Chapter P. Government (Series P 1-277)

Elections and Politics: Series P 1~61

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND VETOES (P 1-39)

P 1-26. Methods of electing presidential electors, 1788-1836. SOURCE: Paullin, Charles 0., Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States, Carnegie Institution of Washington and Ameri-Can Geographical Society of New York, 1932, p. 89. The electors, now elected by popular vote in all States, are selected, according to the Constitution, "in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct." The development of political-party direction of the electoral coilege was not anticipated in the Constitution, and dur-ing the early years of the republic, electors were chosen in the sever·al States by a number of different devices. The principal devices were: Election by the State legislature itself in some States, by State electors popularly chosen to elect presidential electors, and by direct popular vote for the electors. With few ex-ceptions, presidential electors have been elected by popular vote since 1828. The legislature of South Carolina, however, continued to elect presidential electors until 1860.

P 27-31. Electoral and popular vote for President, by political party, 1789-1944. SOURCE: The following references were em-ployed individually and also in combination. Where sources dif-fered,figures were selected by the Bureau of the Census staff. U. S. Congress, Clerk of the House of Representatives, Platforms of the Two Great Political Parties, 1932 to 1944, pp. 437-447; Prufer, Julius F., alid Folmesbee, Stanley J., American Political Parties and Presidential Elections, McKinley Publishing Company, Phila-delphia, 1928; Paullin, Charles 0., Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States, Carnegie Institution of Washington and Amer-ican Geographical Society of New York,'1932, pp. 88-104; Bureau of the Census, Vote Cast in Presidential and Congressional Elec-tions, 1928-1944; U. S. Congress, Clerk of the House of Repre-sentatives, Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Elections, issues for elections of 1928-1944.

The election of the President of the United States is provided for in the Constitl!-tion, article II, section 1, through the establish-ment .of an electoral college in each State, for each Presidential election. The method of casting the electoral vote was modified in 1804 by the adoption of the 12th amendment to the Constitution. The number of electors, and therefore of electoral votes, is "equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in Congress." Because of the varied prac-tices in choosing electors in earlier years, the record of popular votes is inadequate to explain the elections until after 1824.

U. S. Congress, Veto Messages . .. ,49th Congress, 2d Session, Miscellaneous Document No. 53.

The Constitution provides, article I, section 7, that nolegisla-tive bill may become law until approved by the President or, if disapproved and returned to the House of its origin, it is repassed in each House by a two-thirds vote. A bill may also become law if the President fails to return it to the House of its origin within 10 days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him. If the Congress adjourns within the interval of 10 days, a bill disapproved by the executive does not become law and is said to be Hpocket vetoed."

CONGRESSIONAL ACTIVITY AND PARTY AFFILIATIONS (P 40-56)

P 40-49. Congressional bills, acts, and resolutions, 1789-1946. SOURCES: U. S. Congress, Calendars of the United States House of Representatives and History of Legislation, final edition, 79th Con-gress, pp. 303-309; also the following typewritten tabulations furnished by Library of Congress, Leg~slative Reference Service: "Number of Laws Enacted by Congress Since 1789 (Revised to Jan. 1947}"; "Total Number of Bills and Resolutions Introduced in Congress, 1st to 76th Congresses"; "Number of Laws Passed by Congress, 1933 (March 9)-1944 (through March 22)." Some measure of the activities of the United States Congress can be gained from the number of bills and resolutions which have 'been introduced in Congress and from the number of public and private laws which have been passed. The abrupt reduction in the number of private bills enacted in,~o law beginning with the 60th Congress was the result of combining many private bills, particularly pen-sion bills, into omnibus enactments.

P 50-56. Political party affiliations in Congress and the Presi~ dency, 1789:-1946. SOURCE: For 1st to 74th Congresses, type-written tabulation from Library of Congress, Legislative Reference Service, "Political Trends-Both Houses of Congress-1789-1944," based on Encyclopedia Americana, 1936 ed., vol. 7, pp. 516-518 (1st to 69th Congresses), and Bruce, Harold R., American Parties and Politics, 3d ed., Henry Holt and Co., New York, 1936, pp. 174-179 (70th to 74th Congresses); for 75th to 79th Con-gresses, see Congressional Directory. For party affiliation of the President (series P 56), see U. S. Congress, Clerk of the House of Representatives, Platforms of the Two Great Political Parties, 1932 to 1944, pp. 435-436. It is generally recognized today that popular government operates only through the agency of organized politi-cal parties. During the early development of the United States, party alignments and the function of political parties were neither fully appreciated nor provided for. During the formative period party alignments developed, but designations for the different groups were not firmly fixed.

In four elections the entire electoral vote of certain States re-mained uncast: (1) 1872-The vote of Arkansas was rejected, the count of the popular vote in Louisiana was disputed, and the votes of both sets of electors were rejected by Congress; (2) 1868-N 0 vote in Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia because these States had not been "readmitted" to the Union; (3) 1864-No vote in seces-sion States: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Vir-ginia; (4) 1789--.-No New York electoral vote because the legis-lature failed to agree on electors. See also text of series P 50-56, below.

P 32-39. Number of Congressional bills vetoed, 1789-1946. SOURCES: U. S. Congress, Calendars of the United States House of Representatives and History of Legislation, final edition, 79th Con-gress, pp. 96-98, 303-308; U. S. Congress, Senate Library, Veto Messages . .. 1889-1944; U. S. Congress, House of Representatives, Report on Pocket Veto, 70th Congress, 2d Session, Doc. No. 493;

In the classification by party in series P 50-56, the titles of parties during early years have been so designated as to be recog-nizable in the records of the periods concerned and also to show the thread of continuity which tends to run from early alignments into the present two-party system. Inasmuch as the party of Thomas Jefferson (generally known at the time as the Republican party) has with a considerable measure of continuity survived to the present time as the Democratic party, the name later accepted by the Jeffersonian Republicans of "Democratic Republican" is used in the tables to avoid any confusion of the early Jeffersonian Republican with the present-day Republican party. Opposed to the early Republican party was the Federalist party which was dominant in the first national administration and which, with interruptions, can be traced tenuously by elements of popular sup-

283

Text: P 590-3 GOVERNMENT

port through the Whig, the National Republican, and Soil parties to the Republican party of today.

the Free the President, or by Executive orders covering groups of em-ployees with their positions into the competitive classified service,

Party affiiliations of other than major-party presidential candi-dates are also shown in series P 29. If a minor, or a sectional party, has supported one of the major-party candidates, such support is

. indicated after that of the name of the principal nominating party-. Minor-party candidates frequently have had several such endorse-ments, sometimes because similar groups in different sections of the country were known by different names.

APPORTIONMENT OF REPRESENTATIVES (P 57-61)

P 57-61. Apportionment of Representatives among the States, 1790~1940. SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census, 1940, Population, vol. I, p. 8, and records; Congressional Directory, 80th Congress, 1st Session, February 1947, pp. 237-241. The num-ber of members in the House of Representatives was fixed by the Congress at the time of each apportionment; since 1912 it has re-mained constant. The 14th amendment to the Constitution, in effect at the present time, provides that "Representatives shall be . apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, ex-cluding Indians not taxed," At the time of the 1940 apportion-ment, it was determined that there were no longer any Indians who should be classed as "not taxed" under apportionment law.

Prior to the passage of the 14th amendment, representatives were apportioned among the States "according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole num-ber of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of I years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons'." (Art. I, sec. 2.) The original assignment of Representa-tives .. to be in effect until after the first enumeration of the popu-lation, and the requirement that each State have at least one Representative, are also included in the Constitution.

Government Civilian Employment: Series P 62-88

P 62-64. Employees in the Executive Branch of the Federal Government, 1816, decennially 1821-1911,1918, annually 1920-19:45. SOURCE: Statistical Abstract, 1946, table 219, p. 208, and Civil Service Commission records. The primary source is the Civil Service Commission, Annual Reports, and Semi-annual and Monthly Reports of Employment. These figures exclude military personnel, but include civilian employees of the Army and Navy. Excluded also are employees of the District of Columbia, and temporary substitute employees in the Post Office Department prior to 1941. Prior to 1938 the figures refer to employees on the tolls, with or without pay; from 1938-1942, they refer to the num-ber on the pay roll with pay; since 1943, they refer tothe number in active duty status.

P 65-68. Civil Service classified competitive positions, persons examined, passed, and appointed, 1884-1945. SOURCE: Statistical Abstract, 1946, table 220, p. 208. Data for 1918-1920 are from 57th Annual Report, U. S. Civil Service Commission, 1940. The primary source is the Civil Service Commission, Annual Report, and records.

The United States Civil Service Commission was created by an act of Congress approved January 16, 1883. "The fundamental purpose of the law was to establish in the parts of the service COV-I ered by its provisions, a merit system where by sele ction for a ppoin t-ment should be made upon the basis of demonstrated relative fitness without regard to religious or political considerations ... " (United State.s Government Manual, 1947, p. 488.)

The term "classified service" was specifically defined by an act of Congress approved March 27, 1922, and quoted in the civil-service rules as section 1 of rule II, as follows:

"The classified service shall include all persons who have here-tofore or may hereafter be given a competitive status in the classi-fied civil service with or without competitive examination, by legis-lative enactment, or under the civil-service rules promulgated by

284

or authorizing the appointment of individuals to positions within such service. It shall include all positions now existing or hereafter created by legislative or executive action, of whatever function or designation, whether compensated by a fixed salary or other-wise, unless excepted from classification by specific affirmative legislation or executive action. No right of classification shall accrue to persons whose appointment or assignment to classified duties is in violation of the civil-service rules." (57th Annual Report, U. S. Civil Service Commission, 1940, pp. 43-44.)

P 69-88. Number of public employees and monthly public pay rolls, 1929-1945 •. SOURCE: Basic data are from records and vari-ous publications of the U. S. Civil Service Commission, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and Bureau oi the Census, with adjustments and revisions. In particular, see Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor Review, "Public Employment and Pay Rons in the United States, 1929 .... B9, ... ," February 1945; and Bureau of the Census, Government Employment, various issues, and Statisiical Abstract of the United States, 1948, pp. 207 and 216.

The designations Aand B in the column heads reflect two differ-ent approaches. Class A data, in each case, are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and exclude nominal employees; that is, offi-cialsand employees who receive only nominal compensation for their services. Class B data, in each case, are from the Bureau of the Census and include all officials and employees who receive any compensation, 'however nominal, except school board members. The separate presentation of classes A and B is confined to group total series and to the local nonschool group series where the dif-ference in classification is significant.

