Chapter: Chemistry and Technology Table of Contents Section 3: Using Science to Solve ProblemsUsing...

Chapter: Chemistry and Technology

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

Section 3: Using Science to Solve Problems

Section 1: Introduction to Materials Science

Section 2: Science, Technology, and Engineering

• The first step in learning how information is used is to learn about materials.

• Scientists refer to a specific type of matter as a material.

• The branch of science that studies the properties and uses for materials is called materials science.

What is Materials Science?

Introduction to Materials ScienceIntroduction to Materials Science

11

• Chemists may be interested in a new material to use as the outer-skin of an airplane.

• Physicists may be interested in a material for a telescope that will be used to collect gamma rays in space.

What is Materials Science?


11

• Scientists in all branches of science are concerned with the propertiesand uses of materials.

• An evaluation of the properties of a material determines its usefulness.

• A material has both chemical and physical properties that are determined by its atomic structure.

• The properties of the material are the most important feature of a material to consider when selecting materials.

Finding the Right Materials


11

• The ability of a material to combine with or change into another substance is a chemical property.

• The stability of a material will determine its usability or the length of time that it is useable.

Chemical Properties and Changes


11

• Corrosion is a process in which a material, especially metal, is changed or weakened by a chemical reaction.

• This is a result of the iron in the body of a car reacting with water and oxygen to form rust.

Chemical Properties and Changes


11

• A physical property is a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing identity of the material.

• Physical properties include conductivity, density, magnetism, solubility, malleability, melting point, and boiling point.

Physical Properties


11

• Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.

• A measure of the ease with which electrons move through a material is conductivity.

Conductivity


11

• Metals also have the physical properties of magnetism and malleability.

• Magnetism is the ability of a material to be attracted or repelled by another material due to a magnetic field.

Magnetism and Malleability


11

• Malleability is the ability of a material to be hammered or rolled into sheets.

• Solubility is the measure of one substance’s ability to dissolve in a specific amount of another substance at a given temperature and pressure to form a solution.

Solubility


11

• The solubility of materials is important if you are mixing materials.

• Density is the amount of mass that is contained in a unit volume.

Density


11

• If the material must have light-weight or heavy-weight characteristics for a particular use, the densities of the available materials must be considered.

• Elements can be grouped into the categories of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. However, many of the materials that surround you are composed of more than one element in a variety of structural configurations.

Type of Materials


11

• Four additional categories—alloys, ceramics, polymers, and composites—contain a wide variety of materials.

• An alloy is a mixture of a metal and one or more other elements.

Alloys


11

• An alloy has the properties of the metal element it contains.

• Alloys can be produced to improve the hardness, strength, density, or durability of the metal.

• Steels are a common type of alloy.Alloys


11

• Stainless steel is a mixture of iron, chromium, and nickel.

• The mixture retains the strength of iron, but is corrosion resistant.

• Ceramics are materials made from dried clay or clay-like mixtures that are usually heated to high temperatures to improve their strength.

Ceramics


11

• Ceramics usually are compounds of metals and oxygen, but they also may be compounds of carbon, nitrogen, boron, and silicon.

• Ceramics are strong despite their brittleness, they are chemically inactive, they resist wear, and they have a low thermal and electrical conductivity.

Ceramics


11

• Polymers are natural or manufactured materials composed of long chains of small, simple, repeating molecules called monomers.

Polymers


11

• Changing the number, type, and position of the monomers in a polymer changes the properties of the polymer.

• Polyvinyl chloride is formed when one hydrogen atom in a polyethylene monomer is replaced with a chlorine atom.

Polymers


11

• Compact discs are made from polyvinyl chloride.

Composite Materials


11

• One of the most common composite materials is fiberglass.

• A composite material is a mixture of two or more materials—one embedded or layered inthe other.

• Fiberglass consists of a polymer or plastic with small threads or fibers of glass embedded in it.

Composite Materials


11

• Adding the glass fibers to the plastic makes a stronger material.

11Section CheckSection Check

Question 1The branch of science that studies the properties and uses for materials is called _______.

A. materials science B. new product developmentC. scientific advancementD. technology

NC: 4.04


Answer

The answer is A. Scientists in all branches of science are concerned with the properties and uses of materials.

NC: 4.04


Question 2

The ability of a material to be hammered or rolled into sheets is known as its _______.

