Menu

ch15_menu.htmlch15_menu.html

B. Identifying and Classifying Subordinate ClausesIdentify the subordinate clause in each of the following sentences.Then, classify each as either an adjective clause or an adverb clause.

EXAMPLES 1. Today is the day that you are eating at my house.1. that you are eating at my house—adjective clause

2. I will give you a map so that you can find my house.2. so that you can find my house—adverb clause

11. If.you have never had Caribbean food, you are in for a treat.12. My mother, who was born and raised in Jamaica, really

knows how to cook.13. Whenever I have a chance, I try to learn her secrets.14. My grandmother, whose cooking is spectacular, is making

her special sweet potato pone for dessert.15. Some of the fruits and vegetables that grow in Jamaica are

hard to find in the markets around here.16. Today we are shopping for coconuts, avocados, and callaloo

greens, which were introduced.to the Caribbean by Africans.17. We must also remember to buy the fresh hot peppers,

onions, and spices that are needed for seasoning the meat.18. Although my mother never uses measuring spoons, she

seems to know just how much of each spice to add.19. As soon as we pay for these items, let’s take them home.20. Part of your treat will be to smell the delicious aroma from

the kitchen before.you even begin eating.

What Is a Clause?15a. A clause is a word group that contains a verb and itssubject and that is used as a sentence or as part of a sentence.

Every clause contains a subject and a verb. However, not allclauses express complete thoughts. A clause that does express acomplete thought is called an independent clause. A clause thatdoes not make sense by itself is called a subordinate clause.

A subordinate clause that is capitalized and punctuated asif it were a sentence is a sentence fragment.

N O T E

What Is a Clause? 423

GR

AM

MA

R

15a

Reference Note

For information aboutcorrecting sentencefragments, see page 269.


Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu



The Independent Clause15b. An independent (or main) clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence.

EXAMPLES I woke up late this morning.

Do you know Joseph?

When an independent clause stands alone, it is called asentence. Usually, the term independent clause is used onlywhen such a clause is joined with another clause.

EXAMPLES My mother drove me to school. [This entire sentence is an independent clause.]My mother drove me to school, but my brotherrode his bicycle. [This sentence contains two independent clauses.]Since I missed the bus, my mother drove me toschool. [This sentence contains one subordinateclause and one independent clause.]

The Subordinate Clause15c. A subordinate (or dependent) clause does notexpress a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence.

Words such as because, if, since, that, until, which, and whom signal that the clauses following them may be subordinate.Subordinate means “lesser in rank or importance.” A subordinateclause must be joined with at least one independent clause tomake a sentence and express a complete thought.

SUBORDINATE if the dress is too longCLAUSES

that the veterinarian recommended

SENTENCES If the dress is too long, we will hem it.

The new food that the veterinarian recommended is good for our hamster.

Subordinate clauses may appear at the beginning, in the middle,or at the end of a sentence.


GR

AM

MA

R

Reference Note

For information on usingcommas and coordinat-ing conjunctions tojoin two independentclauses, see page 605.For information aboutusing commas to joinindependent and sub-ordinate clauses, seepage 607.


Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu


Identifying Independent and SubordinateClauses

Identify the italicized clause in each of the following sentencesas independent or subordinate.

EXAMPLE 1. If you know any modern music history, then you are probably familiar with the Motown sound.

1. subordinate

1. Do you recognize the entertainers who are shown in the photographs on this page and the next?

2. These performers had hitrecords in the 1950s and 1960s when the.music business in Detroit (the Motor City,.or“Motown”) was booming.

3. Berry Gordy, whofounded the Motownrecord label, beganhis business in asmall office inDetroit.

4. He was a songwriterand producer, and he was able to spot talent.

5. Gordy went to clubsto hear local groupswhose sound he liked.

6. The Miracles, which wasthe first group discoveredby Gordy, had a leadsinger named SmokeyRobinson.

7. Robinson was also asongwriter, and Gordy includedhim in the Motown team ofwriters and musicians.

Exercise 115b, c

The Subordinate Clause 425

GR

AM

MA

R


Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu


8. Gordy carefully managed all aspects of theMotown sound, which is a special combina-tion of.rhythm and blues and soul.

9. Diana Ross and the Supremes, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, the Four Tops, theTemptations, Gladys Knight and the Pips,and Michael Jackson are just some of the performers that Gordy discovered.

10. As you look carefully at the photographsagain, can you and your classmates recognizethese music legends?

Identifying Subordinate Clauses

Identify the subordinate clause in each of the following sentences.

EXAMPLE 1. When you get up in the morning, do you look atyour sleepy face in a mirror?

