Chapter IIConceptual and Related LiteratureThis chapter presents the significant informations which are essential in the accomplishment of the study and also the discussion of the related literature that provides help in the framework for the conceptualization of the study.Conceptual Literature1. BiomassA biological material derived from living organism. . Biomass is probably our oldest source of energy after the sun. For thousands of years, people have burned wood to heat their homes and cook their food. Biomass often refers to plants or plant-based materials commonly resource for making energy. Biomass is also referred to as the Feedstock. Biomass is used directly through combustion to produce heats that can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Landfill gas or biogas releases methane through rotting garbage and agricultural and human waste. Biomass is a renewable energy source because its supplies are not limited. We can grow trees and crops, and waste will always exist

1.1 Sources Wood Wood remains the largest biomass energy source today including forest residues, yard clippings, wood chips and municipal solid waste. Harvested wood may be used directly as a fuel or collected from wood waste streams. Largest source of energy from wood is pulping liquor or black liquor, waste product from processes of pulp, paper and paperboard industry. Forestry waste includes logging residues, imperfect commercial trees, dead wood, and other non-commercial trees that need to be thinned from crowded, unhealthy, fire-prone forests. Forest thinning is necessary to help some forests regain their natural health, but for smaller woodlands the cost of removing the wood cannot be recovered through timber sales due to their poor quality.Animal farming Farm slurriesFarm slurry is a watery animal sewage containing a high concentration of suspended solids. Farm slurries are obtained mainly from pig farming and cattle farming. It can be used as a fuel source for Anaerobic Digestion. Poultry litter Farm slurriesPoultry Litter

Poultry litter is the bedding material collected from broiler sheds. Its usually made up of wood shavings, shredded paper or straw, mixed with the chicken droppings. It has a calorific value of 9-15GJ/tonne, which is slightly lower than that for wood. It has a moisture content of between 20-50% depending on the methods of husbandry used by farmers. The practice of spreading large quantities of poultry litter on the land is no longer considered acceptable because it can cause serious environmental problems by polluting watercourses and producing odors if not correctly managed.Waste Biomass in wastes and residues can also be used for energy form households or the commercial and industrial sectors. This includes municipal waste and that from the commercial and industrial sector. Organic waste, whether from commercial or residential properties, makes up a substantial amount of waste that is landfilled. As with other wastes, it can converted into energy by various methods. One is direct combustion (incinerator), or by anaerobic digestion in a landfill or in a process plant. Sewage waste is a source of biomass that is comparable to the other animal wastes previously mentioned. Energy can be extracted from sewage using anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis or drying and incineration.1.2 TypesWood and Agricultural productsMost biomass used today is home grown energy. Woodlogs, chips, bark, and sawdustaccounts for about 46 percent of biomass energy. But any organic matter can produce biomass energy. Other biomass sources include agricultural waste products like fruit pits and corncobs. Wood and wood waste, along with agricultural waste, are used to generate electricity. Much of the electricity is used by the industries making the waste; it is not distributed by utilities, it is cogenerated. Paper mills and saw mills use much of their waste products to generate steam and electricity for their use.Solid Waste Burning trash turns waste into a usable form of energy. One ton (2,000 pounds) of garbage contains about as much heat energy as 500 pounds of coal. Garbage is not all biomass; perhaps half of its energy content comes from plastics, which are made from petroleum and natural gas. Power plants that burn garbage for energy are called waste-to-energy plants. These plants generate electricity much as coal-red plants do, except that combustible garbagenot coalis the fuel used to re their boilers.Landfill Gas and BiogasBacteria and fungi are not picky eaters. They eat dead plants and animals, causing them to rot or decay. A fungus on a rotting log is converting cellulose to sugars to feed itself. Although this process is slowed in a landfill, a substance called methane gas is still produced as the waste decays. New regulations require landfills