Basic studies in this field include the State, County, and Munic-ipal Survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, conducted with funds provided by the Work Projects Administration, covering the period 1929-1939; the Bureau of the Census quarterly survey of government employment which began in 1940; and the Biennial Survey of Education conducted by the Office of Education, Fed-eral Security Agency.

Other studies on government employment are of limited value for historical comparisons, either because of their one-time nature, limited coverage, or differing definitions. Estimates of employment and pay rolls for the years 1909-1927 may be found in King, Wil-ford 1., The National Income and Its Purchasing Power, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1930, pp. 360-365.

For the year 1926, William E. Mosher and Sophie Polah made a careful study of public employment and pay rolls based on ap-proximately 500 reports from State and local governments, and published the results in "Public Employment in the United States," supplement to National Municipal Review, vol. XXI, No.1, January 1932.

The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce published pub-lic employment data in connection with its national income studies, in its National Income, 1929-1932, 73d Congress, 2d Session, Sen-ate Document No.124, Washington, 1934. In its June 1941 issue of Survey of C1trrent Business, p. 18, are presented revised esti-mates of total salaries and wages of government employees, 1929-1940. These estimates have been revised since publication of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Census surveys.

Relying heavily on the Mosher-Polah and Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce studies, Simon Kuznets in National In-come and Its Composition, 1919-1938, National Bureau of Eco-nomic Research, 1941, vol. II, pp. 811-826, published revised estimates of Government employees and pay rolls for the years 1919-1938.

Federal Government Finances: Series P 89-187 TREASURY RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND SURPLUS OR

DEFICIT (P 89-108) P 89-96. Treasury receipts, 1789-1945. SOURCE: See listings of

individual series, below: P 89-93. Treasury receipts: Total, customs, internal revenue,

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FINANCES Text: P 89-164

total other, 1789-1945. SOURCE: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1946, table 2, pp. 366-371,' 419-423. Data were com-piled on the basis of warrants issued from 1789 to 1915, and on the basis of daily Treasury statements for 1916 and subsequent years. General, special, emergency, and trust accounts are com-bined from 1789 through 1930. Trust accounts are excluded for 1931 and subsequent years.

debt statements. and revised figures published in the annual reports of the Secretary of the Treasury. From 1920 to 1945, figures are taken from the Preliminary Statement of the Public Debt pub-lished in the daily Treasury statements.

P 137-138. Computed annual interest charge and rate of int~r. est,\1855-1945. SOURCE: For 1856-1891, see Annual Report of the Secr'~ary of the Treasury, 1891, table C, p. xciv; for 1855, 1892-1915, see Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1921, p. 829; for 1916-1945, see Annual Report of the Secretary olthe Treasury . .. 1946, table 58, p. 546. Data are on basis of public debt accounts from 1855 through 1942 and on basis of daily Treasury statements for 1943 to 1945.

P 94-96. Treasury receipts: Sales of public lands, surplus postal receipts, and miscellaneous receipts. SOURCE: Annual Report of the Treasury, 1946, as follows: For series P 94, see table 14, pp. 422'::"423; for seriesP 95, see table 13, pp. 419-421. For P 96, data for 1789-1939 are from Annual Report, 1940, table 6, pp. 642-645; data for 1940-1945 were obtained by subtracting the sum of series P 94-95 from series P 93. For series P 94, data are on basis of war-rants issued from 1789 to 1930 and on the basis of checks issued for 1931 and subsequent years. For basis of other series, see text for series P 89-93.

P 97-98. Treasury surplus or deficit, 1789-1945. SOURCE: An-nual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1946, table 2, pp. 367-371. .

P 99-108. Treasury expenditures, 1789-1945. SOURCE: See list-ings for individual series, below.

P 99-103. Treasury expenditures: Total (excluding debt retire-ments), War, Navy, interest, and total of "other expenditures," 1789-1945. SOtJRCE: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1946, table 2, pp. 366-371. Data were compiled on the basis of· warrants issued from 1789 to 1915, and on the basis of daily Treas-ury statements for 1916 and subsequent years. General, special, emergency, and trust accounts are combined from 1789 through 1930. Trust accounts are excluded for 1931 and subsequent years.

P 104-107. Treasury expenditures: Indians, veterans' pensions, postal deficiencies, civil and miscellaneous, 1789-1945. SOURCE: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1946, as follows: For series P 104-105, see table 14, pp. 422-423; for series P 106, see table 13, pp. 419-421. For series P 107, data for 1789-1931 are from Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1940, table 6, pp. 646-649; data for 1932-1945 were obtained by subtracting the sum of series P 104-106 from series P 103. For series P 104-105, data are on basis of warrants issued from 1789 to 1930 and on the basis of checks issued for 1931 and subsequent years. For series P 106, data are on basis of ~arrants issued prior to 1922, and on basis of daily Treasury statements for 1922 and thereafter. For basis of series P 107, see text for series P 99-103.

P 108. Treasury expenditures: Statutory. debt retirements, 1918-1945. SOURCE: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury,

. 1946, table 2, pp. 369-371.

INTERNAL REVENUE COLLECTIONS (P 109-131) P 109-131. Internal revenue collections by tax sources, 1863-

1945. SOURCES: For 1863-1915, see Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1929, table 10, pp. 419-424; for 1916-1945, see Annual Report, 1946, table 9, pp. 406-409.

P 109-119. Internal revenue collections: Total and selected sources, 1863-1945. SOURCES.: See text for series P 109-131, above.

P 120-131. Internal revenue collections: Income, excess profits, capital stock, gift taxes, etc., 1863-1945. SOURCES: See text for series P 109-131, above.

PuBLIC DEBT (P 132-143)

P 132-136. Principal of public debt outstanding, 1791-1945.

P 139-143. Composition of interest-bearing debt, 188()-1945. SOURCE: For 1880-1915, data are from records of the Treasury Department; for 1916-1945, s~e Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury . .. 1946, table 26, p. 459. Data are on basis of public debt accounts from 1880 through 1919 and on basis of daily Treasury statements from 1920 to 1945.

INCOME TAX RETURNS (P 144-164)

P 144-164. Income tax returns, 1913-1945. SOURCE: See listings for individual series, below.

P 144-151. Income tax returns: Individual, estate, and trust, 1913-1945. SOURCE: For 1913-1942, see Statistical Abstract, 1946, table 346, p. 321; for 1943, see Statistical Abstract, 1947, table 349, p. 325; for 1944-1945, data were obtained from records of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. Original source of the data appearing in the Statistical Abstract is the Treasury Department, Bureau of Internal Revenue, Statistics of Income, part 1.

Under revenue laws, individuals are required to file returns as follows: (1)' Single or married, for 1913-1916, those with net in-come of $3,000 or over; (2) single, or married and not living with husband or wife, for 1917-1924, $1,000 or over; 1925-1931, $1,500 or over; 1932-1939, $1,000 or over; for 1940, those with gross in-come of $800 or over; for 1941, $750 or over; and for 1942 and 1943, $500 or over regardless of amount of net income; (3) married and living with husband or wife, filing a joint return, for 1917-1923, those with net income of $2,000 or over; 1924, $2,500 or over; 1925-1931, $3,500 or over; 1932-1939, $2,500 or over; for 1940, those with gross income of $2,000 or over; for 1941, $1,500 or over; for 1942, $1,200 or over; and for 1943, if gross income exceeds $624, regardless of amount of net income; also for 1943, a return is re-quired of any person liable for tax for 1942, regardless of amount of gross income for 1943; (4) every individual with gross income of $5,000 or over for 1921-1939, and as stated above for 1940-1943 . For 1944 and 1945, every citizen or resident having gross income of $500 or more is required to file a return. For refund purposes, returns are also required with respect to gross income under $500 from which taxes have been withheld. Data for returns showi?f,U no net 'income, filed in accordance with these latter provisions, are not included in statistics shown. Fiduciaries are required to file returns on the same basis as single individuals, except that a return is re-quired for every estate or trust of which any beneficiary is a non-resident alien, and for 1938-1945, a return is required for every trust having a net income of $100 or over. Partnership net profit or net loss is reported on individual returns of co-partners accord-ing to their shares.

P 152-164. Income tax returns, corporation, 1909-1945.

SOURCE: For 1791-1852, see Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1891; for 1853-1945, see Annual Report . .. 1946, pp. 455-456. Data are on the basis of public debt accounts from 1791 through 1919. More specifically, the figures for 1853 through 1885 are taken from "Statement of receipts and expenditures of the Government from 185.5 to 1885 and principal of public debt from 1791 to 1885" compiled from the official records of the Register's office. From 1886 through 1919, figures are taken from the monthly

SOURCES: U. S. Treasury Department, Bureau of Internal Re-venue, Statistics of Income, 1943, part 2, table 15, p. 340, and re-cords; series P 164 is series P 152 minus the sum of series P 153 and P 160, see Statistical Abstract, 1946, table 354, p. 329.

Under the Revenue Act of 1934, the privilege of filing a consol-idated return for a group of affiliated corporations was limited to common carriers by railroad and their related leasing and holding companies. The Revenue Act of 1936 extended this privilege to

285

Text: P 152-188 GOVERNMENT

street, suburban, and interurban electric railway corporations. These changes resulted in marked differences between returns for 1934-1941, and those for 1933 and prior years, in net-income or deficit classification and in size of total assets, as well as in distri-bution by industries. Tables showing effect on tabulated data of discontinuance of consolidated returns except by railroad corpo-rations appear in Statistics of Income for 1934, part 2. BegiIlWling in 1942, the consolidated-return privilege was again extended, in general, to all corporations.

P 185-187. Trade-marks registered, 1870-1945. SOURCE: An-nual Report of the Commissioner of Patents and Patent Office records. The sudden increase in registrations in 1920 is connected with a new law passed in March of that year facilitating registra-tions. The basic trade-mark law was enacted in 1905. Prior laws, passed in 1870 and 1881 were limited in scope, with the earlier one being held unconstitutional. Registrations are for 20 years with renewals for 20-year periods.

Gross income (series P 154 and P 161) is obtained from "Total income" as reported on the return by adding "Cost of goods sold," "Cost of operations" (beginning 1932), . and any negative items reported under sources of income. In 1918-1924, railroad and other public utility corporations frequently reported only the net amount of income, resulting in estimated understatements of $5 billion in' 1918 and 1919 and nearly twice that amount in 1920 and 1921; there are no estimates of understatement for 1922-1924. The gross income figures for 1918-1921 exclude the bulk of dividends received.