1. When you get up in the morning

1. A mirror is a piece of polished metal or glass that is coatedwith a substance such as silver.

2. The most common type of mirror is the plane mirror, whichis flat.

3. The image that is reflected in a plane mirror is reversed.4. As you look into a mirror, your left hand seems to be the

image’s right hand.5. When an image is reversed, it is called a mirror image.6. A sailor who looks through the periscope of.a submarine is

using a system of lenses and mirrors in a tube to see abovethe water’s surface.

7. Right-hand rearview mirrors on cars, which show.a wide areaof.the road behind, are usually convex, or curved outward.

8. Drivers must be careful because convex mirrors makereflected objects appear far away.

9. Because the mirror in a flashlight is concave,.or curvedinward, it strengthens the light from a small lightbulb.

10. When you look in a concave mirror, you sometimes see amagnified reflection of yourself.

Exercise 2


S T Y L E T I P

Although short sentencescan be effective, a varietyof sentence structures isusually more effective. Torevise choppy sentencesinto smoother writing,combine shorter sentencesby changing some intosubordinate clauses.

CHOPPYThis is our dog, Skippy. Heis five years old. He is aYorkshire terrier.

SMOOTHThis is our dog, Skippy,who is a five-year-oldYorkshire terrier.

In the example above, twoof the short sentences arecombined into a singlesubordinate clause.

GR

AM

MA

R


Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu


Writing Sentences withSubordinate Clauses

Write ten sentences by adding an independent clause to each ofthe following subordinate clauses. Underline the independentclause in each of your sentences. Make your sentences interestingby using a variety of independent clauses.

EXAMPLES 1. who lives next door to us1. Have you or Peggy met the woman who lives next

door to us?

2. that Alexander bought2. The sleeping bag that Alexander bought was

on sale.

1. when I bought the CD2. who won the contest3. if my parents agree4. as Jessye Norman began to sing5. because we are going to a concert6. that you made7. who built the pyramids8. for which this musician is famous9. since the introduction of the telephone

10. whose paintings are now famous

The Adjective Clause15d. An adjective clause is a subordinate clause thatmodifies a noun or a pronoun.

Like an adjective or an adjective phrase, an adjective clause maymodify a noun or a pronoun. Unlike an adjective phrase, anadjective clause contains both a verb and its subject.

ADJECTIVE a blue flowerADJECTIVE a flower with blue petals [The phrase does not

PHRASE have a verb and its subject.]

ADJECTIVE a flower that has blue petals [The clause does CLAUSE have a verb and its subject.]

An adjective clause usually follows the word or words itmodifies and tells which one or what kind.

Exercise 3


GR

AM

MA

R

15d


Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu


EXAMPLES Emma Willard was the one who founded the firstwomen’s college in the United States. [The adjectiveclause modifies the pronoun one, telling which one.]

I want a bicycle that I can ride over rough ground.[The adjective clause modifies the noun bicycle, tellingwhat kind.]

The Relative PronounAn adjective clause is usually introduced by a relative pronoun.

These words are called relative pronouns because they relate anadjective clause to the noun or pronoun that the clause modifies.

EXAMPLES A snorkel is a hollow tube that lets a diver breatheunderwater. [The relative pronoun that begins theadjective clause and relates it to the noun tube.]

The team’s mascot, which is a horse, is calledRenegade. [The relative pronoun which begins theadjective clause and relates it to the noun mascot.]

Gwendolyn Brooks is the writer who is the poet laureate of Illinois. [The relative pronoun who beginsthe adjective clause and relates it to the noun writer.]

Those whose library books are overdue must payfines. [The relative pronoun whose begins the adjec-tive clause and relates it to the pronoun Those.]

In some cases, the relative pronoun can be omitted.

EXAMPLE The person [that or whom] we met at the marketwas Mrs. Herrera.

Identifying Adjective Clauses

Identify the adjective.clause in each of the sentences on the nextpage. Underline the relative.pronoun that begins the clause.

Exercise 4

N O T E


GR

AM

MA

R

Commonly Used Relative Pronouns

that which who whom whose

S T Y L E T I P

The relative pronoun thatis used to refer both topeople and to things. Therelative pronoun which isused to refer to things.

EXAMPLESShe is the person that Imet yesterday.

This is the CD that youshould buy.

The bus, which is behindschedule, stops at the nextcorner.

Reference Note

For information about when to use commas to set off adjectiveclauses, see page 607.


Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu


EXAMPLE 1. The person who wrote the Declaration ofIndependence was Thomas Jefferson.

