CHAPTER – IVshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/97867/9/09_chapter4.pdf · 87 CHAPTER - IV...
Transcript of CHAPTER – IVshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/97867/9/09_chapter4.pdf · 87 CHAPTER - IV...
CHAPTER – IV
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
87
CHAPTER - IV
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction
This chapter provides data analysis and interpretation. It provides the socio
economic back ground of selected patients came from foreign countries to Chennai
for medical tourism. Consideration of Chennai as medical tourism hub was
enumerated by descriptive analysis and the influence of demographics on factors that
made to select Chennai for medical tourism is also established. Factors of satisfaction
towards care facilities provided by the hospitals to the medical tourists are identified
and the interrelationships between the factors are also measured.
Further the influence of patients demographics over the factors of satisfaction
towards care facilities were assessed in detail. Variation between expectation and
satisfaction level among the patients were also assessed. Problems faced by the
patients are also discussed by cross tabulation. Predicator variables of satisfaction
towards services provided by the hospitals in Chennai to medical tourists were also
identified.
The last section is dealt with the proposed model for satisfaction towards
services provided by the hospitals in Chennai to medical tourists. The information
about the background of 303 patients came abroad for medical tourism to Chennai is
explored. Well structured questionnaire is prepared to collect the relevant responses.
This chapter explores as follows:
Section 4.1 : Profile of the medical tourist
Section 4.2 : Information pertaining to medical tourism
Section 4.3 : Descriptive analysis for considering Chennai for medical tourism
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Section 4.4 : Influence of patients demographics on factors that made to select
Chennai for medical tourism
Section 4.5 : Factors of satisfaction towards care facilities provided by the
hospitals in Chennai
Section 4.6 : Relationships between factors of satisfaction towards the services
provided by the hospitals in Chennai to medical tourists
Section 4.7 : Influence of patients demographics on factors of satisfaction
towards care facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai
Section 4.8 : Assessing the variation between expectation and satisfaction level
among the patients came as medical tourists to Chennai
Section 4.9 : Assessing the association between patients demographics and
problems
Section 4.10 : Predictor variables of satisfaction towards services provided by the
hospitals in Chennai to medical tourists
Section 4.11 : Model for satisfaction towards services provided by the hospitals in
Chennai to medical tourists
4.2 Profile of the medical tourists
Medical tourists traveled from foreign countries to India for medical tourism
were selected for the Study. Patients are classified according to their gender, age,
marital status, educational qualification, employment status and annual income. Table
4.1 shows the details of socioeconomic background of the selected medical tourists
traveled from foreign countries to India for medical tourism.
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Table 4.1
Profile of the patients
Particulars Classification Number of patients Percentage
Gender Male 189 62.40
Female 114 37.60
Age
18 - 30 years 91 30.00
31 - 40 years 92 30.40
More than 40 years 120 39.60
Marital Status Married 188 62.00
Single 115 38.00
Educational Qualification
School level 42 13.90
Graduates 129 42.60
Post graduates 87 28.70
Professionals 45 14.90
Employment status
Employed with temporary contract 92 30.40
Firms Employees 64 21.10
Business Owners 78 25.70
Professionals 69 22.80
Annual income
Below 10,000$ 79 26.10
10,001 - 30,000$ 133 43.90
30,001 - 60,000$ 51 16.80
Above 60,000$ 40 13.20 Source: Primary data
Patients travelled from foreign countries to India for medical tourism was
selected for the Study. Out of 303 patients, 62.40 % of the patients are males and the
remaining 37.60 % of the patients are females. It is observed that most of the patients
(62.40%) travelled from foreign countries to India for medical tourism is males.
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Out of 303 patients, 39.60 % of the patients are in the age group of more than
40 years, 30.40% of the patients are having age between 31– 40 years and 30.00 % of
the patients are in the age group of 18 – 30 years. It is observed that majority of the
patients (39.60%) travelled from foreign countries to India for medical tourism are in
the age group of more than 40 years.
Out of 303 patients, 62.00% of the patients were married and the remaining
38.00% of the patients are living as single. It is observed that most of the selected
patients (62.00%) travelled from foreign countries to India for medical tourism was
married.
Out of 303 patients, 42.60% of the patients are possessing graduation as their
educational qualification, 28.70% of the patients possess post graduation as their
educational qualification, 14.90% of the patients are professionals and 13.90% of the
selected patients are having school level education. It is observed that majority of the
patients (42.60%) travelled from foreign countries to India for medical tourism are
possessing graduation as their educational qualification.
Out of 303 patients, 30.40 % of the selected patients are employed with
temporary contract, 25.70% of the patients are running their own business, 22.80% of
the selected patients are professionals and 21.10 % of the selected patients are
working as firms employees. It is observed that most of the patients (30.40%)
travelled from foreign countries to India for medical tourism is employed with
temporary contract.
Out of 303 patients, 43.90% of the selected patients were earning annual
income of 10,001 - 30,000$, 26.10% of the patients are earning annual income below
10,000$, 16.80% of the selected patients are earning 30,001 - 60,000$ and 13.20% of
the selected patients are earning above 60,000$ as their annual income. It is observed
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that majority of the patients (43.90%) travelled from foreign countries to India for
medical tourism are earning 10,001 to 30,000$ as their annual income.
4.3 Information pertaining to medical tourism
4.3.1 Reasons for interest in traveling abroad for medical treatments
Patients travelled from foreign countries to Chennai for medical tourism was
selected for the Study. Patients have expressed their interest behind the medical
tourism. The reasons for the interest behind the traveling abroad for medical
treatments are displayed in the table 4.2
Table 4.2
Reasons for interest in traveling abroad for medical treatments
Particulars Number of patients Percentage
To cure an illness 92 30.40
To improve health 49 16.20
For cosmetic surgery 74 24.40
To have a medical check up 88 29.00
Total 303 100 Source: primary data
It is understood from the table 4.2 that 30.40 per cent of the patients were
travelled abroad to cure the illness, 29.00 per cent of the patients were travelled for
medical check-up, 24.40 per cent of the patients were travelled for cosmetic surgery
and 16.20 per cent of the patients were travelled to improve health. It is observed that
most of the patients (30.40%) travelled abroad for medical tourism to Chennai for
curing illness.
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4.3.2 Treatment available in your country of residence
Patients travelled from foreign countries to Chennai for medical treatments
were selected for the Study. Patients have expressed their opinion regarding the
treatment available in their country of residence for which they have travelled abroad
and the same is displayed in the table 4.3
Table 4.3
Treatment available in your country of residence
Particulars Number of patients Percentage
Yes 205 67.70
No 98 32.30
Total 303 100 Source: primary data
It is observed from the table 4.3 that 67.70 per cent of the patients expressed
that the treatments for which they have travelled abroad are available in their country
of residence and 32.30 per cent of the patients expressed that the treatment for which
they have travelled abroad are not available in their country of residence. It is
observed that majority of the patients (67.70%) travelled abroad for medical
treatments expressed that the treatments are available in their country of residence.
