Chapter Nine: Water and Minerals
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Transcript of Chapter Nine: Water and Minerals
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Chapter Nine: Water and Minerals
Identify the functions of water Describe the process by which the
body regulates water intake and water excretion
Identify normal causes of water loss List causes of additional (less usual)
water losses
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Chapter Eight, Cntd. Name the major minerals and the
functions and deficiencies of those at risk Explain osteoporosis and the risk factors
that contribute to its development Name the trace minerals and their
functions and deficiencies of those at risk Explain how the use of alcohol affects
nutritional status
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Water and Body Fluids Adult body is comprised of 60% water Water functions
Transports nutrients and waste products Participant in chemical reactions
(metabolism) Solvent for water soluble nutrients Maintains blood pressure and body
temperature
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Water Functions, Cntd. Lubricant and cushioning for joints Shock absorber for eyes, spinal, and
placenta
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Water Balance Regulators
Thirst—outward sign of dehydration Diminished with age
Hypothalamus monitors lack or excess Triggers pituitary to release ADH
(antidiuretic hormone) when salts are too high and volume of blood or blood pressure is too low
Kidneys respond by excreting or withholding fluids
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Water Losses Losses normally occur from:
Urine—water required to excrete urine and body wastes
Lungs as vapor Feces Skin in the cooling process About 2½ quarts per day
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Recommended Water Intake 8-12 cups per day (pale yellow urine
indicates appropriate dilution) Water, milk and juices are best
sources Alcoholic beverages and those
containing caffeine act as diuretics Fruits, vegetables, meats and cheese
also contribute to water intake
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Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Mineral salts when dissolved in water
contain electrical charges and are known as electrolytes
Electrolytes and water are the most vital to life—electrolytes hold water in compartments where needed
Electrolytes outside the cell are sodium and chloride
Electrolyte inside the cell is potassium
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Electrolyte and Fluid Balances Balances can be upset by large fluid losses
Vomiting Diarrhea Heavy sweating Fever Burns Wounds causing blood loss
Electrolytes also help maintain the acidity pH of body fluids
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Major Minerals Needed in larger amounts in the body Sodium:
Principle electrolyte in the extracellular fluid outside the cell
Maintains acid-base balance—muscle contraction and nerve transmission
Sources: processed foods, salt added while cooking (select iodized salt)
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Major Minerals, Cntd. Sodium
Average intake is about 3300 mg and Daily Value recommendation is 2400 mg
Risks of too much are high blood pressure or hypertension
Choose and prepare foods with less salt—U.S. Dietary Goal
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Major Minerals, Cntd. Chloride:
Extracellular electrolyte Usually associated with either sodium
or potassium Part of HCL acid found in the stomach Best source in table salt
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Major Minerals, Cntd. Potassium
Principal charged electrolyte found inside the cell
Critical to keeping the heartbeat steady Diets low in potassium can contribute to
elevated blood pressure Sources: fresh food of all kinds,
especially fruits and vegetables—oranges & bananas
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Major Minerals, Cntd. Calcium
Necessary for growth of a healthy skeleton and prevention of bone disease later in life
Most abundant mineral in the body 99% of calcium found in the bones and
teeth—provides rigidity 1% found in body fluids—vital to life
Regulate muscle contractions Transmits nerve impulses
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Major Minerals, Cntd. Blood clotting Cofactor to several enzymes
Deficiencies: Osteoporosis
Porous, thin, fragile bones found mostly in older women
Can also correlate with high blood pressure
Absorption can vary between 30-75%
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Major Minerals, Cntd. Sources:
Best are in the daily group (2-3 cups per day of fluid milk or their equivalents)
Vegetables: mustard greens, kale, parsley, watercress, and broccoli
Meat group: particularly sardines, including bones and poultry
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Major Minerals, Cntd. Phosphorus 2nd most abundant mineral in the
body Excess in the diet can cause
excretion of calcium—carbonated beverages and high protein diet, especially from meat sources
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Trace Minerals Needed in smaller amounts in the
body Iron:
Absorption is limited—10-15% absorbed from dietary sources—can increase with good Vitamin C sources eaten together
Function: component of the protein hemoglobin that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues
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Trace Minerals, Cntd. Deficiency—Iron deficiency anemia—
most prevalent in children and pre-menopausal women
RDA is 10-15 mg per day Sources: Most absorbable sources
are meats, poultry and fish, esp. organ meats; plant sources are less absorbable
Toxicity: can cause death, especially in small children
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Trace Minerals, Cntd. Zinc:
Multiple metabolic functions Deficiency can cause growth retardation
and affects immune function Sources are high protein foods
Iodine: Integral part of the thyroid hormone,
thyroxin
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Trace Minerals, Cntd. Deficiency causes mental and
physical retardation Problem in underdeveloped countries
who don’t have access to iodized salt Sources: Iodized salt or foods grown
in iodine rich soil; high mountain areas have little in the soil
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Trace Minerals, Cntd. Fluoride
Necessary for normal bone and tooth development
Teeth are more resistant to decay Sources: drinking water either
naturally or from fluoridated water
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Nutrition and Alcohol Abuse Sources of Alcohol:
Wine, wine coolers, beer, and hard liquor
Nutritional deficiencies can result from Depression of appetite—less food eaten Interference with digestion, absorption,
metabolism and excretion of nutrients Vitamins and minerals necessary for normal
metabolism interfered with so fewer nutrients are available from food
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TEST QUESTIONS Water is involve in all of the
following EXCEPT: A. Regulation of body temperature B. conversion of lipids to amino acids C. Lubricant around joints D. Solvent for minerals and vitamins
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Test Questions Which of the following body
processes in NOT dependent upon the presence of calcium in the body fluids? A. Blood clotting B. Muscle contraction C. Transmission of nerve impulses D. Transportation of oxygen in the
bloodstream
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Test Questions A deficiency of _________ is one of
the world’s most common preventable causes of mental retardation
A. Zinc B. Selenium C. Magnesium D. Iodine