1. who wrote the Declaration of Independence

1. In his later years, Jefferson lived at his home, Monticello,which he designed.

2. Jefferson planned a daily schedule that kept him busy all day.3. He began each day by writing himself a note that recorded

the morning temperature.4. Then he did his writing, which included letters to friends and

businesspeople.5. Afterward, he ate breakfast, which was served around

9:00 A.M.6. Jefferson, whose property included stables as well as farm

fields, went horseback riding at noon.7. Dinner, which began about 4:00 P.M., was a big meal.8. From dinner until dark, he talked to friends and neighbors

who came to visit.9. His large family, whom he often spent time with, included

twelve grandchildren.10. Jefferson, whose interests ranged from art and architecture to

biology and mathematics, read each night.

Writing Appropriate Adjective Clauses

Complete each of the following sentences with an adjectiveclause. Then, underline the relative pronoun.

EXAMPLE 1. We read the Greek legend .1. We read the Greek legend that tells the story

of the Trojan horse.

1. You should proofread every composition .2. My best friend, , is a good student.3. Mrs. Rivera, , was my fifth-grade teacher.4. We heard a sound .5. Our neighbors are from Fez, Morocco.6. The ship, , carried bananas.7. Anyone is excused from the final exam.8. Carmen, can you tell us about the scientist ?9. Is Victor Hugo the author ?

10. Wow! I didn’t know you had a dog .

Exercise 5


GR

AM

MA

R

H E L P

Remember, to be a clause,a wordgroup must contain both a verb and its subject.


Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu


The Adverb Clause15e. An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modi-fies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.

Like an adverb or an adverb phrase, an adverb clause can modifya verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Unlike an adverb phrase, anadverb clause contains both a verb and its subject.

ADVERB Bravely, Jason battled a fierce dragon.ADVERB PHRASE With great bravery, Jason battled a fierce

dragon. [The phrase does not have both a verb andits subject.]

ADVERB CLAUSE Because Jason was brave, he battled a fiercedragon. [The clause does have a verb and its subject.]

Adverb clauses answer the following questions: How? When?Where? Why? To what extent? How much? How long? and Underwhat condition?

EXAMPLES I feel as though I will never catch up. [The adverbclause tells how I feel.]

After I finish painting my bookcases, I will callyou. [The adverb clause tells when I will call you.]

I paint where there is plenty of fresh air. [Theadverb clause tells where I paint.]

I have more work to do today because I didn’t paintyesterday. [The adverb clause tells why I have morework to do.]

Jennifer can run faster than Victor can. [The adverbclause tells to what extent Jennifer can run faster.]

I will paint until Mom comes home; then I will cleanmy brushes and set the table for supper. [The adverbclause tells how long I will paint.]

If I paint for two more hours, I should be able to finish. [The adverb clause tells under what condition Ishould be able to finish.]

Notice in the preceding examples that adverb clauses may beplaced in various positions in sentences. When an adverb clausecomes at the beginning, it is usually followed by a comma.


GR

AM

MA

R

Reference Note

For more information onpunctuating introduc-tory adverb clauses,see page 613.

S T Y L E T I P

In most cases, decidingwhere to place an adverbclause is a matter of style,not correctness.

As he leapt across thegorge, Rex glanced backat his alien pursuers.

Rex glanced back athis alien pursuers as heleapt across the gorge.

Which sentence might youuse in a science fictionstory? The sentence tochoose would be the onethat looks and sounds bet-ter in context—the rest ofthe paragraph to which thesentence belongs.


Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu


Subordinating ConjunctionsAdverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions.

Some words that are used as subordinating conjunctions, such asafter, as, before, since, and until, can also be used as prepositions.

PREPOSITION Before sunrise, we left for the cabin.SUBORDINATING Before the sun had risen, we left for

CONJUNCTION the cabin.

PREPOSITION In the nineteenth century, buffalo skins were usedas blankets and clothing.

SUBORDINATING Around 1900, as the buffalo became nearlyCONJUNCTION extinct, conservationists fought for its protection.

Identifying Adverb Clauses

Identify the adverb clause in each of the following sentences.

EXAMPLE 1. As long as they have been a people, the Chinesehave been making kites.

1. As long as they have been a people

1. Although the following story is only a legend, many peoplebelieve that a kite like the one pictured on the next page mayhave saved the people of China’s Han dynasty.