4.3.3 Treatment covered by current health plan
Patients travelled from foreign countries to Chennai for medical treatments
were selected for the Study. Patients have expressed their views regarding the
coverage of treatment in their current health plan and the same is explored in the
table 4.4
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Table 4.4
Treatment covered by current health plan
Particulars Number of patients Percentage
Fully covered 11 3.60
Partially covered 43 14.20
Not covered 249 82.20
Total 303 100 Source: primary data
From the table 4.4 it is observed that, 82.20 per cent of the patient expressed
that the present treatment are not covered in their current health plan, 14.20 per cent
of the patient expressed that the present treatment is partially covered by the current
health plan and 3.60 per cent of the patients expressed that the present treatment is
covered by the current health plan. It is observed that most of the patients (82.20%)
have expressed that their treatment are not covered with their current health plan.
4.3.4 Information about the hospital and its services and charges
Patients travelled abroad for medical treatments were selected for the Study.
Patients have expressed their views regarding the sources of information they got
about the hospitals in Chennai. The sources of information about the hospitals in
Chennai are displayed in the table 4.5.
Table 4.5
Information about the hospital and its services, and charges
Particulars Number of patients Percentage
Advertisement 76 25.10 Private practioners 48 15.80 Health camp 64 21.10 Internet 115 38.00 Total 303 100
Source: primary data
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Table 4.5 depicts the source of information they got about the hospitals in
Chennai for medical tourism. 38.00 per cent of the patients expressed that they got the
information about the hospital and its services and the charges through internet, 25.10
per cent of the patients got the information regarding the hospital through
advertisements, 21.10 per cent of the patients got the information through health
camps and 15.80 per cent of the patients have got information through private
practioners. It is observed that majority of the patients (38.00%) have got the
information about the hospitals, services and charges through Internet.
4.3.5 Treatment undergone earlier in Chennai
Patients travelled abroad for medical treatments to Chennai were selected for
the Study. Patients have given the information regarding they have undergone
treatment earlier in Chennai. Table 4.6 displays the information regarding earlier
treatment undergone in Chennai.
Table 4.6
Treatment undergone earlier in Chennai
Particulars Number of patients Percentage
Yes 245 80.90
No 58 19.10
Total 303 100 Source: primary data
It is understood from the table 4.6 that 80.90 per cent of the patient expressed
that they have undergone treatments in Chennai already and 19.10 per cent of the
patient expressed that they have not undergone any treatment earlier in Chennai. It is
observed that majority of the patients (80.90%) have already undergone treatments in
Chennai.
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4.3.6 Recommend the hospital to the friends
Patients travelled abroad for medical treatments to Chennai were selected for
the Study. Patients have expressed their opinion towards the recommendation to their
friends regarding the hospitals where they undergone treatment and the same are
explored in the table 4.7
Table 4.7
Recommend the hospital to the friends
Particulars Number of patients Percentage
Yes 216 71.30
No 87 28.70
Total 303 100 Source: primary data
From the table 4.7 it is observed that 71.30 per cent of the patients expressed
that they will recommend the hospitals in Chennai where they undergone treatment to
their friends and 28.70 per cent of the patient expressed that they won’t refer the
hospitals where they undergone treatment to any of their friends. It is observed that
majority of the patients (71.30%) are willing to refer and recommend the hospitals in
Chennai where they undergone treatment to their friends.
4.3.7 Important factors of Health consciousness of the patients traveling
abroad for medical treatment
Health conscious is very important for every human being. Selected patients
travelled from foreign countries to Chennai for medical tourism has expressed their
views regarding various factors of Health consciousness.
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Testing the significance of various factors of Health consciousness of patients
came for medical tourism to Chennai, Friedmans test for k related samples was
applied to Study the relationship between various factors of health consciousness.
Null hypothesis H0 1(a): All the factors of health consciousness plays equal
role among the patients came to hospitals in Chennai for medical tourism.
Table 4.8
Factors of health consciousness
Particulars Mean Rank Chi square value
Healthier behavior leads to good health 7.45
401.289** (p<.001)
Imperfect health happened by chance 6.58
Regular checkups, less health problems 6.43
Good or bad health, own responsibility 5.39
Doctors advice to keep healthy 4.88
Health condition is a result of the choices 4.76
Full control of how health can be improved 4.97
Destined to health problems 4.72
Health condition is of unhealthy behavior 4.73
Regarding health, do what doctors tell 5.10 ** Significant at 1% level
The results in the table 4.8 show that the null hypothesis H0 1(a) is rejected at
1% level. All the factors of health consciousness do not play equal role among the
patients came to hospitals in Chennai for medical tourism. Further the mean ranks in
the table 4.8 shows clearly that “Healthier behavior leads to good health” and
“Imperfect health happened by chance” are the main factors of health consciousness
and “Destined to health problems” and “Health condition is of unhealthy behavior”
are the least factors of health consciousness among the patients came to Chennai for
medical tourism.
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4.3.8 Important factors of overseas preferences of the patients traveling abroad
for medical treatment
Selected patients travelled from foreign countries to Chennai for medical
tourism has expressed their views regarding various factors of overseas preferences.
Testing the significance of various factors of overseas preferences of the
patients came for medical tourism to Chennai; Friedmans test for k related samples
was applied to Study the relationship between various factors of overseas preferences.
Null hypothesis H01 (b): All the factors of overseas preferences plays equal
role among the patients came to hospitals in Chennai for medical tourism.
Table 4.9
Factors of Overseas preferences
Particulars Mean Rank Chi square value
Treatments cost is very high 4.2
54.934** (p<.001)
Health care plan does not cover treatments 3.68
Spend a fortune to receive treatments 4.12
For illness, partially pay for treatments 4.11
Waiting time is too long 4.31
lot of paper work 3.48
Too many steps to receive the treatment 4.10 ** Significant at 1% level
The results in the table 4.9 show that the null hypothesis H0 1(b) is rejected at
1% level. All the factors of overseas preferences do not play equal role among the
patients came to hospitals in Chennai for medical tourism. Further the mean ranks in
the table 4.9 shows clearly that “Waiting time is too long” and “Treatments cost is
very high” are the main factors of overseas preferences and “lot of paper work” and
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“Health care plan does not cover treatments” are the least factors of overseas
preferences among the patients came to Chennai for medical tourism.
4.3.9 Level of familiarity of the patients traveling abroad for medical treatment
Selected patients travelled from foreign countries to Chennai for medical
tourism has expressed their views regarding their level of familiarity on various
aspects.
Testing the significance of various aspects and their level of familiarity
among the patients came for medical tourism to Chennai; Friedmans test for k related
samples was applied to Study the relationship between various aspects and their
familiarity.
Null hypothesis H01(c): All the aspects of familiarity carry equal importance
among the patients came to hospitals in Chennai for medical tourism.