For 1922-1933 and 1940-1945, net income (series P 155) i8the amount before deduction due to net operating loss of prior year. (Net operating loss was not allowable as a deduction for years other than those specified.) For 1935 and prior years, net income or deficit (series P 162) is the amount reported for income tax computation; for 1936 and later years it is the amount reported for (declared vaJue) excess-profits tax computation, except that~ for 1944 and 1945, the amount shown includes government inter-est subject to surtax only and continues to include the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss, even though such excess was made exempt from declared value excess profits beginning in 1944. Beginning in 1936, contributions or gifts are deductible in arriving at net income.

Income tax (series P 157) for 1905-1915 consists of tax collec-tions; for 1916-1945, it is the amounts of tax liabilities reported on the returns before deduction of credit for taxes paid to foreign countries or United States possessions.

POSTAL RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES (P 165-169)

P 165-169. Postal receipts and expenditures, 1789-1945. SOURCE: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1946, table 13, pp. 419-421.

COPYRIGHTS, PATENTS, AND TRADEMARKS (P 170-187)

P 170-174. Copyright registrations, 1898-1945. SOURCE: Annual Reports of the Register of Copyrights ~Library of Congress). Data are for fiscal years ending June 30.

P 175. Copyright registrations of commercial prints and labels, 1874-1945. SOURCE: For 1874-1925, see Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents; for 1926-June 30,1940, see Patent Office records; for July 1, 1940-1945, see Library of Congress records. Data for fiscal years beginning in 1940 are published in the Annual Report of the Library of Congress.

P 176-180. Patents granted, 1790-1945. SOURCE: For series P 176-179, see Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents and the numbers given to patents, which are numbered consecutively; for series P 180, same as series P 181-184 below. Patents are class-ified by inventions (series P 177), designs (series P 178) for articles of manufacture, and reissues (series P 179) which are new,patents granted to replace those already granted in order to make some amendment or correction. Design patents were first authorized by Congress in 1842. The Patent Act of July 4, 1836, made radical changes in the patent law, and the present numbering series starts with this date. Reissues are included in series P 176 in 1837 and the immediately preceding years, but they are very few in number. See also Department of Commerce, The Story of the American Patent System, 1790-1940, for a historical narration of the devel-opment of patent laws. .

P 181-184. Applications for patents filed, 1840-1945. SbURCE: For 1790-1925, see Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents; for 1926-1945, see Patent Office records.

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State and Local Government Finances: Series P 188-277

P 188-277. General note. For almost a century, the United States Government has published information regarding the fi-nances of State and local governments. Beginning in 1850, surveys approximately every 10 years have reported selected financial as-pects of all State and local governments. For 1870 through 1922, these data were published under the title Wealth, Debt, q,nd Tax-ation or variations thereof; for 1932 the data were published in Financial Statistics 0/ State and Local Governments; and for 1942 they are found in Census of Governments. For a historical resume of "Ten Decennial Censuses of Goverpments: 1850-1942," see Bu-reau of the Census, Governmental Finances in the United States: 1942, pp. 130-135; of the three type-of-government reports now issued annually, the city series was initiated in 1898, the State series was started in 1915, andthe county series was begun in 1942.

Comparability of data: The first four decennial censuses are too diverse and different in content from present surveys to permit more than limited comparisQn with recent years. Their emphasis was upon tax levies, debt, and wealth, the last census of wealth having been taken'in 1922. Starting with the 1890 decennial cen-sus, a more balanced reporting of revenue, 'expenditure, and debt has characterized decennial and later annual reporting. Through-out nearly six decades, revenue was reported by source, expendi-ture by function and character, and. debt by gross and net liabiI-

, ities. Definitions of these terms, how~ver, have been so revised as to prevent identity among classifications for all years, but the re-visions do not vitiate approximate similarity in totals and major financial classes.

Historically, Census reporting· on State and local finance has involved varying treatment of three categories-general govern-ment, enterprises, and continuing reserve funds (sinking and trust funds). Until 1937 they were merged into a consolidated set of statistics. Thereafter, government enterprises were consti-tuted as a separate category, thereby excluding gross earnings and expenditures of public utilities and other enterprises from the general government statistics showing tax and other revenue and expenditure for schools, roads, welfare, and other functions of general benefit. Of course, net contributions to general govern-ment from enterprise earnings are shown as a general revenue; and any net contribution from tax and other general revenue for enterprise purposes is treated as a general expenditure. In 1941, sinking and trust funds were constituted as a separate category; earnings of these funds were eliminated from general revenue and disbursements by trust funds were deleted from general expendi-ture. The substantial general contributions to sinking funds for debt retirement and to pension and unemployment compensation funds for social insurance are shown as general expenditure, to-gether with smaller transfers for other purposes.

The definition as to what constitutes' an independent unit of government-and hence a unit for separate reporting-has changed over the decades. Of the various decennial censuses of govern-ments, only the 1942 census included in the township classification all townships and New England towns. Earlier censuses included part of the urban townships or New England towns with Gities. Earlier censuses also tended to include with special districts, groups of dependent districts of counties. The line between inde-pendent and dependent school districts has not been the same in

ST ATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT Text: P 188-277

all decennial censuses; but it has been sufficiently similar to per-mit rough comparisons among years.

Adjustments to approach comparability:iI' Data used here for years before 1937 and 1941 have been recast to render them com-parable, as far as feasible, with information shown for these and later years. The largest enterprise transactions, revenue and oper-ation expenditure, are uniformly excluded. Enterprise statistics for capital outlay and interest on debt are deleted for States and for cities having populations over 30,000. Enterprise amounts re-maining are not significant.

Adjustments in data for years before 1941, in order to separate reporting of sinking and trust funds, have been feasible for gov-ernmental units involving the bulk of funds of this type. Thus, in lieu of benefit payments for pensions and unemployment compen-sation, general-government contributions to reserve funds for these purposes are shown for States and for large cities. Likewise, pension assessments and earnings of sinking and trust funds are excluded as general revenue of States and large cities and are recognized as receipts of the reserve funds. Since these two types of units account for the preponderant share of State and local sinking and trust funds, the mentioned adjustments cover most of the transactions of this nature.

Related to the establishment of the category of sinking and trust funds is the addition in i941 of provision for debt retire-ment as an expenditure class. The first element of this class con-sists of general contributions to sinking funds for the immediate or later retirement of debt, and the second is direct debt redemp-tion-i. e., redemption directly from general funds, not from sinking funds. Provision for debt retirement can be shown only for the years beginning with 1941.

The most important remaining type of adjustment which has been made relates to intergovernmental aid. Since 1941, fiscal aid in Census reporting has comprised both functional grants and State-imposed taxes shared with local governments. Local shares of State taxes had been classified as local tax revenue prior to that time. Using the United States Senate report, Federal, State, and Local Fiscal Relations, Senate Document No. 69, 78th Congress, 1st Session, pre-1941 financial data have been adjusted in these series to report local shares of State-imposed taxes as State rev-enue, as State expenditure for fiscal aid, and as lo

The development of Census reporting on State and local finances summarized above is described in detail in a Historical Review of State and Local Finances (see text for series P 188-233 for a more complete citation). This last pUblication brings together data for considerabie historical periods adjusted to achieve comparability with current reporting of State and local finances. Detailed defini-tions of the terms used here may also be found there and in the Census Bureau annual reports on State, city, and county finances.

P 188-223. General revenue by source, general expenditure by character and function, and gross d,ebt, selected, years, 1890-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Historical Review of State and Local Government Finances, comprising State and Local Gov-ernment Special Study No. 25, June 1948. Since series P 188-211 do not separately show townships, school districts, and special districts, series P 212-215 are presented to summarize the trends for these types of government.

Direct summation of State and local revenue and expenditure into aggregates would result in the double counting of intergovern-mental aid paid between State and local governments. The large amount of aid paid by States to local government, as well as the very small amount of aid paid hy localities to States, would be

counted both as State and as local transactions. To avoid this double counting, totals in series P 188-201 show'State and local revenue and expenditure on a net basis, excluding duplicating aid. Series P 216-223 show the actual amounts involved in the exclu-sion of duplicating aid from totals in series P 188-201.

City statistics in series P 188-223 cover all cities rather than only the cities having populations over 100,000, shown in series P 250-277. School districts refer to districts independent of cities and counties and hence do not include the schools financed as de~

, pendent parts of cities and counties. Underlying public financing, especially of local governments, is

the size of the assessed valuation of taxable property and of prop-erty tax levies. Data are shown in text table 1 for selected years from 1850 to 1940.

TABLE I.-ASSESSED VALUATION AND PROPERTY TAX LEVIES OF STATE AND' LOCAL GOVERNMENTS: SELECTED YEARS 1850 TO 1940

[In millionsl

YEAR

1940 _____________________________ _ 1932 _ ~ ________ ~ _____ ~ ~ ~ _ ' __ - __ - _ - --1922 _____________________________ _ 1912 _ ~ ___________________________ _ 1902 _____________________________ _ 1890 _____________________________ _ 1880 _____________________________ _ 1870 _____________________________ _ 1860 __________________________ - - --1850 _____________________________ _

1 Property tax collections for 1942. 2 Gold basis.

Assessed valuation

$143,282 163,317 124,617 69,453 35,338 25,473 17,140

211,406 12,085 47,136

PROPERTY TAX LEVY

State Local government government

$255 359 354 155 80 71 52 55

1 $4,322 4,66& 3,149 1,185

(5)

645 400 262 171 394

S State levies included with local levies; segregation not available. 4 Estimated fl),ll valuation. 5 Data not available.

P 224-234. General functional expenditure of State govern-ments, selected years 1915-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Historical Review of State and Local Government Finances, com-prising State and Local Government Special Study No. 25, June 1948.

P 235-249. State tax collections, 1915, 1919, 1922-1945. SOURCES: Bureau of the Census, Historical Review of State and Local Government Finances, comprising State and Local Govern-ment Special Study No. 25, June 1948.

P 250-277. Financial summary and general expenditure by function of cities having population over 100,000, selected years 1902-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Historical Review of State and Local Government Finances, comprising State and Local Government Special Study No. 25, June 1948. Beginning in 1941 (with data available also for 1940), the term city has been defined as the city corporation. This is the political unit organized under the law as an entity accountable to the electorate; and hence th~ term excludes all overlying local governments even though they may perform functions that some city corporations render. Prior to 1941, the term city was essentially an area concept in that the Census Bureau reported not only city corporations but also com-puted portions of overlying local governments. The finances of overlying school and other special districts were prorated accord-ing to the ratio of the part of the assessed valuation of the over-lying unit within the city area to the total valuation of the over-lying unit. County finances were prorated only for counties over-lying cities having populations over 300,000.

287

Data: P 1-31 GOVERNMENT

Series P 1-26 . ..:-1\1ETHODS OF ELECTING PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS: 1788 TO 1836 [ L-by legislature; G T-by people, on general ticket; D-by people, in districts; A-by people, in the State at large; E-by electors. The number in parentheses

following the symbol "D" is the number of districts into which the State was divided. As a rule, each district elected 1 elector. The number in parentheses follow-ing the symbol "A" is the number of electors elected at large 1 .