A. conductivityB. durabilityC. ductilityD. malleability

NC: 4.04


Answer

The answer is D. Magnetism and malleability are two major physical properties of metals.

NC: 4.04


Question 3

What is the term for a mixture of a metal and one or more other elements?

A. alloyB. allotropeC. elemental mixtureD. isotope

NC: 4.04


Answer

The answer is A. Different steels are common examples of alloys.

NC: 4.04

What is a scientist?• A scientist is someone who has

knowledge about science and works to learn more information about science.

• All scientists have knowledge of basic scientific principles.

Science, Technology, and EngineeringScience, Technology, and Engineering

22

What is a scientist?

• Many scientists specialize in one area of science.

• For example a scientist may have a basic chemistry background, but specialize in chemistry in the human body.


22

What is a scientist?

• Scientists often work in research laboratories conducting scientific research.

• Research scientists work to discover new information, create new devices, or create new materials.


22

What is technology?

• In general, technology is the application of scientific knowledge to benefit people.

• Technology can be a specific object, a process or way of doing things, a system of production, or a group of related systems, procedures, and objects.


22

Artifact or Hardware• Technology can be a single artifact or object.

For example, a compact disc is technology. • A compact disc is a device that is used to

store a lot of information.


22

• The personal computer also is considered technology.

Methodology or Technique• Technology also can be a new way of doing

something. • Before calculators became widely used,

solving math equations required lots of scrap paper and pencil lead.


22

• Long, complex math equations now can be solved in seconds using the technology of the calculator.

System of Production

• Technology also can be a new system for creating a product.

• Historically, a product was created by a single craftsman from start to finish.


22

• This process was time consuming and repairs on a product were costly.

System of Production

• Eli Whitney is credited for proposing the idea of interchangeable parts in the late 1700s.

• He used technology to create machines that formed standardized parts and used an assembly line to put the parts together to form a finished product.


22

Social-Technical System• The airline industry is a technological

achievement in transportation.


22

• The airline industry is a collection of objects, methods, systems, and procedures that are interrelated, such as airports, pilots, fuel, regulations, and ticketing procedures.

What is engineering?

• An engineer takes scientific information or an idea and uses it to solve a problem or to mass-produce a product.

• Engineers work in many areas of science.


22

• Engineers are responsible for manufacturing most of the products that you use every day.

Biomedical Engineering

• One field of engineering, biomedical engineering, uses engineering principles and techniques to solve medical problems.


22

• These engineers often specialize in biomechanical engineering, biochemical engineering, or bioelectrical engineering.

Biomechanical• A biomechanical engineer uses their

knowledge of mechanical devices or machines to repair or replace defective body parts.


22

• They may be involved in the development of an artificial organ such as an artificial heart or the development of artificial limbs.

Biomaterials


22

• Biomaterials can be made from polymers, ceramics, or composites.

• A biomaterial is any device or material that replaces a natural function. Examplesinclude artificial heart valves, artificial bones, artificial skin, and artificial hips.

Bioelectrical

• A bioelectrical engineer is concerned with electrical impulses in the body.


22

• Electrical impulses function in the nervous system to regulate most life processes including the heartbeat.

Bioelectrical

• Bioelectrical engineers have contributed to the development of the heart pacemaker.


22

• They have also contributed to the development of the defibrillator.

Biochemical

• A biochemical engineer uses their knowledge of chemistry to artificially duplicate normal body functions such as the functions of a kidney.


22

• They also work with other engineers to ensure that any artificial device implanted inside the body is not rejected by the patient’s body.


Question 1

The application of scientific knowledge to benefit people is known as _______.

Answer

The answer is technology. This is different from pure science, which is the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake.

NC: 2.01


Question 2

Suppose you go into a field of science that uses engineering techniques to solve medical problems. What field are you in?

Answer

You are in biomedical engineering. With the advances of the past few decades, biomedical engineering has become important.

NC: 2.02


Question 3

A bioelectrical engineer uses their knowledge to _______.

A. repair or replace defective body partsB. artificially duplicate normal body functions C. study electrical impulses in the bodyD. study electrical circuits in the home

NC: 2.02


Answer

The answer is C. The prefix bio indicates that this area of study has to do with living things.

NC: 2.02

Finding Solutions

• Scientific methods, careful planning, and testing have served both scientists and engineers well.

• Scientists must consider more than just science and technology to produce a new material.