Table 4.10
Level of familiarity
Particulars Mean Rank Chi square value Procedures involved with treatment 4.58
210.942** (p<.001)
Chennai as a medical destination 3.91
Cost for the treatment 4.08
Doctors profile 3.76
Hospital reputation 4.62
Health insurance coverage 3.10
Travel indications 3.94 ** Significant at 1% level
The results in the table 4.10 show that the null hypothesis H0 1(c) is rejected
at 1% level. All the factors of health consciousness do not play equal role among the
patients came to hospitals in Chennai for medical tourism. Further the mean ranks in
the table 4.10 shows clearly that “Hospital reputation” and “Procedures involved with
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treatment” are the main aspects of patients level of familiarity and “Health insurance
coverage” and “Doctors profile” are the least aspects of patients level of familiarity
among the patients came to Chennai for medical tourism.
4.3.10 Important factors of risk in making decisions about overseas travel for
medical treatment
Selected patients travelled from foreign countries to Chennai for medical
tourism have expressed their views regarding various risks in making decisions about
overseas travel for medical treatment.
Testing the significance of various risks in making decisions about overseas
travel for medical treatment to Chennai, Friedmans test for k related samples was
applied to Study the relationship between various risks in making decisions about
overseas travel for medical treatment.
Null hypothesis H01 (d): All the risks in making decisions about overseas
travel for medical treatment plays equal role among the patients.
Table 4.11
Risk in making decisions about overseas travel for medical treatment
Particulars Mean Rank Chi square value Treatment does not turn out as expected 4.25
315.389** (p<.001)
Treatment cost does not provide savings 5.80
Destination choice affect others opinion 4.97
Traveling abroad will take much time 5.13
Health will get worse due to travel 4.56
Physical danger or injury due to accidents 3.88
Treatment leads unsatisfactory outcome 3.61
Treatments does not match myself image 3.80 ** Significant at 1% level
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The result in the table 4.11 shows that the null hypothesis H0 1(d) is rejected
at 1% level. All the risks in making decisions about overseas travel for medical
treatment do not play equal role among the patients.
Further the mean ranks in the table 4.11 shows clearly that “Treatment cost
does not provide savings” and “Traveling abroad will take much time” are the main
risks in making decision for overseas travel and “Treatment leads unsatisfactory
outcome” and “Treatments does not match myself image” are the least risks in
making decision for overseas travel for medical treatment among the patients.
4.3.11 Importance of information sources for deciding travel for medical
treatment
Selected patients travelled from foreign countries to Chennai for medical
tourism has expressed their views regarding information sources for deciding travel
for medical treatment.
Testing the significance of various information sources for deciding travel for
medical treatment for medical tourism to Chennai, Friedman’s test for k related
samples was applied to Study the relationship between various information sources.
Null hypothesis H01 (e): All the information sources for deciding travel for
medical treatment plays equal role among the patients.
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Table 4.12
Information sources for deciding travel for medical treatment
Particulars Mean Rank Chi square value
Brochures from tourism authorities 6.70
351.725**
(p<.001)
Advertising campaigns 5.70
Health insurance policy providers 4.85
Information from non commercial websites 5.71
Reports about medical industries and tourism 6.94
Articles about medical industries and tourism 5.97
Personal doctors 4.56
Brochures from medical care providers 5.94
Personal selling by staff of travel agencies 4.30
Friends and Family 4.35 ** Significant at 1% level
The result in the table 4.12 shows that the null hypothesis H0 1(e) is rejected
at 1% level. All the factors of health consciousness do not play equal role among the
patients came to hospitals in Chennai for medical tourism.
Further the mean ranks in the table 4.12 shows clearly that “Reports about
medical industries and tourism” and “Brochures from tourism authorities” are the
main information sources for deciding travel for medical treatment and “Personal
selling by staff of travel agencies” and “Friends and Family” are the least information
sources for deciding travel for medical treatment.
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4.4 Descriptive analysis for considering Chennai for Medical Tourism
Selected patients travelled from foreign countries to Chennai for medical
tourism have expressed their views regarding hospital image in making decisions
about overseas travel for medical treatment and the same are explored in the table
4.13.
Table 4.13
Hospitals image
S. No Statements Mean SD
1 International standard hospitals 4.16 0.850
2 Hospitals affiliated with medical institutions 3.82 0.983
3 Accredited by JCIO 3.94 0.910
4 Multi specialty Hospitals 3.82 1.004
5 Accredited by NABH 3.92 0.706
6 Guarantee the treatment and abide by laws 3.66 0.698 Source: primary data
Table 4.13 displays the mean responses given by the patients towards Hospital
image. The mean response for “International standard hospitals” is 4.16. The mean
response given by the patients for “Hospitals affiliated with medical institutions” is
3.82. The mean response given by the patients for “Accredited by JCIO” is 3.94. The
mean response given by the patients for “Multi specialty Hospitals” is 3.82. The mean
response given by the patients for “Accredited by NABH” is 3.92. The mean response
given by the patients for “Guarantee the treatment and abide by laws” is 3.66. Since
all the mean responses of the patients are above the average level, it is observed that
patients are considering all the aspects of Hospital image.
Selected patients travelled from foreign countries to Chennai for medical
tourism have expressed their views regarding cost in making decisions about overseas
travel for medical treatment and the same are explored in the table 4.14.
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Table 4.14
Cost
S. No Statements Mean SD
1 Accessed from my home country at low cost 3.77 0.740
2 Treatment at a lower cost compared to other destinations 3.64 0.803
3 Health care providers which are compatible 3.84 0.711
4 Accommodation costs low 3.56 0.829
5 Transportation cost low 3.69 0.637 Source: primary data
Table 4.14 displays the mean responses given by the patients towards Cost.
The mean response given by the patients for “Accessed from my home country at low
cost” is 3.77. The mean response given by the patients for “Treatment at a lower cost
compared to other destinations” is 3.64. The mean response given by the patients for
“Health care providers which are compatible” is 3.84. The mean response given by
the patients for “Accommodation costs low” is 3.56. The mean response given by the
patients for “Transportation cost low” is 3.69. Since all the mean responses of the
patients are above the average level, it is observed that patients are considering all the
aspects of Cost.
Selected patients travelled from foreign countries to Chennai for medical
tourism have expressed their views regarding safety and security in making decisions
about overseas travel for medical treatment and the same are explored in the
table 4.15.
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Table 4.15
Safety and security
S. No Statements Mean SD
1 Good security systems in buildings 3.72 0.763
2 Not target for terrorists attacks 3.69 0.753
3 Professionals are fluent in languages 3.52 0.902
4 Politically stable 3.49 0.788
5 Low crime rates 3.60 0.893 Source: primary data
Table 4.15 displays the mean responses given by the patients towards Safety
and security. The mean response given by the patients for “Good security systems in
buildings” is 3.72. The mean response given by the patients for “Not target for
terrorists attacks” is 3.69. The mean response given by the patients for “Professionals
are fluent in languages" is 3.52. The mean response given by the patients for
“Politically stable” is 3.49. The mean response given by the patients for “Low crime
rates” is 3.60. Since all the mean responses of the patients are above the average level,
it is observed that patients are considering all the aspects of Safety and security.
Selected patients travelled from foreign countries to Chennai for medical
tourism have expressed their views regarding Hygiene in making decisions about
overseas travel for medical treatment and the same are explored in the table 4.16.