STATE Series 1788- 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 No. 1789 ----------------------------------------New Hampshire _____________ G T and G T ~ G T and L GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT LI L1

Massachusetts. _____________ 2 D (8) and D (4) and D (14) L D (17) L D (6) 6 L D (13) GT GT GT qT L' L( and L 5 and A(2) andA(2) Rhode Island _______________ L L GT GT G1' GT GT GT GT GT GT GT

Connecticut ________________ 4 L L L L L L L L GT GT GT GT GT New York __________________ 5 L L L L L L L L L D (30) GT GT and E7

New Jersey _________________ L L L L GT GT L GT GT GT GT GT GT Pennsylvania _______________ GT GT GT L GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT Delaware ___________________ 8 DGCB,f

8 L L L L L L L L L L GT GT MarYland __________________ 9 GT D (10) D (10) D (9) v D (9) v D (9) 9 D (9) 9 D (9) P D (9) v D (9) i D (4) 18 GT Virginia ____________________ 10 D (12) D (21) D (21) GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT North Carolina _____________ 11 Lll D (12) D (12) D (14) D (14) L GT GT GT GT GT GT South Carolina ______________ 12 L L L L L L L L L L L L L Georgia ____________________ 13 L L GT L L L L L L L GT GT GT Vermont ___________________ 14 L L L L L L L L L GT GT GT Kentucky __________________ 15 D (4) D (4) D (4) D (2) 12 D (2) u D (3) 12 D (3) u D (3) 12 D (3) IS GT GT GT Tennessee __________________ 16 -------- -------- EU EU D (5) D (5) D (8) D (8) D (8) D (11) D (11) GT GT

17 -------- -------- -------- -------- GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT £~~i;fa"i:J-a- = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 18 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- L L L L GT GT GT Indiana ____________________ 19 -------- -------- ---_._--- -------- -------- -------- -------- L L GT GT GT GT Mississippi _________________ 20 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -- ... ----- -----_ ... - -------- GT GT GT GT GT Illinois _____________________ 21 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- D (3) D (3) GT GT GT Oklahoma __________________ 22 -------- -------- -------- -------- -_ .... _---- -------- -------- -------- L GT GT GT GT Maine _____________________ 23 -------- -------- -------- -------- D (7) and D (7) and D (7) and GT GT A (2) A (2) A (2)

Missouri ___________________ 24 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- L D (3) GT G'f GT Arkansas ___________________ 25 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- GT Michigan ___________________ 26 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- _._------ -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ -- GT 1 A majority of the popular vote was necessary for a choice. In case of a failure

to elect, the legislature supplied the deficiency. 2 A majority of votes was necessary for a choice. In case of a failure to elect 1 or

more electors a. second election was held bv the oeoole. a.t which choice was made from the candidates in the -first election who had the most votes. The number of candidates in the second election was limited to twice the number of electors wanted.

,I Each of the 8 districts chose 2 electors, from which the General Court (i. e., the legislature) selected 1. It also elected 2 electors at large.

4 2 of the districts voted for 5 members each, and 2 for 3 members each. A ma-jority of votes was necessary for a choice. In case of a failure to elect by popular vote the General Court supplied the deficiency. In the election of 1792 the people chose 5 electors and the General Court 11.

5 A majority of votes was necessary for a popular choice. Deficiencies were filled by the General Court, as in 1792. It also chose 2 electors at large. In 1796 it chose 9 electors, and the people, 7.

61 district chose 6 electors;' 1, 5 electors; 1, 4 electors; 2, 3 electors each; and 1, 1 elector.

7 1 district elected 3 electors; 2, 2 electors each; and 27, 1 elector each. The 34 electors thus elected chose 2 presidential electors. .

8 Each qualified voter voted for 1 elector. The 3 electors who received most votes in the State were elected.

9 During the years 1804-1828 Maryland chose 11 electors in 9 districts, 2 of the districts elected 2 members each. -

10 1 district chose 4 electors; 1, 3 electors; 1, 2 electors; and 1, 1 elector. 11 The State was divided into 4 districts, and the members of the legislature

residing in each district chose 3 electors. 12 Each dist"rict elected 4 electors. 13 2 districts chose 5 electors each, and 1 chose 4 electors. H In 1796 and 1800 Tennessee chose 3 presidential electors-1 each for the dis-

tricts of Washington, Hamilton, and Mero. 3 "electors" for each county in the State were appointed by the legislature, and the "electors" residing in each of the 3 districts chose 1 of the 3 presidential electors.

Series P 27-31.-ELECTIONS AND POLITICS---'ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT, BY POLITICAL PARTY: -1789 TO 1944

Not all minor candidates included; hence sum of votes cast for listed candidates may not equal total votes cast in election. More than one party designation may follow a candidate's name because of his endorsement by minor parties (listed second) or because several minor groups known by various names in different States may support the same candidate] •

Number Presidential YEAR of States candidate

27 28 1944 ___ 48 Franklin D.

Roosevelt.

Thomas E. Dewey.

Norman Thomas ClaudeA.

Watson. Edward A.·

Teichert.

(Unpledged) ____

1940 ___ 48 Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Wendell L. Willkie.

N orman Thomas

Roger Q. Babson.

Earl Browder ___

1936 ___ 48 Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Alfred M. Landon.

William Lemke_

N orman Thomas Earl Browder __ _ D. Leigh Colvin_

See footnotes, page 290.

288

Political party

VOTE CAST

29

Democratic; Amer. Labor; Liberal.

Republican ___ _

Electoral 30

432

99

SocialisL _________________ _ Prohibition _______________ _

SoCialist-Labor; ___________ _ Industrial Government.

Texas Regulars ____________ _

Democratic; 449 Amer. Labor.

Republican_ _ _ _ 82

Socialist; . Progressive.

Prohibition; National Prohibition.

Communist _______________ _

Democratic; 523 Amer. Labor.

Republican ___ _

Union, Royal ___________ _ Oak; Nat'l Union for Social Justice, 3d Party; Independent. Socialist __________________ _

Communist _______________ _ Prohibition; ___________ _

Com'nwealth

Popular 31

25,602,504

22,006,285

80,518 74,758

45,336

135,439

27,244,160

122,305,198

99,557

57,812

46,251

27,751,597

16,679,583

882,479

187,720 80,159 37,847

YEAR

1936-Con.

1932 ___

1928 ___

1924 ___

Number of States

27

Presidential candidate

28

Political party

29

VOTE CAST

Electoral Popular 30 31

John W. Aiken __ Socialist-Labor; ___________ _ 12,777

48

48

48

Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Herbert Hoover_ N orman Thomas WilliamZ.

Foster. Verne L.

Reynolds. WilliamD.

Upshaw. WilliamH.

Harvey. Jacob S. Coxey,

Sr. Herbert Hoover_ Alfred E. Smith_ N orman Thomas WilliamZ.

Foster. Verne L.

Reynolds. WilliamF.

Varney. Frank E. Webb_

Calvin Coolidge_ John W. Davis __ Robert LaFollette Herman P. Faris Frank T. Johns_ WilliamZ.

Foster. Gilbert O.

Nations. WilliamJ.

Wallace.

Indst'l Labor

Democratic_ _ _ _ 472

Republican _ _ _ _ 59 Socialist_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ Communist _______________ _

Socialist-Labor ____________ _

Prohibition ___ ~ ___________ _

Liberty _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _

Farmer-Labor ____________ _

Republican_ _ _ _ 444 Democratic____ 87 Socialist __________________ _ Workers __________________ _

Socialist-Labor ____________ _

prohibition _______________ _

Farmer-Labor ____________ _

Republican_ _ _ _ 382 Dem.ocratic__ _ _ 136 Progressive_ _ _ _ 13 Prohibition _______________ _ Socialist-Labor ____________ _ Workers __________________ _

American _________________ _

Commonwealth ___________ _ Land.· I

22,821,857

15,761,841 881,951 102,786

33,276

81,869

58,425

7,809

21,391,881 15,016,448

267,885 21,181

21,608

20,106

6,390

15,725,016 8,386,503 4,822,856

57,520 36,428 36,386

23,967

1,532

ELECTIONS AND POLITICS Data:P 27-31

Series P 27-31.-ELECTIONS AND POLITICS-ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT, BY POLITICAL PARTY: 1789 TO 1944-Con.

[ More than one party designation muy follow a candidate's name because of his endorsement by minor parties (listed second) or because several minor groups known by various names in different States may support the same candidate 1

Number Presidential Political party

VOTE CAST

YlilAR

1920 __ _

1912 __ _

1908 __ _

1904 __ _

1900 __ _

1896 __ _

1892 __ _

1888 __ _

of States candidate Electoral

27

48

48

48

46

45

45

45

44

38

28 29 30

Warren G. RepubUcan_ _ _ _ 404 Harding.

James M. Cox _ _ Democratic_ _ _ _ 127 Eugene V. Debs_ SocialisL ______ ------------P. P. Christensen· Farmer-Labor - -- - -- - - - - --- . Aaron S. Watkins Prohibition_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

W. W. Cox _____ Socialist-Lab or_ ------------Robert C. Single Tax ---- ------------

Macauley. James E. American ______ ------------

Ferguson

Woodrow Wilson Chas. E. Hughes A. L. Benson __ _ J. Frank Hanly_ Arthur E. Reimer (Various

candidates),

Woodrow Wilson William H. TafL Theodore

Roosevelt. Eugene V. Debs_ Eugene W.

Chafin. Arthur E.

Reimer.

William H. Taft_ William J. Bryan Eugene V. Debs_ Eugene W.

Chafin. Thomas L.

Riggen.

Thomas E.

Democratic__ _ _ 277 Republican____ 254 Socialist ______ - - - - -- - - - - ---Prohibition __ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Socialist-Labor _ - - - - - - - - - - --progressive ____ - - - - - - - - - - --

Democratic__ _ _ 435 Republican_ _ _ _ 8 Progressive _. _ _ _ 88

Socialist ______ - - - - - - - - - - - --Prohibition ____ - - - - - - - - - - --

Socialist-Labor _ - - - - - - - - - - --

Republican_ _ _ _ 321 Democratic____ 162 Socialist _______ - - - - - - - - - ---Prohibition __ ~ _ - - - - - - - - - - --

Independence- - - - - - - - - - - - --

People's _____ - - - -- - -- -- - - --Watson.

