Decline of Classical Decline of Classical CivilizationsCivilizations

Chapter FiveChapter Five

Decline of Classical Decline of Classical CivilizationsCivilizations

Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan Africa - Africa - instabilityinstability

What were What were the social the social effects of effects of trade with trade with MediterraneaMediterranean?n?

Upper Nile RegionUpper Nile Region– KushKush

* 1000 B.C.E.* 1000 B.C.E.– AxumAxum

*conquers Kush by 300 B.C.E.*conquers Kush by 300 B.C.E.

– EthiopiaEthiopia *conquers Axum*conquers Axum

– Trade with MediterraneanTrade with Mediterranean some converts to Judaismsome converts to Judaism Christianity by 300 C.E.Christianity by 300 C.E.

– West AfricaWest Africa southern fringe of Saharasouthern fringe of Sahara regional kingdomsregional kingdoms Ghana – 1st great state in W. AfricaGhana – 1st great state in W. Africa

Egypt, Kush and Axum

North AfricaNorth Africa

East Asia at the End of the Classical Period

Asia ~ JapanAsia ~ Japan

What was What was Shintoism?Shintoism?

agriculture well-established by agriculture well-established by 200 CE200 CE

regional states, c. 300 C.E.regional states, c. 300 C.E. writing introduced 400 C.E.writing introduced 400 C.E. ShintoismShintoism

– organized by 700 C.E.organized by 700 C.E.– Worship of political leaders & nature Worship of political leaders & nature

(God of Rice)(God of Rice)– state formation by 600 C.E.state formation by 600 C.E.

Northern EuropeNorthern Europe Germanic, Celtic, Slavic peoplesGermanic, Celtic, Slavic peoples

– loose kingdomsloose kingdoms– oral cultureoral culture– simple agriculturesimple agriculture– sailingsailing– animisticanimistic

Central AmericaCentral America

OlmecsOlmecs

Legacy Legacy of of OlmecsOlmecs

Olmec, c. 800–400 B.C.E.Olmec, c. 800–400 B.C.E.– no writingno writing– PyramidsPyramids– Agriculture - especially cornAgriculture - especially corn

potatoes in Andespotatoes in Andes– domestication of animalsdomestication of animals

turkeys, dogsturkeys, dogs– CalendarsCalendars

– Disappeared w/out a traceDisappeared w/out a trace Teotihuacan (Aztecs)Teotihuacan (Aztecs) Maya - from 400 C.E.Maya - from 400 C.E.South AmericaSouth America

– Ancestors of IncaAncestors of Inca Peru, BoliviaPeru, Bolivia

Civilizations of

Central and South America

SpreadSpread of Polynesian Peoples

The Spread of The Spread of Polynesian Peoples

PolynesiaPolynesia– Isolation – Fiji & Samoa Isolation – Fiji & Samoa

inhabited by 1000 inhabited by 1000 B.C.E.B.C.E.

– Hawaii by 400 Hawaii by 400 C.E.C.E.

Germanic Nomads Germanic Nomads move into Central move into Central AsiaAsia– Participate in Middle Participate in Middle

East tradeEast trade

Decline in ChinaDecline in China

China - Han DynastyChina - Han Dynasty– decline c. 100 C.E.decline c. 100 C.E.– Daoist revival led by Yellow TurbansDaoist revival led by Yellow Turbans

Promised a Golden Age; attacked Promised a Golden Age; attacked weakness of Emperor; led student weakness of Emperor; led student protests – failedprotests – failed

EpidemicsEpidemics Sui Dynasty – brief controlSui Dynasty – brief control TangTang

– from 618 C.E.from 618 C.E.– Glorious period in Chinese history; Glorious period in Chinese history;

revival of Confucianismrevival of Confucianism Continuity – Confucian values & Continuity – Confucian values &

lifestyles lifestyles remainedremained

Asia c. 600 CEAsia c. 600 CE

Decline in IndiaDecline in India

Changes in Changes in HinduisHinduismm

Islamic Islamic invasioninvasion

Invasions from 600 C.E.Invasions from 600 C.E.– Gupta empire destroyedGupta empire destroyed

FragmentationFragmentation– Rajput – regional princesRajput – regional princes

Buddhism declinesBuddhism declines

HinduismHinduism– worship of Devi (mother goddess) worship of Devi (mother goddess) – Popular emotional religious revivalPopular emotional religious revival

Islam – Arab armies reach India’s NW Islam – Arab armies reach India’s NW frontier during 7th centuryfrontier during 7th century– Some converts to Islam – challenge to Some converts to Islam – challenge to

HinduismHinduism– control of Indian Oceancontrol of Indian Ocean

5th C Sculpture, 5th C Sculpture, “Buddha Preaching the Law”“Buddha Preaching the Law”

India-Gupta India-Gupta

Indian Ocean Trading Routes in the Classical Period

Why was Why was control of control of the the Indian Indian Ocean so Ocean so importantimportant??