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Table 4.16
Hygiene
S. No Statements Mean SD
1 Low incidence of natural disasters 4.10 0.626
2 General environment hazards 3.92 0.659
3 Environment hazards 3.96 0.710
4 No epidemic diseases 3.71 0.714
5 Indoor and outdoor air pollution 3.63 0.752 Source: primary data
Table 4.16 displays the mean responses given by the patients towards
Hygiene. The mean response given by the patients for “Low incidence of natural
disasters” is 4.10. The mean response given by the patients for “General environment
hazards” is 3.92. The mean response given by the patients for “Environment hazards”
is 3.96. The mean response given by the patients for “No epidemic diseases” is 3.71.
The mean response given by the patients for “Indoor and outdoor air pollution” is
3.63. Since all the mean responses of the patients are above the average level, it is
observed that patients are considering all the aspects of Hygiene.
Selected patients travelled from foreign countries to Chennai for medical
tourism has expressed their views regarding tourism in making decisions about
overseas travel for medical treatment and the same are explored in the table 4.17.
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Table 4.17
Tourism
S. No Statements Mean SD
1 Beautiful beaches 3.49 0.718
2 Authentic historical sites 4.36 0.624
3 Museums 4.01 0.772
4 Temples 4.06 0.750
5 Hill stations 3.72 0.665 Source: primary data
Table 4.17 displays the mean responses given by the patients towards
Tourism. The mean response given by the patients for “Beautiful beaches” is 3.49.
The mean response given by the patients for “Authentic historical sites” is 4.36. The
mean response given by the patients for “Museums” is 4.01. The mean response given
by the patients for “Temples” is 4.06. The mean response given by the patients for
“Hill stations” is 3.72. Since all the mean responses of the patients are above the
average level, it is observed that patients are considering all the aspects of Tourism.
Selected patients travelled from foreign countries to Chennai for medical
tourism have expressed their views regarding travel in making decisions about
overseas travel for medical treatment and the same are explored in the table 4.18.
Table 4.18
Travel
S. No Statements Mean SD
1 Safe to travel to by oneself 3.72 0.684
2 Direct flights from residence 3.70 0.702
3 Safe transportation system (buses, trains) 4.16 0.644
4 Convenient proximity 3.91 0.734
5 Safe travel modes (taxis, auto) 3.95 0.731 Source: primary data
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Table 4.18 displays the mean responses given by the patients towards Travel.
The mean response given by the patients for “Safe to travel to by oneself” is 3.72. The
mean response given by the patients for “Direct flights from residence” is 3.70. The
mean response given by the patients for “Safe transportation system (buses, trains)” is
4.16. The mean response given by the patients for “Convenient proximity” is 3.91.
The mean response given by the patients for “Safe travel modes (taxis, auto)” is 3.95.
Since all the mean responses of the patients are above the average level, it is observed
that patients are considering all the aspects of Travel.
Selected patients travelled from foreign countries to Chennai for medical
tourism has expressed their views regarding entertainment in making decisions about
overseas travel for medical treatment and the same are explored in the table 4.19.
Table 4.19
Entertainment
S. No Statements Mean SD
1 Good bars 3.82 0.631
2 Good shopping facilities 3.63 0.760
3 Browsing centres 3.55 0.748
4 Nightclubs 3.59 0.757
5 Malls, theatres 3.54 0.708 Source: primary data
Table 4.19 displays the mean responses given by the patients towards
Entertainment. The mean response given by the patients for “Good bars” is 3.82. The
mean response given by the patients for “Good shopping facilities” is 3.63. The mean
response given by the patients for “Browsing centres” is 3.55. The mean response
given by the patients for “Nightclubs” is 3.59. The mean response given by the
patients for “Malls, theatres” is 3.54. Since all the mean responses of the patients are
above the average level, it is observed that patients are considering all the aspects of
Entertainment.
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4.5 Influence of patients demographics on factors that made to select Chennai
for Medical tourism
4.5.1 Influence of patients gender on factors that made to select Chennai for
Medical tourism
To test the significant influence of patients gender on factors that made to
select Chennai for Medical tourism (Hospital image, Cost, Safety and security,
Hygiene, Tourism, Travel and Entertainment), independent samples t-test was applied
to ascertain if there is any significant influence of patients gender on factors that made
to select Chennai for Medical tourism. The following null hypotheses were framed:
H0 2: There is no significant influence of patients gender on (a) Hospital
image (b) Cost (c) Safety and security d) Hygiene (e) Tourism (f) Travel (g)
Entertainment in Chennai for medical tourism.
Table 4.20 shows the results of t-test for influence of patients gender on
factors that made to select Chennai for Medical tourism.
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Table 4.20
t-test for influence of patients gender on factors to select
Chennai for Medical tourism
Factors Gender N Mean S D t-value
Hospital image Male 189 24.22 3.426 5.773**
(p<.001) Female 114 21.80 3.753
Cost Male 189 18.95 2.796 3.722**
(p<.001) Female 114 17.77 2.456
Safety and security Male 189 18.64 3.181 4.740**
(p<.001) Female 114 16.96 2.640
Hygiene Male 189 19.80 2.818 4.242**
(p<.001) Female 114 18.50 2.199
Tourism Male 189 20.20 2.461 5.070**
(p<.001) Female 114 18.68 2.645
Travel Male 189 19.91 2.534 4.092**
(p<.001) Female 114 18.69 2.464
Entertainment Male 189 18.53 2.125 4.100**
(p<.001) Female 114 17.45 2.254 ** Significant at 1% level
Hospital Image
The obtained t value is 5.773 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients gender on Hospital image.
Further, the mean table 4.20 indicates that the male patients have scored
higher mean value of 24.22 than the female patients (21.80). This shows that the male
patients are keener than the female patients towards Hospital image for selecting
Chennai for medical tourism.
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Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 2(a) that “there is no significant
influence of patients gender on hospital image” is rejected.
Cost
The obtained t value is 3.722 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients gender on cost.
Further, the mean table 4.20 indicates that the male patients have scored
higher mean value of 18.95 than the female patients (17.77). This shows that the male
patients are more specific about the cost of the treatment for selecting Chennai for
medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 2(b) that “there is no significant
influence of patients gender on Cost” is rejected.
Safety and security
The obtained t value is 4.740 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients gender on safety and security.
Further, the mean table 4.20 indicates that the male patients have scored
higher mean value of 18.64 than the female patients (16.96). This shows that the male
patients are more specific than female patients towards Safety and Security in
Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 2(c) that “there is no significant
influence of patients gender on safety and security” is rejected.
Hygiene
The obtained t value is 4.242 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients gender on hygiene.
111
Further, the mean table 4.20 indicates that the male patients have scored
higher mean value of 19.80 than the female patients (18.50). This shows that the male
patients are concentrating more towards Hygienic conditions of the hospitals in
Chennai than female patients for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 2(d) that “there is no significant
influence of patients gender on hygiene” is rejected.
Tourism
The obtained t value is 5.070 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients gender on tourism.