2. The Chinese were about to be attacked by an enemy armywhen an advisor to the emperor came up with a plan.

3. As the advisor stood beside an open window, his hat waslifted off by a strong wind.

4. He immediately called for a number of kites to be made sothat they might be used to frighten the enemy.

Exercise 6


GR

AM

MA

R

Common Subordinating Conjunctions

after because though

although before unless

as how until

as if if when

as long as in order that whenever

as much as since where

as soon as so that wherever

as though than while

COM P UTE R T I P

A computer can help youproofread your writing.Use the computer’s searchfunction to highlight anyuses of the words after, as,before, since, and until.Look at the use of suchwords at the beginnings ofsentences. Decide whetherthe word begins a preposi-tional phrase or a subordi-nate clause. In most casesan introductory preposi-tional phrase is not set offby a comma. An introduc-tory adverb clause, though,should be followed by a comma.

15e


Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu


5. The kite makers had no trouble finding lightweight bamboofor their kite frames because.bamboo.grows widely in China.

6. As each frame was completed, silk was stretched over it.7. The emperor’s advisor attached noisemakers to the kites so

that they would produce an eerie.sound.8. He ordered his men to fly the kites in the darkest hour of

night because.then.the.enemy would hear the kites but wouldnot be able to see them.

9. Unless the advisor was wrong, the enemy would think thatthe kites were gods warning them to retreat.

10. According to the legend, the enemy retreated as if.they werebeing chased by a fire-breathing dragon.

Writing Adverb Clauses

Complete each of the following sentences with an adverb clause.Then, underline the subordinating conjunction.

EXAMPLE 1. , digital cameras will become quite popular.1. If I’m right, digital cameras will become quite

popular.

1. , everything seemed fresh and new.2. The gears jammed .3. , the African dancers began their routine.

Exercise 7


GR

AM

MA

R

H E L P

Remember, a clause contains botha verb and its subject.

David F. Jue, Chinese Kites, How to Make and Fly Them. Charles E. Tuttle Co. Inc., of Tokyo, Japan.


Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu


4. From the trees, a Bengal tiger watched the herd .5. , maybe he’ll help you clean your room.6. Call us .7. , the cement mixer backed up to the wooden frame.8. The buses have been running on time .9. , street sweepers rolled slowly next to the curb.

10. His map looked .

Identifying and Classifying Subordinate Clauses

Identify the subordinate clause in each of the following sen-tences. Then, classify each clause as an adjective clause or anadverb clause.

EXAMPLES 1. American history is filled with stories of peoplewho performed heroic deeds.

1. who performed heroic deeds—adjective clause

2. As the American colonists struggled forindependence, women played important roles.

2. As the American colonists struggled for indepen-dence—adverb clause

1. When you study.the American Revolution, you may learnabout the adventures of a woman known as Molly Pitcher.

2. Molly Pitcher, whose real name was Mary, was the daughterof farmers.

3. Although she was born in New Jersey, she moved to thePennsylvania colony.

4. There she married William Hays, who was a barber.5. Hays joined the colonial army when the.Revolution began.6. Mary Hays went to be with her husband in Monmouth,

New Jersey, which was the site of.a battle on a hot June day in 1778.

7. At first, she carried water to the soldiers so that they wouldnot be overcome.by the intense.heat.

8. The soldiers nicknamed her “Molly Pitcher” because.shecarried the.water in pitchers.

9. Later, when her husband collapsed from the.heat, she tookover his cannon.

10. George Washington, who was the commander of.theContinental Army, made Molly an honorary sergeant.

Review A


GR

AM

MA

R


Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu




GR

AM

MA

R

Writing Sentences withSubordinate Clauses

Write twenty different sentences of your own. In each sentence,include a subordinate clause that begins with one of the follow-ing words or word groups. Underline the subordinate clause.After the sentence, classify the subordinate clause as an adjectiveclause or an adverb clause.

EXAMPLES 1. so that1. We hurried so that we wouldn’t miss the bus going

downtown.—adverb clause

2. whom2. Jim Nakamura, whom I met at summer camp, is

now my pen pal.—adjective clause

1. which 11. because2. before 12. unless3. since 13. as soon as4. who 14. whom5. than 15. while6. whose 16. whenever7. as though 17. after8. although 18. where9. that 19. as much as

10. if 20. wherever

Review B


Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu



A. Identifying Independent andSubordinate Clauses

Identify the italicized clause in each of the following sentencesas an independent or a subordinate clause.

1. As Jawan walked to school, he saw a.strange sight.2. If.you go.to the library, you should take a look at the young

adult section.

3. The book that I read last night was very scary!4. Long after the rain had stopped, the ground was still.wet.5. If the trip is cancelled, we can play tennis.6. When the.spin cycle stops, please take the laundry out of

the washing machine.

