CHAPTER · • Physiological 3.0–3.5 kg (6.6–7.7 lbs) at birth Weight doubles by six months;...
Transcript of CHAPTER · • Physiological 3.0–3.5 kg (6.6–7.7 lbs) at birth Weight doubles by six months;...
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Emergency Care
CHAPTER
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
THIRTEENTH EDITION
Life Span Development
8
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Emergency Care, 13eDaniel Limmer | Michael F. O'Keefe
Topics
• Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)• Toddler Phase (12–36 Months)• Preschool Age (3–5 Years)• School Age (6–12 Years)• Adolescence (13–18 Years)• Early Adulthood (19–40 Years)• Middle Adulthood (41–60 Years)• Late Adulthood (61 Years and Older)
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Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)
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Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)
A newborn infant.
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Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)
• Physiological 3.0–3.5 kg (6.6–7.7 lbs) at birth Weight doubles by six months; triples
by twelve months. Head 25 percent of total body weight Airway narrow; easily obstructed Nose and diaphragm used for breathing
continued on next slide
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Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)
• Physiological Antibodies passed from mother to child
in pregnancy Antibodies also passed through
breastfeeding
continued on next slide
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Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)
• Physiological Moro reflex (startle)
• Throws arms out, spreads fingers, grabs with fingers and arms
Palmar reflex• Grasps objects placed in palm
Rooting reflex (hunger)• Turns toward side of head touched
continued on next slide
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Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)
• Physiological Sucking reflex
• Sucks when lips are stroked Sleep patterns
• Begin to regulate after two to four months
• Then sleeps through night Extremities grow from a combination of
growth plates and epiphyseal plates.continued on next slide
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Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)
• Physiological Fontanelles not fused at birth
• Posterior fontanelle closes in two or three months.
• Anterior fontanelle closes between nine and eighteen months.
continued on next slide
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Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)
• Physiological Sunken fontanelles indicate
dehydration. Bulging fontanelles indicate increased
pressure inside skull.
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Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)
• Psychosocial Bonding Trust versus mistrust Scaffolding Temperament
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Toddler Phase (12–36 Months)
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Toddler Phase (12–36 Months)
A year-old infant.
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Toddler Phase (12–36 Months)
• Physiological Pulmonary system Nervous system Musculoskeletal system Immune system Teeth
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Toddler Phase (12–36 Months)
• Psychosocial Begins to understand cause and effect Develops separation anxiety Begins to develop "magic thinking,"
imagination, and engages in play-acting
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Toddler Phase (12–36 Months)
A toddler.
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Preschool Age (3–5 Years)
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Preschool Age (3–5 Years)
A preschooler.© Daniel Limmer
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Preschool Age (3–5 Years)
• Physiological Body systems continue to develop.
• Psychosocial Developing interactive and social skills
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School Age (6–12 Years)
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School Age (6–12 Years)
School-age children.© Shutterstock.com
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School Age (6–12 Years)
• Physiological Loss of primary teeth
• Psychosocial Less general supervision Developing decision-making skills More awareness of self-esteem Values opinions of peers (positive or
negative)
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Adolescence (13–18 Years)
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Adolescence (13–18 Years)
An adolescent.
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Adolescence (13–18 Years)
• Physiological Rapid two- to three-year growth spurt Sexual maturity
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Adolescence (13–18 Years)
• Psychosocial Strives for independence Concern about body image and peer
pressure May be prone to self-destructive
behaviors Developing personal code of ethics
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Think About It
• Adolescents are often injured because of risk taking. May be resistant to disclose what
happened Must be encouraged to explain
circumstances surrounding an incident
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Early Adulthood (19–40 Years)
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Early Adulthood (19–40 Years)
A young adult.© Shutterstock.com
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Early Adulthood (19–40 Years)
• Physiological Lifelong habits formed Reaches peak physical condition
• Psychosocial Job and family stress Marriage, childbirth, and child rearing Accidents leading cause of death
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Middle Adulthood (41–60 Years)
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Middle Adulthood (41–60 Years)
A middle-aged adult.© Royalty Free/Masterfile
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Middle Adulthood (41–60 Years)
• Physiological May need vision correction Cancer, heart disease often develop. Weight control more difficult
• Psychosocial Empty-nest syndrome Caring for elderly parents
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Late Adulthood(61 Years and Older)
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Late Adulthood(61 Years and Older)
An older adult.© Shutterstock.com
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Late Adulthood(61 Years and Older)
• Physiological Body systems less efficient
• Psychosocial Living environment Self-worth Financial burdens Death and dying
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Chapter Review
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Chapter Review
• Understanding the basic physiological and psychosocial development for each age group will assist you in communicating with and assessing patients of various ages.
continued on next slide
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Chapter Review
• Physiological differences between the ages will affect your care. Examples include differences in the respiratory systems of younger patients and the effect of preexisting medical conditions of older patients.
continued on next slide
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Chapter Review
• Infants and young children have less developed and smaller respiratory structures, which can make respiratory conditions worse.
continued on next slide
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Chapter Review
• Your ability to communicate with younger patients will depend on their stage of development. This can range from fear of strangers to separation anxiety from parents and embarrassment during adolescence. Older patients may have issues with denial or depression over medical conditions.
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Remember
• Infants present massive bursts of anatomical and psychosocial development in the first year of life.
• Although preschoolers begin to develop independence and reason, in many ways they still resemble the psychosocial development of toddlers.
continued on next slide
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Remember
• School-age children often are independent and logical, but that may crumble with illness or injury.
• Adolescents are reaching physiological maturity, but they often face difficult psychosocial challenges.
continued on next slide
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Remember
• Early, middle, and late adults vary greatly in terms of physiological development and conditioning; they also face psychosocial challenges unique to adulthood.
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Questions to Consider
• How do I approach a patient most effectively based on developmental characteristics?
• Does the age of my patient pose any assessment or care challenges based on physiologic development?
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Critical Thinking
• You are called for abdominal pain in a 16-year-old girl. She is with friends at the park. She seems hesitant to answer any of your questions. What characteristic of adolescent development is most likely the cause of this? How could you overcome it?