Further, the mean table 4.20 indicates that the male patients have scored
higher mean value of 20.20 than the female patients (18.68). This shows that the male
patients are more concentrated on Tourism in Chennai than the females for selecting
Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 2(e) that “there is no significant
influence of patients gender on tourism” is rejected.
Travel
The obtained t value is 4.092 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients gender on travel.
Further, the mean table 4.20 indicates that the male patients have scored
higher mean value of 19.91 than the female patients (18.69). This shows that the male
patients are more concentrating towards Traveling than female patients for selecting
Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 2(f) that “there is no significant
influence of patients gender on travel” is rejected.
112
Entertainment
The obtained t value is 4.100 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients gender on entertainment.
Further, the mean table 4.20 indicates that the male patients have scored
higher mean value of 18.53 than the female patients (17.45). This shows that the male
patients are keener towards entertainment than the female patients for selecting
Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 2(g) that “there is no significant
influence of patients gender on entertainment” is rejected.
4.5.2 Influence of patients age on factors that made to select Chennai for
Medical tourism
To test the significant influence of patients age on factors that made to select
Chennai for Medical tourism (Hospital image, Cost, Safety and security, Hygiene,
Tourism, Travel and Entertainment), one way ANOVA was applied to ascertain if
there is any significant influence of patients age on factors that made to select
Chennai for Medical tourism.
The following null hypotheses were framed:
H0 3: There is no significant influence of patients age on (a) Hospital image
(b) Cost (c) Safety and security d) Hygiene (e) Tourism (f) Travel (g) Entertainment
in Chennai for medical tourism.
Table 4.21 shows the results of one way ANOVA for influence of patients age
on factors that made to select Chennai for Medical tourism.
113
Table 4.21
One way ANOVA for influence of patients age on factors to select
Chennai for Medical tourism
Factors Age N Mean S D F value
Hospital image
18 - 30 years 91 21.62 3.985 15.119** (p<.000)
31 - 40 years 92 23.72 3.950
More than 40 years 120 24.27 2.866
Cost
18 - 30 years 91 18.91 3.677 1.250
(p=.085) 31- 40 years 92 19.07 2.681
More than 40 years 120 18.52 1.634
Safety and security
18 - 30 years 91 17.24 3.531 6.986** (p=.001)
31 - 40 years 92 17.78 2.819
More than 40 years 120 18.77 2.775
Hygiene
18 - 30 years 91 18.46 3.429 7.547** (p=.001)
31 - 40 years 92 19.45 2.195
More than 40 years 120 19.85 2.170
Tourism
18 - 30 years 91 18.96 3.167 5.633** (p=.004)
31 - 40 years 92 19.58 2.325
More than 40 years 120 20.17 2.288
Travel
18 - 30 years 91 19.07 2.785 1.578
(p=.208) 31 - 40 years 92 19.48 2.279
More than 40 years 120 19.70 2.603
Entertainment
18 - 30 years 91 18.10 2.316 0.075
(p=.928) 31 - 40 years 92 18.21 2.881
More than 40 years 120 18.10 1.488 ** Significant at 1% level
Hospital Image
The obtained F value is 15.119 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients age on Hospital image.
114
Further, the mean table 4.21 indicates that the patients with age more than 40
years have scored higher mean value of 24.27 and the lowest mean was scored by the
patients with age 18 - 30 years (21.62). This shows that the patients with age more
than 40 years are concentrating more on Hospital image to select Chennai for medical
tourism and the patients with age 18 - 30 years are less concentrating on Hospital
image to select Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 3(a) that “there is no significant
influence of patients age on hospital image” is rejected.
Cost
The obtained F value is 1.250 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients age on cost.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 3(b) that “there is no significant
influence of patients age on Cost” is accepted.
Safety and security
The obtained F value is 6.986 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients age on safety and security.
Further, the mean table 4.21 indicates that the patients with age more than 40
years have scored higher mean value of 18.77 and the lowest mean was scored by the
patients with age 18 - 30 years (17.24). This shows that the patients with age more
than 40 years are more concentrating on Safety and Security to select Chennai for
medical tourism and the patients with age 18 - 30 years are less concentrating on
Safety and Security to select Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 3(c) that “there is no significant
influence of patients age on safety and security” is rejected.
115
Hygiene
The obtained F value is 7.547 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients age on hygiene.
Further, the mean table 4.21 indicates that the patients with age more than 40
years have scored higher mean value of 19.85 and the lowest mean was scored by the
patients with age 18 - 30 years (18.46). This shows that the patients with age more
than 40 years are keener towards Hygiene to select Chennai for medical tourism and
the patients with age 18 - 30 years are less keen towards Hygiene to select Chennai
for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 3(d) that “there is no significant
influence of patients age on hygiene” is rejected.
Tourism
The obtained F value is 5.633 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients age on tourism.
Further, the mean table 4.21 indicates that the patients with age more than 40
years have scored higher mean value of 20.17 and the lowest mean was scored by the
patients with age 18 - 30 years (18.96). This shows that the patients with age more
than 40 years are more concentrating on Tourism to select Chennai for medical
tourism and the patients with age 18 - 30 years are less concentrating on Tourism to
select Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 3(e) that “there is no significant
influence of patients age on tourism” is rejected.
116
Travel
The obtained F value is 1.578 and it is not significant at 5 % level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients age on travel.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 3(f) that “there is no significant
influence of patients age on travel” is accepted.
Entertainment
The obtained F value is 0.075 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients age on entertainment.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 3(g) that “there is no significant
influence of patients age on entertainment” is accepted.
4.5.3 Influence of patients marital status on factors that made to select
Chennai for Medical tourism
To test the significant influence of patients marital status on factors that made
to select Chennai for Medical tourism (Hospital image, Cost, Safety and security,
Hygiene, Tourism, Travel and Entertainment), independent samples t-test was applied
to ascertain if there is any significant influence of patients marital status on factors
that made to select Chennai for Medical tourism.
The following null hypotheses were framed:
H0 4: There is no significant influence of patients marital status on (a)
Hospital image (b) Cost (c) Safety and security d) Hygiene (e) Tourism (f) Travel (g)
Entertainment in Chennai for medical tourism.
Table 4.22 shows the results of t-test for influence of patients marital status on
factors that made to select Chennai for Medical tourism.
117
Table 4.22
t-test for influence of patients marital status on factors to select Chennai for
Medical tourism
Factors Marital status N Mean S D t-value
Hospital image Married 188 23.79 3.070 2.889**
(p=.004) Single 115 22.53 4.527
Cost Married 188 18.52 1.833 0.106
(p=.916) Single 115 18.48 3.772
Safety and security Married 188 18.30 2.805 2.136*
(p=.033) Single 115 17.53 3.475
Hygiene Married 188 19.51 2.133 1.617
(p=.107) Single 115 19.00 3.366
Tourism Married 188 19.78 2.243 1.229
(p=.195) Single 115 19.38 3.163
Travel Married 188 19.59 2.368 1.197
(p=.232) Single 115 19.22 2.871
Entertainment Married 188 18.01 1.867 1.311
(p=.191) Single 115 18.35 2.718
** Significant at 1% level * significant at 5% level
Hospital Image
The obtained t value is 2.889 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients marital status on Hospital
image.