Decline and Fall in RomeDecline and Fall in Rome

2 Empires2 Empires Two EmpiresTwo Empires

EasternEastern GreekGreek ConstantinopleConstantinople continuity, vigorcontinuity, vigor

> > Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

Justinian (527–565 C.E.)Justinian (527–565 C.E.) Justinian CodeJustinian Code

WesternWestern Latin, GermanicLatin, Germanic RomeRome decline, vulnerabledecline, vulnerable

> > Western EuropeWestern Europe

Rise of ChristianityRise of Christianity

Religion Chart (pg. 111-117)Religion Chart (pg. 111-117) HinduismHinduism BuddhismBuddhism Islam Islam

ChristianityChristianity 2-3 examples of syncretism each2-3 examples of syncretism each Major beliefsMajor beliefs

– GodGod– AfterlifeAfterlife– Moral codeMoral code– Prayer/priests/building of worshipPrayer/priests/building of worship

Tigris-Euphrates Tigris-Euphrates CivilizationCivilization

BabylonianBabylonianss

developed Hammurabi’s codedeveloped Hammurabi’s code– laid down the procedure for law laid down the procedure for law

courts courts – regulated property rights regulated property rights – duties of family membersduties of family members– set harsh punishments for crimes. set harsh punishments for crimes.

This focus on standardizing a legal This focus on standardizing a legal system was one of the features of early system was one of the features of early river valley civilizations.river valley civilizations.

Egyptian CivilizationEgyptian CivilizationEgyptiansEgyptians Emerged in N. Africa along the Nile River by Emerged in N. Africa along the Nile River by

about 3000 B.C.E. about 3000 B.C.E. benefited from trade and influences from benefited from trade and influences from

Mesopotamia, but it also produced its own Mesopotamia, but it also produced its own distinct social structures and cultural distinct social structures and cultural expressions. expressions.

Mathematical achievements and impressive Mathematical achievements and impressive architectural structures architectural structures

From 2700 B.C.E. onward, the Egyptian From 2700 B.C.E. onward, the Egyptian pharaohs directed the building of the pharaohs directed the building of the pyramids, which were to function as their pyramids, which were to function as their tombs. tombs. – use of slave laboruse of slave labor

Indian and Chinese River Indian and Chinese River Valley CivilizationsValley Civilizations

IndianIndian

ChineseChinese

Indus River – 2500 BCEIndus River – 2500 BCE– Cities: Harappa, Mohenjo DaroCities: Harappa, Mohenjo Daro– Trade w/MesopotamiaTrade w/Mesopotamia

Indo-European invasions caused Indo-European invasions caused devastationdevastation

Huanghe (Yellow) RiverHuanghe (Yellow) River– IsolationIsolation– IrrigationIrrigation– Horses/iron/coalHorses/iron/coal– P'an Ku – mythic ancestor of the ChineseP'an Ku – mythic ancestor of the Chinese– Writing – ideographs (symbols)Writing – ideographs (symbols)

1500 BCE - Shang dynasty1500 BCE - Shang dynasty– Decline but great continuityDecline but great continuity

The Legacy of the River The Legacy of the River Valley CivilizationsValley Civilizations Basic achievements:Basic achievements:

– wheel, alphabets, mathematics, and wheel, alphabets, mathematics, and divisions of timedivisions of time

Mesopotamian art and Egyptian Mesopotamian art and Egyptian architecture influenced the Greeks & architecture influenced the Greeks & RomansRomans

The Phoenicians devised a simplified The Phoenicians devised a simplified alphabet – 22 letters alphabet – 22 letters

Jews - smaller Middle Eastern group - Jews - smaller Middle Eastern group - first clearly developed first clearly developed monotheistic monotheistic religionreligion

Compare the river valley Compare the river valley civilizationscivilizations

Tigris-EuphratesTigris-Euphrates IndusIndus HuangheHuanghe

Leadership Leadership LawLaw ReligionsReligions Writing systemWriting system TradeTrade TechnologyTechnology