7. The shells that they found are still in the closet.8. Most people are asleep when the morning newspaper

is delivered.

9. Was the movie that the reviewers liked sold out?10. Since we moved here from Chile, we have met many people.

B. Identifying Adjective and Adverb ClausesIdentify each italicized clause in the following sentences as anadjective clause or an adverb clause. Then, write the word eachclause modifies.

11. We camped near Lake Arrowhead when we went fishinglast year.

12. Because the weather was cold, I wore a sweater undermy jacket.

13. The coat that my mother bought for me was blue.14. As she left her office, Cletha heard the phone.15. Vince hit the home run that won the game!16. Everyone who signed up for the marathon should meet at 8:00

A.M. tomorrow in the school parking lot.

17. On Tuesday the Chavez family went to the Rex parade, whichis held every year in New Orleans during Mardi Gras.

C H A P T E RC H A P T E R

Chapter Review

Chapter Review 435

GR

AM

MA

R


Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu





18. Larry is a little taller than Dana is.19. The CD that Rita wanted to buy was out of stock.20. Louise stayed home today because she has a bad case

of the flu.

21. Play soccer if you need more exercise.22. The turtle moves faster than I expected.23. My older sister, who is on the varsity basketball team,

practices after school every day.

24. Since it was such a beautiful evening, we decided to take a long walk.

25. Will the students whose families observe the Jewish Sabbath beexcused early on Friday?

C. Identifying Subordinate ClausesIdentify the subordinate clause in each sentence. Then, classifythe clause as an adjective clause or an adverb clause. Write noneif the sentence does not contain a subordinate clause.

26. The denim blue jeans that are known as Levi’s have aninteresting history.

27. They were created in 1873 by Levi Strauss.28. Strauss, who had immigrated to the United States from

Bavaria, founded a clothing company called Levi Strauss &Co.

29. Six years after his arrival in the United States, he sailed toSan Francisco because.his sister and brother-in-law had a drygoods business there.

30. In 1872, Strauss had received a letter from Jacob Davis, atailor in Nevada who was one of.his regular.customers.

31. Davis told Strauss about riveting the pocket corners ofwork pants so that the pants would be more durable.

32. Since Davis lacked the.money to.patent.this invention,he asked Strauss to be his partner.

33. Both men were named as patent holders in 1873.34. The copper-riveted overalls were popular with working

people who needed.tough but comfortable pants.

35. In 1880, the company, whose sales had reached $2.4 million,was selling denim pants to retailers for about $1.50 a pair.

GR

AM

MA

R


Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu



437Chapter Review

Reference Note

For information aboutpunctuating introduc-tory adverb clauses,see page 613.

GR

AM

MA

R

36. Strauss died in 1902, four years before.an earthquake and firein San Francisco destroyed his company’s factories.

37. After the earthquake, the company built a new factory thatis still.operating today.

38. The company suffered financially, as did many other busi-nesses, during the Great Depression of the 1930s.

39. Since the 1940s, the pants have become increasingly fashion-able among young people.

40. In the 1950s, when actors such as James Dean wore them infilm roles, the jeans skyrocketed in popularity.

Writing ApplicationUsing Clauses in a Manual

Subordinate Clauses Your class project for NationalSafety Week is to write a safety manual. Each class member willwrite one page of instructions telling what to do in a particularemergency. Use subordinating conjunctions to show the relation-ships between your ideas.

Prewriting Think of a specific emergency that you knowhow to handle. List the steps that someone should follow in thisemergency. Number the steps in order. If you aren’t sure of theorder or don’t know a particular step, stop writing and get theinformation you need.

Writing Use your prewriting list to begin your first draft. Asyou write, make your instructions as clear as possible. Define orexplain terms that might be unfamiliar to your readers. Be surethat your instructions are in the right order.

Revising Read over your instructions to be sure that you’veincluded all necessary information. Add, cut, or rearrange stepsto make the instructions easy to follow. Be sure to use appropri-ate subordinating conjunctions to make the order of the stepsclear.

Publishing Check your work carefully for any errors ingrammar, punctuation, and spelling. To publish your class safetymanual, gather all the pages and make booklets out of printoutsor photocopies. Organize your topics alphabetically, or groupthem by kinds of emergencies.

H E L P

A healthteacher, the school nurse,or an organization suchas the Red Cross shouldbe able to provideinformation.


Chapter Menu

Chapter Menu

CHAPTER The Clause · 2019. 11. 15. · Identifying Independent and Subordinate Clauses Identify...

Documents

Transcript of CHAPTER The Clause · 2019. 11. 15. · Identifying Independent and Subordinate Clauses Identify...