118
Further, the mean table 4.22 indicates that the married patients have scored
higher mean value of 23.79 than the patients living as single (22.53). This shows that
the married patients are more concentrating on Hospital Image than the patients living
as single to select Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 4(a) that “there is no significant
influence of patients marital status on hospital image” is rejected.
Cost
The obtained t value is 0.106 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients marital status on cost.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 4(b) that “there is no significant
influence of patients marital status on Cost” is accepted.
Safety and security
The obtained t value is 2.136 and it is significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients marital status on safety and
security.
Further, the mean table 4.22 indicates that the married patients have scored
higher mean value of 18.30 than the patients living as single (17.53). This shows that
the married patients are keener than the patients living as single towards the Safety
and security in Chennai to select Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 4(c) that “there is no significant
influence of patients marital status on safety and security” is rejected.
119
Hygiene
The obtained t value is 1.617 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients marital status on hygiene.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 4(d) that “there is no significant
influence of patients marital status on hygiene” is accepted.
Tourism
The obtained t value is 1.229 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients marital status on tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 4(e) that “there is no significant
influence of patients marital status on tourism” is accepted.
Travel
The obtained t value is 1.197 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients marital status on travel.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 4(f) that “there is no significant
influence of patients marital status on travel” is accepted.
Entertainment
The obtained t value is 1.311 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients marital status on
entertainment.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 4(g) that “there is no significant
influence of patients marital status on entertainment” is accepted.
120
4.5.4 Influence of patients educational qualification on factors that made to
select Chennai for Medical tourism
To test the significant influence of patients educational qualification on factors
that made to select Chennai for Medical tourism (Hospital image, Cost, Safety and
security, Hygiene, Tourism, Travel and Entertainment), one way ANOVA was
applied to ascertain if there is any significant influence of patients educational
qualification on factors that made to select Chennai for Medical tourism. The
following null hypotheses were framed:
H0 5: There is no significant influence of patients educational qualification on
(a) Hospital image (b) Cost (c) Safety and security d) Hygiene (e) Tourism (f) Travel
(g) Entertainment in Chennai for medical tourism.
Table 4.23 shows the results of one way ANOVA for influence of patients
educational qualification on factors that made to select Chennai for Medical tourism.
121
Table 4.23
One way ANOVA for influence of patients educational qualification on factors to
select Chennai for Medical tourism
Factors Education Qualification N Mean S D F- value
Hospital image
School level 42 22.14 3.879 15.699** (p<.001)
Graduates 129 24.49 3.633 Post graduates 87 23.52 3.375 Professionals 45 20.60 2.831
Cost
School level 42 17.69 4.158 3.771*
(p=.011) Graduates 129 18.65 2.486 Post graduates 87 19.06 2.089 Professionals 45 17.77 2.583
Safety and security
School level 42 17.14 3.632 7.445** (p<.001)
Graduates 129 18.95 3.134 Post graduates 87 17.42 2.305 Professionals 45 17.26 3.143
Hygiene
School level 42 18.11 4.434 7.195** (p<.001)
Graduates 129 19.95 2.445 Post graduates 87 19.39 1.819 Professionals 45 18.46 1.902
Tourism
School level 42 18.73 3.709 1.767
(p=.083) Graduates 129 19.21 2.449 Post graduates 87 19.51 2.016 Professionals 45 19.02 2.684
Travel
School level 42 18.54 3.617 8.114** (p<.001)
Graduates 129 20.25 2.302 Post graduates 87 18.97 2.401 Professionals 45 18.91 1.768
Entertainment
School level 42 18.35 2.506 2.508
(p=.059) Graduates 129 18.34 1.675 Post graduates 87 18.14 2.834 Professionals 45 17.33 1.894
** Significant at 1% level * significant at 5% level
122
Hospital Image
The obtained F value is 15.699 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients educational qualification on
Hospital image.
Further, the mean table 4.23 indicates that the patients with educational
qualification of graduation have scored higher mean value of 24.49 and the lowest
mean was scored by the patients with professional education (20.60). This shows that
the patients with educational qualification of graduation are more concentrating on
Hospital image to select Chennai for medical tourism and the patients with
professional education less concentrating on Hospital image to select Chennai for
medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 5(a) that “there is no significant
influence of patients educational qualification on hospital image” is rejected.
Cost
The obtained F value is 3.771 and it is significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients educational qualification on
cost.
Further, the mean table 4.23 indicates that the patients with post graduate
education have scored higher mean value of 19.06 and the lowest mean was scored by
the patients with school level education (17.69). This shows that the patients with post
graduate education are more concentrating on Cost to select Chennai for medical
tourism and the patients with school level education are less concentrating on Cost to
select Chennai for medical tourism.
123
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 5(b) that “there is no significant
influence of patients educational qualification on Cost” is rejected.
Safety and security
The obtained F value is 7.445 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients educational qualification on
safety and security.
Further, the mean table 4.23 indicates that the patients with educational
qualification of graduation have scored higher mean value of 18.95 and the lowest
mean was scored by the patients with school level education (17.14). This shows that
the patients with educational qualification of graduation are more concentrating on
safety and security towards Chennai for medical tourism and the patients with school
level education less concentrating on safety and security towards Chennai for medical
tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 5(c) that “there is no significant
influence of patients educational qualification on safety and security” is rejected.
Hygiene
The obtained F value is 7.195 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients educational qualification on
hygiene.
Further, the mean table 4.23 indicates that the patients with educational
qualification of graduation have scored higher mean value of 19.95 and the lowest
mean was scored by the patients with school level education (18.11). This shows that
the patients with educational qualification of graduation are more concentrating on
Hygienic condition in the hospitals to select Chennai for medical tourism and the
124
patients with school level education are less concentrating on Hygienic condition in
the hospitals to select Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 5(d) that “there is no significant
influence of patients educational qualification on hygiene” is rejected.
Tourism
The obtained F value is 1.767 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients educational qualification on
tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 5(e) that “there is no significant
influence of patients educational qualification on tourism” is accepted.
Travel
The obtained F value is 8.114 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients educational qualification on
travel.
Further, the mean table 4.23 indicates that the patients with educational
qualification of graduation have scored higher mean value of 20.25 and the lowest
mean was scored by the patients with school level education (18.54). This shows that
the patients with educational qualification of graduation are more concentrating
towards Travel to select Chennai for medical tourism and the patients with school
level education are less concentrating towards Travel to select Chennai for medical
tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 5(f) that “there is no significant
influence of patients educational qualification on travel” is rejected.
125
Entertainment
The obtained F value is 2.508 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients educational qualification on
entertainment.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 5(g) that “there is no significant
influence of patients educational qualification on entertainment” is accepted.