August Gillhaus_ Socialist-Labor - - - - - - - - - - - --DanielB. Turney United ------------

Christian. Theodore

Roosevelt. Alton B. Parker_ Eugene V. Debs_ Silas C. Swallow Thomas E.

Watson. Charles H.

Corregan. Austin Holcomb_

William McKinley.

William J. Bryan

John C. Woolley Eugene V. Debs_

Wharton Barker

Republican ___ _ 336

Democratic__ _ _ 140 SocialisL ____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Prohibition __ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -People's _______ ------------

Socialist-Labor _ - - ____ c - - - - -

ContinentaL ___ - --- - -- -- - --

Republican_ _ _ _ 292

Democratic; Populist.

155

Prohibition ____ ------------Socialist

Democrat. People's _____ - - -- - - - - - - - - --

J os. F. MaHoney Socialist-Labor - - - - - - - - - - - --Seth H. Ellis ___ Union Reform - ------------Jonah F. R. United

Leonard. Christian.

William McKinley.

William J. Bryan

John M. Palmer_

Joshua Levering_ Chas. H.

Matchett.

Republican ___ -

Democratic; People's.

Nationalist Democratic.

271

176

Prohibition ____ - - - - - - - - - - --Socialist-Labor _ - - - - - - - - - - --

Chas. E. Bentley NationalisL ___ ------------

Grover Cleveland Benjamin

Harrison. James B.Weaver John Bidwell __ _ Simon Wing ___ _

Benjamin Harrison.

Grover Cleveland ClintonB.Fisk __ Anson J. Streeter Robert H.

Cowdrey. James Langdon

Curtis.

Democratic__ _ _ 277 Republican____ 145

People's_______ 22 Prohibition __ , __ --- - - - - -- ---Socialist-Labor_ - - - - - - -- ----

Republican_ _ _ _ 233

Democratic____ 168 Prohibition ____ - -_ - -- --- ---Union Labor ___ - - - - - - -- ----United Labor __ -------_----

American ______ - - - - -- - --- --

See footnotes on next page.

Popular

31

16,152,200

9,147,353 919,799 265,411 189,408

31,715 5,837

48,000

n 1QO tJ.f\~

8;538:221 585,113 220,506 13,403 41,894

6,293,454 3,484,980 4,119,538

900,672 206,275

28,750

7,678,908 6,409,104

420,793 253,840

82,872

29,100

14,021 500

7,623,486

5,077,911 402,283 258,536 117,183

31,249

1,000

7,207,923

6,358,133

208,914 87,814

50,373

YEAR

1868_--

1864 __ _

1860 __ _

1856 __ _

1852 __ _

39,739 1848 __ _ 5,698 5,500

7,104,779

6,502,925

133,148

132,007 36,274

13,969

5,556,918 5,176,108

1,041,028 264,133

21,164

5,439,853

5,540,309 249,506 146,935

2,818

1,600

1836 __ _

Number Presidential Political party

VOTE CAST

of States candidate Electoral Popular

27

38

38

38

37

37

36

33

31

31

28 29 30

GroverCleveland Democratic____ 219 James G. Blaine. Republican____ 182 John P. St. John Prohibition ____ ------------Benjamin F. Greenback- ------------

Butler. Labor.

James A. Garfield Republican. - --Winfield S. Democratic- - --

Hancock. James B. Weaver Greenback·

Labor.

214 155

Neal Dow ______ Prohibition- ___ ------------John W. Phelps_ American ----- ------------

Rutherford B" Bayes.

Samuel J. Tilden Peter Cooper ~ - -Green Clay Smith James B. Walker

Ulysses S. Grant Horace Greeley -

Charles O'Conor

James Black ___ _ Thomas A.

Hendricks.

Republican____ 185

Democratic.--- 184 Greenback---- ~ -- ---- - -- ---

~~:f~~_~~=== ============ Republican,- __ _ Democratic;

Liberal Republican.

Straight Democratic.

286 (~)

Temperanc~-_ - - --.- - -- - ---1ndependent- 42

Democratic.

31

4, ,874,986 4,851,981

150,369 175,370

4,454,416 4,444,952

308,578

10,305 700

4,036,298

4,300,59U 81,737 9,522 2,636

3,597,132 2,884,125

29,489

5,608

B. Gratz Brown_ Demor.ratic_ - -- 18 ------------Charles J. Democratic ___ _

Jenkins. David Davis ____ Democratic ___ _ (N ot voted) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - • - -

Ulysses S. Grant Republican ___ _ Horatio Seymour Democratic ___ _ (Not voted). ____ ---------------

Abraham Republican_ - --Lincoln.

George B. Democratic ___ _ McClellan.

(N ot voted) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Abraham Republican_ - --Lincoln.

J. C. Breckin Democratic ___ _ ridge. .

StephenA. Democratic_ - --Douglas.

John Bell _ _ _ _ _ _ Constitutional Union.

2

1 ___________ _ 17

214 80 28

212

21

3,012,833 2,703,249

2,213,665

1,805,237

81 ___________ _

180 1,866,452

72 847,953

12 1,375,157

39 590,.631

James Buchanan Democratic____ 174 John C. Fremont Republican____ 114

1,838,169 1,341,264

874,534 Millard Fillmore American _ _ _ _ _ 8

Franklin Pierce_ Democratic____ 254 Winfield Scott_ _ Whig _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42 John P. Hale ___ Free SoiL _____ -~----------

1,601,274 1,386,580

155,825

30 Zachary Taylor_Whig _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 163 Lewis Cass _____ Democratic____ 127

1,360,099 1,220,544

291,263

26

26

26

25

24

Martin Van Free Soil __ ---- ------------Buren.

James K. Polk __ Democratic-___ 170 Henry Clay ____ ~ Whig_________ 105 James G. Birney Liberty ------- ------------

William H. Whig_ ________ 234 Harrison.

Martin Van Democratic____ 60 Buren.

James G. Birney Liberty ------- ------------

Martin Van Democratic____ 170 Buren.

William H. Whig_________ 73 Harrison.

Hugh L. White __ Whig_________ ·26 Daniel Webster _ Whig_________ 14 W. P. Mangum _ Anti-Jackson __ 11

1,337,243 1,299,062

62,300

1,275,016

1,129,102

7,069

762,678

J 735,651

Andrew Jackson Democratic_ - -- 219 687,502 Henry Clay ____ National

Republican. William Wirt- _ _ Anti-Masonic __ John Floyd_ _ _ __ Nullifiers ___ - --(Not voted) __ - - - - - - - - --- -- - ---

49 j 530,189

7 11 - __________ _

2

Andrew Jackson Democratic_ - -- 178 64.7,286

289

Data: P 27-31 GOVERNMENT

Series P 27-31.-ELECTIONS AND POLITICS-ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT, BY POLITICAL PARTY; 1789 TO 1944-Con.

[More than one party designation may follow a candidate's name because of his endorsement by minor parties (listed second) or because several minor groups known by various names in different States may support the same candidate.]

Number Presidential Political VOTE CAST

YEAR of States candidate party Electoral Popular

27 28 29 30 81

1828"":" John Q. Adams _ National 83 508,064 Con. Republicans.

1824 ___ 24 John Q. Adams _ INo distinct {

584 108,740 Andrew Jackson 599 153,544 Henry Clay ____ f pa~y dasig- 37 47,136 W. H. Crawford natIOns. 41 46,618

1820 ___ 24 James Monroe __ Republican ____ 231 ------------John Q. Adams _ In dependen t- 1 ------------

Republican. (Not voted) ____ --------------- 3 ------------

1816 ___ 19 James Monroe __ Republican ____ 183 ------------Rufus King _____ Federalist ____ -' 34 --------.;---(Not voted) ____ --------------- 4 ------------1812 ___ 18 James Madison _ Democratic- 128 ------------

Republican. DeWitt Clinton_ Fusion ________ 89 ------------(Not voted) ____ --------------- 1 ------------

1808 ___ 17 James Madison _ Democratic- 122 ------------Republican.

C. C. Pinckney _ FederalisL ____ 47 ------------George Clinton _ Inciependen t- 6 ------------(N ot voted), ____

Republican. --------------- ------------

.1.OV"J: ___ 17 Thomas Jefferson Democratic- 162 ------------Republican.

C. C. Pinckney _ Federalist __ '- __ 14 ------------11'00 8 _ 16 Thomas Jefferson Democratic- 73 ------------

Aaron Burr _____ Republican.

Democratic- 73 ------------John Adams ____

Republican. Federalist. ____ 65 ------------

C. C. Pinckney _ Federalist. ____ 64 ------------John Jay _______ Federalist. ____ 1 ------------1796 r. - 16 John Adams ____ Federalist _____ 71 ------------

Thomas Jefferson Democratic- 68 ------------Republican.

1 Includes 798 Union votes cast in endorsement of Republican candidates. ~ Because of the death of Horace Greeley, Democratic electors scattered their

votes. 8 Harrison, 549,000: White, 146,000; arid Webster, 41,000. 4 For 1832,see Platforms of the Two Great Political Parties, p. 440 .. However,

Atlas of the Historical Geography . .• gives Jackson, 707,000; Clay, 329,000; Wirt, 255,000. American Political Partie8 and Presidential Elections gives 530,189 for Clay but indicates this includes votes for Wirt.

290

Number Presidential Political VOTE CAST

YEAR of States candidate party Electoral Popular

27 28 29 30 31

1796 6 Thomas Pinck- Federalist. ____ 59 -------------Con. ney. Aaron Burr _____ AntifederalisL _ 30 ------------Samuel Adams __ Democratic- 15 ------------Oliver Ellsworth

Republican.-Federalist. ____ 11 ------------

George Clinton _ Democratic-Republican.

7 ------------John Jay _______ Independent- ----- --- ----

Federalist. James Iredell ___ Federalist _____ 3 ------------George Washing- Federalist. ____ 2 ------------

ton.

John Henry ____ IndependeIl. t ___ 2 ----- -------S. Johnston ____ Independent- 2 ------------Federalist.

C. C. Pinckney _ Independent- ------.------Federalist.

1792 6 _ 15 George Washing- FederalisL ____ 132 ------------ton.

John Adanis ____ Federalist _____ 77 ------------George Clinton _ Democratic- 50 ------------

Republican. Thomas Jefferson --------------- 4 ------------Aaron Burr _____ --'------------- 1 ------------

1789 6 _ 11 George Washing- --------------- 69 ------------ .. ton.

