Chapter IIntroduction:

The Nature of Leadership

Matakuliah : A0092 - KepemimpinanTahun : 2008 / 2009

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Learning Objectives

• Understand why leadership has been defined in so many different ways.

• Understand the controversy about differences between leadership and management.

• Understand how leadership will be defined in this book.

© 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc.

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Learning Objectives

• Understand why it is so difficult to assess leadership effectiveness.

• Understand the different indicators used to assess leadership effectiveness.

• Understand what aspects of leadership have been studied the most during the past 50 years.

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Learning Objectives

• Understand how leadership can be described as an individual, dyadic, group, or organizational process.

• Understand the organization of this book.

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The Importance of Leadership in Organization Alive Aspect

• Determining and improving perspective and mission

• Coordinating people activities and work• Empowering and directing the source effort• Determining the strategy and decision making • Managing the organization changing• Reaching the goals

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Definitions of Leadership

• Past definitions have included traits, behaviors, influence, interaction patterns, role relationships, and occupation of an administrative position. See Table 1-1.

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Defining Differences

• Specialized Role or Shared Influence Process• Type of Influence Process• Purpose of Influence Attempts• Influence Based on Reason or Emotions• Leadership versus Management

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Leadership Defined

• Leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how it can be done effectively, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish the shared objectives.

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Leadership Processes Scope

• External event interpretation

• Choice of strategies• Motivation of members• Member trust• Work activity

organization

• Member skills and confidence development

• Member learning and sharing of knowledge

• Support from outsiders

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Leadership Effectiveness

• Objective measures, profit, sales• Subjective measures, ratings from subordinates• Attitudes• Quality of group processes• Multiple criteria• Immediate and delayed outcomes

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Key Leadership Variables

• Characteristics of the leader• Characteristics of the followers• Characteristics of the situation

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Figure 1-2

Situational Variables

LeaderBehavior

InfluenceProcesses

Follower Attitudesand Behaviors

Leader Traitsand Skills Performance

Outcomes

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Major Research Approaches

• Trait Approach• Behavior Approach• Power-Influence Approach• Situational Approach• Integrative Approach

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Level of Conceptualization

• Individual• Dyad• Group• Organization

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Other Bases for Comparison

• Leader vs. Follower-centered Theories• Descriptive vs. Prescriptive Theory• Universal vs. Contingency Theory

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Theory of Leadership

• Trait theory • Behavior theory • Contingency theory

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Summary

• Leadership is an influence process• In evaluating leader effectiveness, outcome

variables differ according to researcher• Leadership studies vary based on the line of

research and the level of conceptualization

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Summary

• Another basis for studying leadership includes the relative focus on the leader or the follower

• Leadership theories can be prescriptive or descriptive, universal or contingent

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