4.5.5 Influence of patients employment status on factors that made to select
Chennai for Medical tourism
To test the significant influence of patients employment status on factors that
made to select Chennai for Medical tourism (Hospital image, Cost, Safety and
security, Hygiene, Tourism, Travel and Entertainment), one way ANOVA was
applied to ascertain if there is any significant influence of patients employment status
on factors that made to select Chennai for Medical tourism. The following null
hypotheses were framed:
H0 6: There is no significant influence of patients employment status on (a)
Hospital image (b) Cost (c) Safety and security d) Hygiene (e) Tourism (f) Travel (g)
Entertainment in Chennai for medical tourism.
Table 4.24 shows the results of one way ANOVA for influence of patients
employment status on factors that made to select Chennai for Medical tourism.
126
Table 4.24
One way ANOVA for influence of patients employment status on factors to select
Chennai for Medical tourism
Factors Employment status N Mean S D F - value
Hospital image
Temporary contract 92 22.16 4.095 13.623** (p<.001)
Firms Employees 64 23.92 2.668 Business Owners 78 25.17 3.258 Professionals 69 22.17 3.666
Cost
Temporary contract 92 18.53 3.047 0.139
(p=.937) Firms Employees 64 18.67 2.261 Business Owners 78 18.46 2.680 Professionals 69 18.37 2.787
Safety and security
Temporary contract 92 17.16 3.400 9.778** (p<.001)
Firms Employees 64 19.20 3.514 Business Owners 78 18.80 2.407 Professionals 69 17.14 2.289
Hygiene
Temporary contract 92 18.67 3.271 8.865** (p<.001)
Firms Employees 64 19.51 1.943 Business Owners 78 20.48 2.743 Professionals 69 18.66 1.686
Tourism
Temporary contract 92 19.07 2.665 5.884** (p=.001)
Firms Employees 64 19.90 2.258 Business Owners 78 20.53 3.077 Professionals 69 19.10 2.030
Travel
Temporary contract 92 19.46 2.007 1.183
(p=.096) Firms Employees 64 19.31 2.648 Business Owners 78 19.19 3.419 Professionals 69 18.72 1.756
Entertainment
Temporary contract 92 18.01 2.247 1.560
(p=.095) Firms Employees 64 18.62 2.326 Business Owners 78 18.50 2.074 Professionals 69 17.96 2.165
** Significant at 1% level
127
Hospital Image
The obtained F value is 13.623 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients employment status on Hospital
image.
Further, the mean table 4.24 indicates that the patients running their own
business have scored higher mean value of 25.17 and the lowest mean was scored by
the patients with temporary contract employment (22.16). This shows that the patients
running their own business are more concentrating on Hospital image for selecting
Chennai for medical tourism and the patients with temporary employment contract are
less concentrating on Hospital image for selecting Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 6(a) that “there is no significant
influence of patients employment status on hospital image” is rejected.
Cost
The obtained F value is 0.139 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients employment status on cost.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 6(b) that “there is no significant
influence of patients employment status on Cost” is accepted.
Safety and security
The obtained F value is 9.778 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients employment status on safety
and security.
128
Further, the mean table 4.24 indicates that the patients employed as firm
employees have scored higher mean value of 19.20 and the lowest mean was scored
by the patients working as professionals (17.14). This shows that the patients
employed in firms are more concentrating on Safety and security for selecting
Chennai for medical tourism and the patients working as professionals are less
concentrating on Safety and security for selecting Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 6(c) that “there is no significant
influence of patients employment status on safety and security” is rejected.
Hygiene
The obtained F value is 8.865 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients employment status on hygiene.
Further, the mean table 4.24 indicates that the patients running their own
business have scored higher mean value of 20.48 and the lowest mean was scored by
the patients working as professionals (18.66). This shows that the patients running
their own business are more concentrating on Hygiene to select Chennai for medical
tourism and the patients employed as professionals are less concentrating on Hygiene
to select Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 6(d) that “there is no significant
influence of patients employment status on hygiene” is rejected.
Tourism
The obtained F value is 5.884 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients employment status on tourism.
129
Further, the mean table 4.24 indicates that the patients running own business
have scored higher mean value of 20.53 and the lowest mean was scored by the
patients employed in temporary contract (19.07). This shows that the patients running
their own business are more concentrating on Tourism to select Chennai for medical
tourism and the patients unemployment status of employed with temporary contract
are less satisfied on Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 6(e) that “there is no significant
influence of patients employment status on tourism” is rejected.
Travel
The obtained F value is 1.183 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients employment status on travel.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 6(f) that “there is no significant
influence of patients employment status on travel” is accepted.
Entertainment
The obtained F value is 1.560 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients employment status on
entertainment.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 6(g) that “there is no significant
influence of patients employment status on entertainment” is accepted.
130
4.5.6 Influence of patients annual income on factors that made to select
Chennai for Medical tourism
To test the significant influence of patients annual income on factors that
made to select Chennai for Medical tourism (Hospital image, Cost, Safety and
security, Hygiene, Tourism, Travel and Entertainment), one way ANOVA was
applied to ascertain if there is any significant influence of patients annual income on
factors that made to select Chennai for Medical tourism. The following null
hypotheses were framed:
H0 7: There is no significant influence of patients annual income on (a)
Hospital image (b) Cost (c) Safety and security d) Hygiene (e) Tourism (f) Travel (g)
Entertainment in Chennai for medical tourism.
Table 4.25 shows the results of one way ANOVA for influence of patients
annual income on factors that made to select Chennai for Medical tourism.
131
Table 4.25
One way ANOVA for influence of patients annual income on factors to select
Chennai for Medical tourism
Factors Annual Income N Mean S D F-value
Hospital image
Below 10,000$ 79 22.07 4.310 9.208** (p<.001)
10,001 - 30,000$ 133 23.45 3.329 30,001 - 60,000$ 51 23.00 2.884 Above 60,000$ 40 25.70 3.680
Cost
Below 10,000$ 79 17.87 3.603 2.005
(p=.113) 10,001 - 30,000$ 133 18.66 2.183 30,001 - 60,000$ 51 18.84 2.737 Above 60,000$ 40 18.80 2.209
Safety and security
Below 10,000$ 79 17.16 3.364 5.202** (p=.002)
10,001 - 30,000$ 133 17.93 3.066 30,001 - 60,000$ 51 18.43 2.736 Above 60,000$ 40 19.40 2.529
Hygiene
Below 10,000$ 79 18.24 3.567 18.557
(p<.001) 10,001 - 30,000$ 133 19.23 2.051 30,001 - 60,000$ 51 19.25 1.671 Above 60,000$ 40 21.80 1.856
Tourism
Below 10,000$ 79 18.93 3.231 14.261*** (p<.001)
10,001 - 30,000$ 133 19.28 2.278 30,001 - 60,000$ 51 19.84 2.043 Above 60,000$ 40 21.90 1.780
Travel
Below 10,000$ 79 19.10 2.643 13.247** (p<.001)
10,001 - 30,000$ 133 19.17 2.356 30,001 - 60,000$ 51 18.96 2.553 Above 60,000$ 40 21.70 2.028
Entertainment
Below 10,000$ 79 18.26 2.055 0.965
(p=.410) 10,001 - 30,000$ 133 17.90 2.562 30,001 - 60,000$ 51 18.27 2.164 Above 60,000$ 40 18.50 1.219
** Significant at 1% level
132
Hospital Image
The obtained F value is 9.208 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients annual income on Hospital
image.