John Adams ____ --------------- 34 ------------John Jay _______ --------------- 9 ------------R. H. Harrison _ --------------- 6 ------------John Rutledge __ --------------- 6 ------------John Hancock __ --------------- 4 ------------George Clinton _ --------------- 3 ------------Samuel Hunting- ---------------- 2 ------------

ton. John Milton ____ --------------- 2 ------------James Armstrong - -"- - _ ......... - ...... - - -- 1 ------------Benjamin Lin- --------------- 1 ------------

coIn. Edward Telfair_ --------------- 1 ------------(Not voted) ____ --------------- 12 ------------

5 No candidate having a majority in the electoral college, the election was de-cided in the House of Representatives.

6 Prior to the election of 1804, each elector voted for 2 candidates for President: the one receiving the highest number of votes, if a majority, was declared elected president, the next highest, Vice-President. This provision was modified by adop-tiono! the 12th amendment which was proposed by the 8th Congress, Dec. 12, 1803, and declared rati:fied by the legislatures of three-fourths of the States in a procla-mation of the Secretary of State, Sept. 25 ,1804.

ELECTIONS AND POLITICS Data: P 32-39

Series P 32-39.-ELECTIONS AND POLITICS-NUMBER OF CONGRESSIONAL BILLS VETOED: 1789 TO 1946

l'ElTOElD BILLS

Presid~mt YElAR Total Regular Pocket

32 33 34 35

1945-1946 2:...~ ____________ Truman ______ 74 54 20 1933-1945 s ______________ Roosevelt, F __ 631 371 260

1929-1933 _______________ Hoover ______ 37 21 16

1923-1929 _______________ Coolidge _____ 50 20 30 1921-1923 _______________ Harding ______ 6 5 1

t913-1921 _______________ wilson _______ 44 33 11

1909-1913 _______ • _______ Taft _________ 39 30 9

•

HIOI-1909 _______________ Roosevelt, T __ 82 42 40 1897-190L ______________ McKinley ____ 42 6 36

1893-1897 _______________ cleveland ____ 170 42 128

HI89-1393 _______________ Harrison, B ___ 44 19 25 1885-1889 _______________ Cleveland ____ 414 304 110 1881-1885 __ ~ ____________ Arthur _______ 12 4 8 1877-1'88L ______________ Hayes _______ 13 12

1869-1377 ___ ~ ___________ Grant ________ 92 44 48 1865-1869 _______________ Johnson ______ 28 21 7 1861-1865 _______________ Lincoln ______ 6 2 4 1857-186L ______________ Buchanan ____ 7 4 3 1853~1857 ___________ ~ ___ Pierce ________ 9 9 1845-1849 _______________ Polk _________ 3 2

1841-1845 _______________ Tyler ________ 10 6 4 1829-1837 ________ .:. ______ Jackson ______ 12 5 7 1817-1825 _______________ Monroe ______ 1 1 1809-1817 _______________ Madison _____ 7 5 2 1789-1797 _______________ Washington __ 2 2

Vetoes Bills MAJOR APPROPRIATION BILLS VETOED 1

ilUS-passed

tained over Purpose and fiscal year Subsequent veto action on oiU

36 37 38 39

34 3 Executive and independent offices, 1934-____________ No action taken Deficiency, 1933________ __ ___ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ __ _ __ _ Veto sustained

46 4 _________________________________________________ - ______________ _ 6 _________________________________________ - - __ -- ____ - - --- - - - - ----- --- - ___ _

38 6 Army, 1922___ __________ __ ___ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ No action taken Legislative, executive, judicial, 192L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 'Veto sustained

38

81 42

165

43 412

11

12

88 13

6 7 4 3

9 12

1 7 2

Sundry civil expenses, 1920 ________________________ No action taken Agriculture, 1920_~_______ ___ ____ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Veto sustained

Legislative, executive, judicial, 1919_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ Veto lIustained Agriculture, 1919 __ ... :..._____ _________ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ ___ _ Veto sustained Post office, 1919 __________________________________ Veto sustained

Army, 1917_____ ______ __ __ ___ ___ ____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ No action taken Sundry civil expenses, 191L _______________________ Veto i1ustained Legislative, executive, judicial, 1913_ _ _ ____ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ Vetosustained Legislative, executive, judicial, 1913 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Veto sustained

Sundry civil expenses, 1898___ _ ____ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ No action taken Indian Department, 1898_____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ No action taken Agriculture,1898 ______ . ___________________________ No action taken Deficiency, 1896 __________________________ ~ _ __ __ _ _ Veto sustained

1 ______________________________ - - ---- --- - - - -- - -- - - -- --- -- --- -- ----2 1

Payment of marshals, 1881 ________________________ No action taken Payment of marShals, 1880 _____ _ _ _ __ _ ___ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ No action taken Payment of marshsal, 1880 ______ '-__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ Veto sustained Judicial expenses, 1880_ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ ___ __ _ __ _ _ Veto sustained Gener!ll appropriations, 1880 ________________ ~____ __ Veto sustained

4 _________________________________ --- _________ -- -- _______ - ____ - __ _ 15

5 _____________________________________ . ___________ ------------- __ _

1 _______ c ________________________________________________________ _

1 For departmental support or similar purpose. Excl1:l.des bill. to appropriate for particular programs or subject matter sllort of support of a major department or altency.

2 Through 7tth Congress. 8 Through April 12, 1945; 2 bills of 79th Congress vetoed by President Roosevelt

291

Data: P 40-49 GOVERNMENT

Series P 4&-49.-ELECTIOi-JS AND POLITICS-CONGRESSIONAL BILLS, ACTS, Ai-JD RESOLUTIONS: 1789 TO 1946

PERIOD OF SESSION Congress

Jan. 1945-Aug. 1946__ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ 79th_ - ---Jan. 1943-Dec. 1944_____________ 78th ____ _ Jan. 1941-Jan. 1942_____________ 77th ____ _ Jan. 1939-Jan. 1941.____________ 76th ____ _ Jan. 1937-June 1938_____________ 75th ____ _

Jan. 1935-Jtine 1936_____________ 74th ____ _ Mar.1933-Ju~e193L___________ 73d -----Dec .. 1931-Mar: 1933____________ 72d _____ _ Apr. 1929-Mar. 1931____________ 71st -----Dec. 1927-Mar. 1929 ____________ 70th ____ _

Dec. 1925-Mar. 1921-___________ 69th ____ _ Dec. 1923-Mar. 1925____________ 68th ____ _

'Apr. 1921-Mar. 1923 ____________ 67th ____ _ May 1919-Mar. 1921.___________ 66th ____ _ May 1917-Dec. 1919 ____________ 65th ____ _

Dec. 1915-Mar. 1917____________ 64th ____ _ Mar. 1913-Mar. 1915____________ 63d -----Apr. 1911-Mar. 1913 ____________ 62d _____ _ Mar. 1909-Mar. 1911-___________ 61st -----Dec. 1907-Mar. 1909____________ 60th ____ _

Mar. 1905-Mar. 1907____________ 59th ____ _ Mar. 1903-Mar. 1905____________ 58th ____ _ Mar. 1901-Mar. 1903____________ 57th ____ _ Dec. 1899-Mar. 1901.___________ 56th ____ _ Mar.,'1897-Mar.1899____________ 55th ____ _

Dec. 1895-Mar. 1897____________ 54th ____ _ Mar. 189B-Mar. 1895____________ 53d -----Dec. 1891-Mar. 1893____________ 52d _____ _ Mar. 1889-Mar. 1891.___________ 51st -----Dec. 1887-Mar. 1889____________ 50th ____ _

Mar. 1885-Mar. 1887____________ 49th ____ _ Dec. 1883-Mar. 1885_ _ ___ ____ _ __ 48th ____ _ Mar. 1881-Mar. 1883____________ 47th ____ _ Mar. 1879-Mar. 1881.___________ 46th ____ _ Mar. 1877-Mar. 1879 ______ ~_____ 45th ____ _

Mar. 1875-Mar. 1877 ____________ 44th ____ _ Mar. 1873-Mar. 1875____________ 4Bd -----Mar. 1871-Mar. 1873____________ 42d _____ _ Mar. 1869-Mar. 1871.___________ 41st -----Apr. 1867-Mar. 1869 ____________ 40th ____ _

Mar. 1865-Mar. 1867____________ 39th ____ _ Mar. 1863-Mar. 1865 __ ---------- 38th ____ _ Mar. 1861-Mar. 1863____________ 37th ____ _ Mar. 1859-Mar. 1861.___________ 36th ____ _ Mar. 1857-Mar. 1859____________ 35th ____ _

Dec. 1855-Mar. 1851- ____ ~______ 34th ____ _ Mar. 1853-Mar. 1855__ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 33d - - ---Mar. 1851-Mar. 1853____________ 32d _____ _ Mar. 1849-Mar. 1851.___________ 31st -----Dec. 1847-Mar. 1849____________ 30th ____ _

Mar. 1845-Mar. 1841-_ ____ _ _ ____ 29th_ - - --Dec. 1843-Mar. 1845____________ 28th ____ _ Mar. 1841-Mar. 1843____________ 27th ____ _ Dec. 1839-Mar. 1841. _ ___ _ __ __ _ _ 26th __ ---Mar. 1837-Mar. 1839____________ 25th ____ _

Dec. 1835-Mar. 1837 ____________ 24th ____ _ Dec. 1833-Mar. 1835 ____________ 23d -----Dec. 1831-Mar. 1833_ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ 22d ___ ---Mar. 1829-Mar. 1831.___________ 21st -----Dec. 1827-Mar. 1829 ____________ 20th ____ _

Mar. 1825-Mar. 1827 ___________ _ Dec. 1823-Mar. 1825 ___________ _ Dec. 1821-Mar. 1823 ___________ _ Dec. 1819-Mar. 1821. __________ _ Mar. 1817-Mar. 1819 ___ - - - - - - - --

19th ____ _ 18th ____ _ 17th ____ _ 16th ____ _ 15th ____ _

Dec. 1815-Mar. 1811- __________ _ Mar. 1813-Mar. 1815 ___________ _ Mar. 1811-Mar. 1813 __ - - - - - - - ---Mar. 1809-Mar. 1811.~ _________ _ Oct. 1807-Mar. 1809 ____________ _

14th ____ _ 13th ____ _ 12th ____ _ llth.: ___ _ 10th ____ _

Mar. 1805-Mar. 1807 ___ ---------Oct. 1803-Mar. 1805 ____________ _ Mar. 1801-Mar. 1803 ___________ _ Dec. 1799-Mar. 1801. __________ _ Mar. 1797-Mar. 1799_ - - -- - -- ----

9th ____ _ 8th ____ _ 7th ____ _ 6th __ . __ _ 5th ____ _

June 1795-Mar. 1797 ___________ _ Mar. 1793-Mar. 1795 ___________ _ Mar. 1791-Mar. 1793 ___________ _ Mar. 1789-Mar. 1791. __________ _