to collect methane gas for safety and environmental reasons. Methane gas is colorless and odorless, but it is not harmless. The gas can cause res or explosions if it seeps into nearby homes and is ignited. Landfills can collect the methane gas, purify it, and use it as fuel. Methane can also be produced using energy from agricultural and human wastes. Biogas digesters are airtight containers or pits lined with steel or bricks. Waste put into the containers is fermented without oxygen to produce a methane-rich gas. This gas can be used to produce electricity, or for cooking and lighting.Alcohol FuelsEthanolEthanol is an alcohol fuel (ethyl alcohol) made by fermenting the sugars and starches found in plants and then distilling them. Any organic material containing cellulose, starch, or sugar can be made into ethanol. The majority of the ethanol produced in the United States comes from corn. New technologies are producing ethanol from cellulose in woody fibers from trees, grasses, and crop residues.BiodieselBiodiesel is a fuel made by chemically reacting alcohol with vegetable oils, animal fats, or greases, such as recycled restaurant grease. Most biodiesel today is made from soybean oil. Biodiesel is most often blended with petroleum diesel in ratios of two percent (B2), five percent (B5), or 20 percent (B20). It can also be used as neat (pure) biodiesel (B100). Biodiesel fuels are compatible with and can be used in unmodified diesel engines with the existing fueling infrastructure. Biodiesel contains virtually no sulfur, so it can reduce sulfur levels in the nations diesel fuel supply, even compared with todays low sulfur fuels. While removing sulfur from petroleum-based diesel results in poor lubrication, biodiesel is a superior lubricant and can reduce the friction of diesel fuel in blends of only one or two percent.1.3 CharacteristicsBiomass fuels consist of three main segments: wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. Wood energy is derived from the following sources: round wood, used primarily in the industrial and electric utility sectors; wood fuel, used predominantly in the residential and commercial sectors; and wood byproducts and wood waste, which are usually used in the industrial sector. Waste energy is derived from the following sources: mass burning of garbage; conversion of garbage to refuse-derived fuel pellets for eventual burning; collection of methane gas from landfills; and burning or anaerobic digestion of wastes. Alcohol fuel in this report refers to ethanol, typically derived from corn and used primarily in the transportation sector.2. SyngasA fuel gas mixture consists primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and some carbon dioxide. It can be produced from many materials that contain carbon, including plastics, natural gas, coal, biomass or any hydrocarbon feedstock. Syngas is created by the gasification or pyrolysis of carbonaceous materials. Gasification involves subjecting these materials to high temperatures, in the controlled presence of oxygen with only limited combustion to provide thermal energy to sustain the reaction. Gasification can occur in man-made vessels, or alternatively could be conductedin-situas in underground coal gasification.2.1 Syngas GeneratorA mechanical equipment that can be used as an alternative for gasoline when it is no longer available. With the process of gasification organic substances like coal, wood fruit-pits or even manure can be converted into syngas. Once syngas has been filtered and cooled, it can be used to power an internal combustion engine or gas turbine. Also, it can be used to fuel an open flame for cooking and heating. Syngas is already used for the function in industrial settings.3. Internal Combustion EngineA heat engine where oxidizer occurs with fuels during combustion process in a combustion chamber which part of working fluid flow circuit. Internal combustion Engine is one in which combustion of fuel takes placed in a confined space applying direct force to some component of the engine like in pistons, turbine blades or in nozzles transforming chemical energy to mechanical energy. 3.1 Applications AutomotiveInternal combustion engines are seen every day in providing power source for some automobiles, trucks, buses and ships. LocomotiveRail transport VehicleThe application of Internal Combustion Engine runs the motive power for a train. This vehicle is commonly some electrical but most use Diesel Engines Power GenerationInternal combustion Engines drive some large electric generators that power electrical grids, where very high power-to- weight ratios are required, ICE appears in the form of combustion Turbines in combined cycle power plants.Others Small engines are common power source for lawnmowers, chain saws, motorcycles, outboard motors, mopeds etc.