Chapter Sixteen The Eighteen Century: From Rococo to Revolution
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Transcript of Chapter Sixteen The Eighteen Century: From Rococo to Revolution
Chapter SixteenChapter SixteenThe Eighteen Century:The Eighteen Century:
From Rococo to RevolutionFrom Rococo to Revolution•••
Culture and Values, 6th Ed.Cunningham and Reich
Age of DiversityAge of Diversity
Unqualified optimism, extreme discontentConscious engagement with social issuesRevolutionaries and conservativesEnlightened despots Welfare of citizenry Duty and responsibility
The Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century
The Rococo StyleThe Rococo Style
Escapism, antibaroque Frivolity, lightheartedness Art as entertainment for aristocracy
Jean Antoine Watteau (1684-1721) Fetes galantes Return from Cythera (1717)
The Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century
The Rococo StyleThe Rococo Style
François Boucher (1703-1770) Eroticism, voluptuous beauty (Rubens) Cupid a Captive (1754)
Jean Honoré Fragonard (1732-1806) Use of landscape Love Letters (1773)
The Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century
The Rococo StyleThe Rococo StyleRosalba Carriera (1675-1757) Pastel portraits Anna Sofia d’Este (c. 1730)
Portraiture and English nobilityRococo sculptureRococo architecture Balthazar Neumann (1687-1753)
The Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century
Neo-Classical ArtNeo-Classical ArtArcheological inspiration New awareness of classical art
Roman Republic, French Revolution Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825) United opposition to tyranny
Austere poses, orderly decoration Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792)
The Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century
Neo-Classical ArtNeo-Classical ArtEscapism vs. IdealismWilliam Hogarth Satirical “moral subjects”
Sculptural qualityClassical models of architecture Austere public buildings Thomas Jefferson’s State Capitol
Classical MusicClassical Music
Style gallantEmpfindsamkeit C.P.E. Bach (1714-8)
General vs. Technical definitionsNew musical idiom Emotion, intellect, balance, order
Classical Music:Classical Music:
The Classical SymphonyThe Classical SymphonyOrchestral standardization
Symphonic movements1. Sonata form, sonata allegro form
Exposition, development, recapitulation
2. Slow, lyrical movement3. Minuet4. Spirited, cheerful conclusion
Classical Music:Classical Music:
Haydn and MozartHaydn and Mozart
Franz Joseph Haydn “Father of the Symphony” Reverence of artist in society
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Early musical prowess, virtuosity The Marriage of Figaro Social injustice, universality of human nature
Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth Century
Intellectual DevelopmentsIntellectual DevelopmentsSystematic examination of society Pessimistic views vs. Optimistic views
Renewed interest in Classical culture Translations, themes, forms, references
English Augustan movement Imitated Roman Augustan poets Return to order after English Civil War
Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth Century
Alexander Pope (1688-1744)Alexander Pope (1688-1744)Augustan poetNature of human experienceRococo satire Tinged with personal hostility
Christian + Humanist teachings Revelation of human folly Reverence for order, reason
Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth Century
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Hatred for human race“Savage indignation” Animals capable of reason
Gulliver’s Travels Satire of human behavior
A Modest Proposal “Man’s inhumanity to man” Inevitability of human suffering
Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth CenturyRational Humanism: The EncyclopedistsRational Humanism: The Encyclopedists
Encyclopédie Denis Diderot (1713-1784) System for the classification of knowledge Compendium of human rationality Freedom of conscience and belief
Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth CenturyRational Humanism: The EncyclopedistsRational Humanism: The Encyclopedists
Charles-Louis Montesquieu (1689-1755) Distribution of governmental power
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Humans=good, society=bad The “noble savage” Contempt for superficial, artificial Belief in human equality
Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth Century
Voltaire (1694-1778)Voltaire (1694-1778)A man engagéImportance of freedom of thought“Ecrasez l’infame” Fanaticism and persecution
Natural religion, moralityCandide (1759) Folly of unreasonable optimism Cruelty and stupidity of the human race
The Late Eighteenth Century:The Late Eighteenth Century:Time of RevolutionTime of Revolution
Technological improvementsIncreased literacy, circulation of ideasGovernmental abuses Louis XV: “Après moi le déluge”
The Reign of Terror Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) Essentiality of constitutional government
The Late Eighteenth Century:The Late Eighteenth Century:Time of RevolutionTime of Revolution
American Revolution Inspired revolution in France
Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence Optimistic view Political and social freedom Equality and justice Universality of man and nature
Chapter Sixteen: Discussion QuestionsChapter Sixteen: Discussion QuestionsExplain Jonathan Swift’s “savage indignation.” Why does he hold such contempt for the human race? What is meant by the statement, “[reason] aggravates man’s natural corruptions”? How is this similar to and/or different from Rousseau’s outlook on humanity?What philosophical view of humanity was generated by the Encyclopedists? Explain how a collection of knowledge lead to new insights into religion, humanity, society, and government.In what ways does the rococo style support both the optimistic AND the pessimistic worldviews of the eighteenth century? Consider the influx of satire and the comparative frivolity of the art in addition to the changing role of the artist during the period.