4th ____ _ 3d ____ _ 2d _____ _ 1st ____ _

[Excludes simple and concurrent resolutions J

MEASURES INTRODUCED

Total

40

10,330 8,334

11 ,334 16,105 16,156

18,754 14,370 21,382 24,453 23,897

23,799 17,462 19,889 21,967 22,5.94

30,052 30,053 38,032 44,363 38,388

34,879 26,851 25,460 20,893 18,463

14,585 12,226 14,893 19,630 17,078

15,002 11,443 10,704 10,067 8,735

6,230 6,434 5,943 5,314 3,723

2,348 1,708 1,661 1,746 1,686

1,608 1,660 1,167 1,080 1,433

1,051 1,085 1,210 1,122 1,631

1,107 993

1,000 856 632

622 498 492 480 507

465 400 406 348 266

219 217 161 157 234

132 122 105 144

Bills

41

9,748 7,845

10,793 15,174 15,120

17,819 13,774 20,501 23,652 23,238

23,250 16,884 19,133 21,222 21,919

29,438 29,367 37,459 43,921 37,981

34,524 26,504 25,007 20,409 17,817

14,114 11,796 14,518 19,163 16,664

14',618 10,961 10,194

9,481-8,413

6,001 6,252 5,725 4,466 3,003

1,864 1,402 1,370 1,595 1,544

1,515 1,552 1,011

978 1,305

956 979

1,146 1,081 1,566

1,055 946 976 842 612

609 481 492 480 507

465 400 406 348 266

219 217 161 157 234

132 122 105 144

Joint resolutions

42

582 489 541 931

1,036

935 596 881 801 659

549 578 756 745 675

614 686 573 442 407

355 347 453 484 646

471 430 375 467 414

384 482 510 586 322

229 182 218 848 720

484 306 291 151 142

93 108 156 102 128

95 106

64 41 65

52 47 24 14 20

13 17

Total

43

1,625 1,157 1,485 1,662 1,759

1,724 975 843

1,522 1,722

1,423 996 930 594 453

684 700 716 884 646

7,024 4,041 2,790 1,942 1,437

948 711 722

2,251 1,824

1,452 969 761 650 746

580 859

1,012 769 765

714 515 521 370 312

433 540 306 167 446

303 279 524 147 532

459 390 462 369 235

266 335 238 208 257

298 273 209 119 105

106 111

95 112 155

85 127

77 118

Total

44

733 568 850

1,005 919

987 539 516

1,009 1,145

879 707 654 470 405

458 417 530 595 411

775 575 480 443 552

434 463 398 611 570

424 284 419 372 303

278 415 531 470 354

427 411 428 157 129

157 188 137 109 176

142 142 201

55 150

144 128 191 152 134

153 141 136 117 156

173 185 170 94 88

90 93 80

100 137

75 103 65

108

MEASURES PASSED

Public

Acts Resolutions

45 46

733 568 850 894 788

851 486 442 869

1,037

808 632 549 401 349

400 342 457 526 350

692 502 423 383 449

356 374 347 531 508

367 219 330 288 255

251 392 515 313 226

306 318 335 131 100

127 161 113

88 142

117 115 178

50 138

130 121 175 143 126

147 137 130 109 136

163 167 163

91 87

88 90 78 94

135

72 94 64 94

(1) (1) (1)

111 131

136 53 74

140 108

71 75

105 69 56

58 75 73 69 61

83 73 57 60

103

78 89 51 80 62

57 65 89 84 48

27 23 16

157 128

121 93 93 26 29

30 27 24 21 34

25 27 23

5 12

14 7

16 9 8

6 4 6 8

20

10 18

7 3 1

2 3 2 6 2

3 9 1

14

1 Public and private resolutions are carried only as public and private laws beginning with the 77th Congress.

292

Total

47

892 589 635 657 840

737 436 327 513 577

544 289 276 124

48

226 283 186 289 235

6,249 3,466 2,310 1,499

885

514 248 324

1,640 1,254

1,028 685 342 278 443

302 444 481 299 411

287 104

93 213 183

276 352 169

58 270

161 137 323

92 382

315 262 271 217 101

113 194 102

91 101

125 88 39 25 17

16 18 15 12 18

10 24 12 10

Private

Acts Resolutions

48 49

892 589 635 651 835

730 434 326 512 568

537 286 275 120

48

221 271 180 286 234

6,248 3,465 2,309 1,498

880

504 285 318

1,633 1,246

1,025 678 817 250 430

292 441 479 235 380

228 79 66

192 174

265 329 156

51 254

146 131 317

90 376

314 262 270 217 100

113 194 102

91 101

124 88 39 25 17

6 5

7 2 1 1 9

7 8 1 4

5 12

6 3 1

1 1 1 1 5

10 13

6 7 8

3 7

25 28 13

10 11 2

64 31

59 25 27 21

9

11 23 13

7 16

15 6 6 2 6

1

16 ----------18 15 12 18

10 ____ ------24 _________ _

1~ --------2-

ELECTIONS AND POLITICS Data: P 50-56

Series P 50-56.-,-ELECTIONS AND POLITICS-POLITICAL PARTY AFFILIATIONS IN CONGRESS AND THE PRESIDENCY: 1789 TO 1946

[Ad-Administration; AM-Anti-Masonic; C-Coalition; D-Democratic; DR-Democratic-Republican; Fed-Federalist; J-Jacksonian; NR-National Republican Op-Opposition: R-:-Republican: U-Unionist; W-Whig]

YEAR Congress Major party

50

1945-1946___ _ _____ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ ___ __ __ __ _ 79th ______ _ D-242

D-218 D-268 D-261 D-331

1943-1944___ __ _ __ _ _ ___ ___ ___ _______ __ _ 78th ______ _ 1941-1942 __________________ ~____ ___ ___ 77th ______ _ 1939-1941_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 76th ______ _ 1937-1938_ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ ___ ____ _ 75th ______ _

1935-1936_ ___ _ _ __ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ 74th ______ _ 1933-1934 _______________________ ~_____ 73d ______ _ 1931-1933_ ___ _ _ __ _ __ ______ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 72d _______ _ 1929-1931. _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ ___ __ _ __ ___ 71st ______ _ 1927-1929_ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ _ ___ 70th ______ _

1925-1927 --- -- - --- --- - - - - - -- --- -- -- - -- ~~!e- ------1923-1921L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ OO~lL _____ _ 1921-1923 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 67th ______ _ 1919-1921.___ _ _ ___ __ ____ _____ __ ___ _ _ __ 66th ______ _ 1917-1919___ _ __ __ ___ _ _ _ ___ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 65th ______ _

1915-1917 ____ __ __ _ _ ___ __ __ _ _ ____ _ __ __ _ 64th ______ _ 1913-1915_____________________________ 63d ______ _ 1911-1913_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 62d _______ _ 1909-1911.____________________________ 61st ______ _ 1907-1909____ _ __ ___ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ ___ __ _ 60th ______ _

1905-1907 ___ _ _ _ __ _ __ ___ __ _ _____ __ _ _ ___ 59th ______ _ 1903-1905_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 58th ______ _ 1901-1903 __________________ ~___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 57th ______ _

1899-1901.__ ___ __ ___ _____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 56th ______ _ 1897-1899_ _ __ _ _ __ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 55th ______ _

1895-1897 ___ _ ____ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ 54th ______ _ 1893-1895___ ___ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _____ __ _ _ ___ 53d ______ _ 1891-1893_ _____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ _ _ _ __ 52d _______ _ 1889-1891. ______________ .______________ 51st ______ _ 1887-1889____ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 50th ______ _ 1885-1887 ___ ___ _____ __ _ ___ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ 49th ______ _

1883~1885 __________________________ ~ __ 48th ______ _ 1881-1883_ _____ ___ ___ __ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ __ 47th ______ _

1879-1881. ___ _ _ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46th ______ _ 1877-1879___ _ _ __ _____ _ _ _ ______ _ __ _ _ __ _ 45th ______ _

1875-1877 ___ _ _ __ ___ __ _ _ ___ ____ _ ___ ____ 44th ______ _ 1873-1875 _____________________________ 43d ______ _ 1871-1873_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42d _______ _ 1869-1871. _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ 41st ______ _ 1867-1869 ____________ ~ _______________ '_ 40th ______ _ 1865-1867 ________________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 39th ______ _

1863-1865__ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 38th ______ _ 1861-1863 _______________ -'- _______ '_ _ _ __ _ 37th ______ _

1859-1861. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36th ______ _ 1857-1859_____ _ ___ ____ _ __ __ ____ __ _ _ ___ 35th ______ _ 1855-1857 __ _ ________ ____ __ ___ ___ __ ___ _ 34th ______ _ 1853-1855 ____________________________ ~ 33d ______ _

'1851-1853 _____________________________ 82d ___ . ____ _ 1849-1851. _____________ ,__ _ _____ __ _____ 31st ______ _

1847-1849_ _ _ _ _ ______ _ __________ __ ____ _ 30th ______ _ 1845":1847 ___ ____ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ _____ _ ____ _ 29th ______ _ 1848-1845 ____________ . ______________ ._ 28th ______ _ 1841-1843 ______ .____ _ ____ __ ______ _ ___ _ 27th ______ _

1839-1841. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26th ______ _ 1837-1889___ __ __ __ __ __ ___ ____ _ _ ___ ___ _ 25th ______ _

1835-1837 _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24th ______ _ 1833-1835 _____________________________ 28d __ ~ ___ _ 1831-1838___ _ _ __ __ _ _ ____ _ _ ___ ______ __ _ 22d _______ _ 1829..,.1831. ____________________________ 21st ______ _ 1827-1829___ _ __ ___ ______ _ ______ __ _ ___ _ 20th ______ _

. 1825-1827 _________________________ ~___ 19th ______ _

1823-1825 __________________________ ~ _ _ 18th ______ _

t~itj~~~=== =========== == = ===== ===:=== j~~t======= 1817-1819__ ____ _____ __ ____ __ ___ __ _ ___ _ 15th ______ _ 1815-1817__ ___ ______ _ ___ _ __ ___ _ _ ___ ___ 14th ______ _ 1813-1815 ___________ - - ___ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13th ______ _ 1811-1813_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ 12th ______ _ 1809-1811. __ ________ _ _ ____ ___ _________ llth ______ _

1807-1809__ _ _ _ _ _____ ___ _ ______ ______ __ 10th ______ _ 1805-1807 ________________________ . _. __ 9th. _____ _ 1803-1805_ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ ___ ___ __ ___ ____ _ _ _ 8th ______ _ 1801-1803 _____________________ - ____ __ _ 7th ______ _ 1799-1801. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6th ______ _ 1797-1799___ _ _ __ ____ ____ _ _ __ _ _ _ _____ __ 5th _______ _