Using Science to Solve ProblemsUsing Science to Solve Problems

33

Identifying the Problem

• Where do scientists and engineers begin when they are faced with finding a scientific solution to a problem or a need?

• First, they must clearly define the problem.


33

• The problem must be specific enough that a solution is possible.

Proposing Solutions

• Finding the best solution requires lots of hard work and many dedicated people.


33

• One of the first steps in finding the best solution is to assemble scientists and engineers that have researched the topic.

Proposing Solutions• After some research is completed, scientists

and engineers can brainstorm possible new solutions.


33

• Brainstorming is a group problem-solving technique that involves individuals contributing ideas without criticism.

Marketing and Environmental Protection

• Business professionals will discuss the marketability of the new product.


33

• If the new product will not be attractive to the consumer or it is too expensive for the consumer to buy, then a new solution must be found.

• Environmental issues must be discussed.

Risks and Benefits

• The risks and benefits of the proposed solutions will be evaluated by all of the professionals involved.


33

• The business professionals will evaluate the risk and benefits concerning money and marketing.

• The scientists and engineers will evaluate the process of creating the new product.

Complying with Laws and Regulations


33

• Communities, states, and the federal government all have laws and regulationsthat must be met for any type of manufacturing process, product, or building.


33

• These regulations cover topics such as worker safety, environmental protection, product transportation, and the attractiveness of the manufacturing facility or building.

Complying with Laws and Regulations

Design Constraints

• Some of the designs will be eliminated from consideration because of design constraints.


33

• Constraints are limitations put on the design of the product from outside factors, such as cost, environmental impact, available materials.

Make a Plan or Model

• Once possible solutions have been selected, drawings, plans, or models must be made.


33

• Computers may be used to perform simulations to see if the solution will work.

• A computer simulation is a digital reenactment or imitation of a process.

• This is an inexpensive way to test an idea.

Testing the Models

• More testing is required to single out the best solution to the problem.


33

• During this phase, it also is important to continue to evaluate the risks and benefits of the solution.

Testing the Final Solution

• After careful evaluation and testing, one solution eventually will appear to be the best solution.


33

• When the new product is an object a prototype will be built for more testing.

• A prototype is a full scale model upon which future products are based.

Testing the Final Solution• When the new product is a material or a

chemical a pilot plant is used to test the manufacturing process.


33

• A pilot plant is a scaled-down version of the real production equipment that closely models actual manufacturing conditions.

Full-Scale Production

• Once all the problems in the design and processes are solved, manufacturing facilities can be built or updated to make the new product.


33

Full-Scale Production

• The product must be tested throughout the manufacturing process to make sure that high-quality standards are upheld and a quality product is produced.


33

• Quality control is performing testing procedures that are designed to find defective products or materials in a manufacturing process.

Intellectual Property

• The development of a new product is very costly.


33

• A new product or process may take years before it is fully tested, manufactured, and ready to sell to the consumer.


• Companies protect their rights to sell their new product or process by applying for a patent.


33

• A patent is a legal document granted by the government giving an inventor the exclusive right to make, use, and sell an invention for a specific number of years.


• A patent is one type of intellectual property.


33

• Intellectual property is any type of creative work that has economic value and is protected by law.

• The primary types of intellectual property are patents, copyrights, and trademarks.

Section CheckSection Check

33Question 1

When you get together with others to contribute ideas without being criticized, you are _______.

Answer

The answer is brainstorming. Though you’ll need to reduce the possibilities in time, brainstorming is a great way to start looking for a solution.

NC: 2.01


33Question 2

Explain what design constraints are.

Answer

Design constraints are limitations put on the design of a product from outside factors such as cost, availability of materials, and environmental impact.

NC: 2.03


33Question 3

What is a prototype?

Answer

A prototype is a full-scale model. Future products are often based on the prototype.

NC: 2.03

To advance to the next item or next page click on any of the following keys: mouse, space bar, enter, down or forward arrow.

Click on this icon to return to the table of contents

Click on this icon to return to the previous slide

Click on this icon to move to the next slide

Click on this icon to open the resources file.

HelpHelp

Click on this icon to go to the end of the presentation.

End of Chapter Summary File

Chapter: Chemistry and Technology Table of Contents Section 3: Using Science to Solve ProblemsUsing...

Documents

Transcript of Chapter: Chemistry and Technology Table of Contents Section 3: Using Science to Solve ProblemsUsing...