1795-1797 ____________________ - - - - - - - -- 4th ______ _ 1793-1795 _____________________ - ___ - _ - - 3d ______ _ 1791-1793 _____________________ - _ - - -- -- 2d _______ _ 1789-1791 _________________________ - __ _ 1st ______ _

D-319 D-S10 D-220 R-267 R-237

R-247 R-225 R.c303 R-240 D-216

D-2S0 D-291 D-228 R-219 R-222

R-250 R-208 R-197

R-185 R-204

R-244 D-218 D-235 R-166 D-169 D-183

D-197 R-147

D-149 D~153

D-169 R-194 D-134 R-149 R-143 U-149

R-102 R-105

R-1l4 D-1l8 R-108 D-159 D-l40 D-112

W-115 D~143 D-142 W-133

D-124 D-108

D-145 D-147 D-141 D-139 J-119

Ad-l05

DR-187 DR-158 DR-156 DR-141

DR-117 DR-112 DR-lOS DR-94

DR-lls DR-lI6 DR-l 02 DR-69 Fed-64 Fed-58

Fed-54 DR-57 Fed.c37 Ad.c38

HOUSE Principal Other minority (except

party vacancies) 51 52

R-190 2

R-208 4 R-162 5 R":164 4 R-89 13

R-I03 10 R-117 5 R-214 1 D-167 1 D-195 3

D-183 4 D=205 5 D-131 1 D-190 3 R-210 6

R-196 9 R-127 17 R-161 1 D-172 ------------D-164 ------------D-136 ----'--------D-178 ------9-----D-151

D-163 9 D-1l3 40

D-105 7 R-127 11 R-88 9

D-159 ------4-----R-152 R-140 2

R-118 10 ~ D-135 11

R-130 14 R-140 ------------R-109 14 D-92 14 R~104 5 D-63 ------------D-49 ------------D-42 ... -----------D-75 9 D-4S 30

D-92 SI R-92 26 D-83 43 W-7l 4 W-88 5

W-l09 9

D-I08 4 W-77 6 W-79 1 D-102 6

W-118 ------------W-107 24

W-98 ------------AM-53 60 NR-58 14 NR-74 ------------Ad-94 ------------J-97 ------------

Fed-26 ------------Fed-25 ------------Fed-27 _ .... _---------Fed-42 ------------Fed-65 ------------Fed-68 ---,---------Fed-36 ------------Fed-48 ------------Fed-24 ------------Fed-25 ------------Fed-39 ------------Fed-S6 ------------DR-42 ------------DR-48 ------------DR-52 ------------Fed-48 ------------DR-33 ------------Op-26 ------------

SENATE -'~f

Major Principal Other President minority (except party party vacancies) 53 54 55 56

D-56 R-38 1 D (Truman) D (F. Roosevelt)

D-58 R-37 1 D (F. Roosevelt) D-66 R-28 2 D (F. Roosevelt) D-69 R-23 4 D (F. Roosevelt) D-76 R-16 4 D (F. Roosevelt)

D-69 R-25 2 D (F. Roosevelt) D-60 R-35 1 D (F. Roosevelt) R-48 D-47 1 R (Hoover) R-56 D-39 1 R (Hoover) R-49 D-46 1 R (Coolidge)

R-56 D-39 1 R (Coolidge) R-51 D-43 2 R (Coolidge) R-59 D.c37 ------------ R (Harding) R-49 D-47 ------------ D (Wilson) D-53 R-42 ------------ D (Wilson) D-56 R-40 ------------ D (Wilson) D-51 R-44 1 D (Wilson) R-51 '.; D-41 ------------ R (Taft) R-61 D-S2 --------_ .. _- R (Taft) R-61 D.c31 ------------ R (T. Roosevelt) R-57 D-33 ------------ R (T. Roosevelt) R-57 D.c33 ------------ R (T. Roosevelt) R-55 D-Sl 4 R (T. Roosevelt)

R (McKinley) R-53 D-26 8 R (McKinley) R-47 D-34 7 R (McKinley)

R-43 D.c39 6 D (Cleveland~ D:-404 R.c38 3 D. (Cleveland R-47 D-39 2 R (B. Harrison) R-39 D-37 ------------ R (B. Harrison) R-39 D-37 -----'------- D (Cleveland) R-43 D-34 --- ... -------- D (Cleveland) R-S8 D-S6 2 R (Arthur) R'-37 D.c37 1 R (Arthur)

R ~Garfl.eld) D-42 R-S3 1 R Hayes) R-39 D-S6 1 R (Hayes)

R-45 D-29 2 R (Grant) R-49 D-19 5 R (Grant) R-52 D-17 5 R (Grant) R-56 D-ll ------------ R (Grant) R-42 D-ll --------_ ..... - R (Johnson) U-42 D-10 ------------ R (Johnson)

R-S6 D-9 5 R (Lincoln) R (Lincoln)

R-31 D-10 8 R (Lincoln)

D-36 R-26 4. D (Buchanan) D-36 R-?O 8 D (Buchanan) D-40 R-15 5 D (Pierce) D-38 W-22 2 D (Pierce) D-35 W-24. 3 W (Fillmore) D-S5 W-25 2 W (Fillmore)

W (Taylor) D-S6 W-21 D (Polk) D-31 W-25 ---.--------- D (Polk) W-28 D-25 1 W (Tyler) W-28 D-22 2 W (Tyler)

W CW. Harrison) D-28 W-22 ------4----- D (Van Buren) D-30 W-18 D (Van Buren)

D-27 W-25 -_ .. ----- .... _ .. D (Jackson) D-20 NR-20 8 D (Jackson) D-25 NR-21 2 D (Jackson) D-26 NR-22 ------------ D (Jackson) J-28 Ad-20 ------------ C (John Q. Adams)

Ad-26 J-20 ------------ C (John Q. Adams)

DR-44 Fed-4 ------------ DR (Monroe) DR-44 Fed-4 ------------ DR (Monroe) DR-35 Fed-7 ------------ DR (Monroe.) DR-34 Fed-lO --------- ...... - DR (Monroe)

DR-25 Fed-ll ------------ DR (Madison) DR-27 Feo-9 ------_ ... ---- DR ~Madison) DR-HO Fed-6 ------_ .. ---- DR Madison) DR-28 Fed-6 ------------ DR (Madison)

DR-28 Fed-6 ------------ DR (Jefferson) DR-27 Fed-7 ------------ DR (Jefferson) DR-25 Fed-9 ------------ DR (Jefferson) DR-18 Fed-14 ------------ DR (Jefferson) Fed-19 DR-IS ------------ Fed (John Adams) Fed-20 DR-12 ------------ Fed (John Adams) Fed-19 DR-13 ------------ Fed (Washington) Fed-17 DR-IS ------------ Fed (Washington:), Fed-16 DR-13 ------------ Fed (Washington) Ad-17 Op-9 ------------ Fed (Washington)

293

Data: P 57-68 GOVERNMENT

Series P 57-61.-ELECTIONS AND POLITICS-APPORTIONMENT OF REPRESEl--JTATIVES AMONG THE STATES: 1790 TO 1940

rZ APPORTIONMENT ACT Apportion- APPORTIONMENT ACT Apportion-

Population Number ment popu- Popu-

Number ment popu-

Congresses base 1 Number of repre-lation per

YEAR of Date of act represen-senta-

States tives 2 tative

-- 57 58 59 60 61

1940 ______ 78th 131,006,184 48 435 Nov. 15, 1941 301,164 1930._~ ___ 73d,77th 122 ,093 ,455 48 435 June 18, 1929 280,675 1920 _____ (8) (8) (8) 435 (3) (3) 1910 _____ 63d,72d 91,603,772 48 435 Aug. 8, 1911 210,583 1900 _____ 58th, 62d 74,562,608 45 386 Jan. 16, 1901 193,167

1890 _____ 53d, 57th 61,908,906 44 356 Feb. 7, 1891 173,901 1880 _____ 48th,52d 49,371 ,340 38 325 Feb. 25, 1882 151,912 1870 _____ 43d,47th 38,115,641 37 292 Feb. 2, 1872 4 130,533 1860 _____ 38th,42d 29,550,038 34 241 May 25, 1850 5 122,614

1 Excludes the population of the District of Columbia, the population of the territories, the number of Indians not taxed, and (prior to 1870) two-fifths of the slave population.

2 This number is the actual number apportioned at the beginning of the decade. !No apportionment was made after the census of 1920.

Congresses lation Number YEAR base 1 of States

- - 57 58

1850 ____ 33d,37th 21,766,691 31

1840 ____ 28th,32d 15,908,376 26 1830 ____ 23d,27th 11,930,987 24 1820 ____ 18th,22d 8,972,396 24 1810 ____ 13th,17th 6,584,231 17 1800 ____ 8th,12th 4,879,820 16

1790 ____ 3d, 7th 3,615,823 15 1st, 2d ---------- 14

4 Amended by the act of May 30, 1872. 5 Amended by the act of March 4, 1862. G Amended by the act of July 30, 1852.

of repre-lation per

Date of act represen-senta-tives 2 tative

59 60 61

234 May 23, 1850 e 93,020

223 June 25, 1842 71,338 240 May 22,1832 49,712 213 Mar. 7, 1822 42,124 181 Dec. 21, 1811 36,877 141 Jan. 14, 1802 34,609

105 ApI'. 14, 1792 34,436 65 Constitution178~ 730,000

7 The minimum ratio of population to representatives stated in _ the Consti-tution (art. I, sec. 2).

Series P 62-68.-GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT-FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT: 1816 TO 1945

[ For series P 65-68, data are for fiscal year from July 1 to June 30, except as indicated. For series P 65-67, data are not available for 1942-1945}

PAID EMPLOYEES IN EXECUTIVE CIVIL SERVICE CLASSIFIED Paid em- CIVIL SERVICE CLASSIFIED BRANCH, FEDERAL GOVERNMENT COMPETITIVE POSITIONS ployees, COMPETITIVE POSITIONS

Wash., D. YEAR Total C., metro- All other Number of Persons Persons

number 1 politan areas 1 positions 2 examined -passed area 1

62 63 64 65 66 67

1945 ___ _ 3,769,646 257,808 3,511,888 --------- - --------- - ----------1944 ____ 3,312,256 270,019 3,042,237 --------- - --------- - ----------1943 ____ 3,157,113 4280,811 2,876,302 ---------- ---------- ----------1942 ____ 2,206,970 268,383 1,938,587 --990:233- ---------- i:273:290-194L ___ 1,370,110 184,236 1,185,874 2,447,463 1940 ____ 1,014,117 133,856 880,261 5726,827 839,112 374,89.0 1939 ____ 920,310 123,364 796,946 622,832