Further, the mean table 4.25 indicates that the patients earning annual income
above 60,000$ have scored higher mean value of 25.70 and the lowest mean was
scored by the patients earning annual income below 10,000$ (22.07). This shows that
the patients earning annual income above 60,000$ are more concentrating on
Infrastructure facilities in Hospitals in Chennai to select Chennai for medical tourism
and the patients with annual income below 10,000$ are less concentrating on
Infrastructure facilities in Hospitals in Chennai to select Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 7(a) that “there is no significant
influence of patients annual income on hospital image” is rejected.
Cost
The obtained F value is 2.005 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients annual income on cost.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 7(b) that “there is no significant
influence of patients annual income on cost” is accepted.
Safety and security
The obtained F value is 5.202 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients annual income on safety and
security.
Further, the mean table 4.25 indicates that the patients earning annual income
above 60,000$ have scored higher mean value of 19.40 and the lowest mean was
133
scored by the patients earning annual income below 10,000$ (17.16). This shows that
the patients earning annual income above 60,000$ are more concentrating on Safety
and security in hospitals in Chennai for medical tourism and the patients earning
annual income below 10,000$ are less concentrating on Safety and security in
hospitals in Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 7(c) that “there is no significant
influence of patients annual income on safety and security” is rejected.
Hygiene
The obtained F value is 18.557 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients annual income on hygiene.
Further, the mean table 4.25 indicates that the patients earning annual income
above 60,000$ have scored higher mean value of 21.80 and the lowest mean was
scored by the patients earning annual income below 10,000$ (18.24). This shows that
the patients earning annual income above 60,000$ are more concentrating on
Hygienic conditions in Chennai for medical tourism and the patients earning annual
income below 10,000$ are less concentrating on Hygienic conditions in Chennai for
medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 7(d) that “there is no significant
influence of patients annual income on hygiene” is rejected.
Tourism
The obtained F value is 14.261 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients annual income on tourism.
Further, the mean table 4.25 indicates that the patients earning annual income
above 60,000$ have scored higher mean value of 21.90 and the lowest mean was
134
scored by the patients earning annual income below 10,000$ (18.93). This shows that
the patients earning annual income above 60,000$ are more concentrating on Tourism
to select Chennai for medical tourism and the patients earning annual income below
10,000$ are less concentrating on Tourism to select Chennai for medical tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 7(e) that “there is no significant
influence of patients annual income on tourism” is rejected.
Travel
The obtained F value is 13.247 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients annual income on travel.
Further, the mean table 4.25 indicates that the patients earning annual income
above 60,000$ have scored higher mean value of 21.70 and the lowest mean was
scored by the patients earning annual income 30,001 - 60,000$ (18.96). This shows
that the patients earning annual income above 60,000$ are more concentrating on
Travel to select Chennai for medical tourism and the patients with annual income of
30,001 - 60,000$ are less concentrating on Travel to select Chennai for medical
tourism.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 7(f) that “there is no significant
influence of patients annual income on travel” is rejected.
Entertainment
The obtained F value is 0.965 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients annual income on
entertainment.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 7(g) that “there is no significant
influence of patients annual income on entertainment” is accepted.
135
4.6 Factors of satisfaction towards care facilities provided by the hospitals in
Chennai.
For measuring the satisfaction towards care facilities provided by the
hospitals in Chennai for the patients coming for medical tourism, forty variables were
measured. Based on the responses given by the selected patients came for medical
tourism in Chennai, factor analysis was done to group the variables in to factors.
Table 4.26
Initial Eigen values of satisfaction of care facilities provided by hospitals in
Chennai
Factors Initial Eigen values
Eigen Value
Percentage of Variance
Cumulative Percentage
1 3.234 38.81 38.81
2 2.151 9.18 47.99
3 1.985 7.19 55.18
4 1.732 6.86 62.04
5 1.587 5.55 67.59
6 1.341 5.21 72.80
7 1.054 4.68 77.48
Principal Component analysis with varimax rotation is used to group the
factors. Forty variables are reduced into fewer factors by analyzing correlation
between variables (opinions regarding the satisfaction towards care facilities provided
by the hospitals in Chennai). In this case forty variables are reduced in to seven
factors which explain the much of the original data. From the cumulative percentage
column, the seven factors extracted together accounts for 77.48 per cent of the total
variance (information contained in forty variables).
136
Table 4.27
Factor scores of problems faced by the medical tourists
Factors Statements Factor Scores
Infrastructure factor
Availability of rooms 0.851 Cleanliness of the rooms 0.821 Sanitation of the hospital 0.784 Hygienic conditions of the room 0.732 Ventilation of the rooms 0.701 Drinking water facility 0.685 Provisions in rooms 0.604 Provisions for security 0.534
Emergency services factor
Response of the doctors 0.754 Explanation about patients 0.713 Speed of work 0.658 Formalities for registration 0.602 Intensive care space availability 0.598 Facility availability intensive care 0.524 Availability of specialist 0.501
Diagnostic services factor
Availability of latest technology 0.741 Waiting time 0.701 Cost of service 0.662 Time consumed for report 0.635 Response by staff in charge 0.605 Staff availability 0.571
Dietary services factor
Hygienic conditions of the canteen 0.714 Cost of the food 0.684 Quality of the food 0.662 Taste of the food 0.621 Room services 0.537 Delivery time 0.502
Diagnosing factor
Time taken in consultation 0.649 Answering the question promptly 0.631 Counseling by the doctors 0.587 Explanation given for ailment 0.547 Approach of the doctors 0.509
Nursing factor
Approach taken in consultation 0.678 Assistance by the nurses 0.645 Medication given by the staff nurses 0.531 Availability of the nurses 0.511
Registration factor
Information provided on registration 0.654 Waiting time in registration 0.612 Formalities in registration 0.546 Approach of the receptionist 0.507
137
From the table 4.27 it is inferred that factor 1 is a combination of eight original
variables such as Availability of rooms, Cleanliness of the rooms, Sanitation of the
hospital, Hygienic conditions of the room, Ventilation of the rooms, Drinking water
facility, Provisions in rooms and Provisions for security which is named as
Infrastructure factor.
Factor 2 is a combination of seven original variables such as Response of the
doctors, Explanation about patients, Speed of work, Formalities for registration,
Intensive care space availability, Facility availability intensive care and Availability
of specialist which is named as Emergency services factor.
Factor 3 is a combination of six original variables such as Availability of latest
technology, waiting time, Cost of service, Time consumed for report, Response by
staff in charge and Staff availability which is named as Diagnostic services factor.
Factor 4 is a combination of six original variables such as Hygienic conditions
of the canteen, Cost of the food, Quality of the food, Taste of the food, Room services
and Delivery time which is named as Dietary services factor.
Factor 5 is a combination of five original variables such as Time taken in
consultation, answering the question promptly, Counseling by the doctors,
Explanation given for ailment and Approach of the doctors which is named as
Diagnosing factor.
Factor 6 is a combination of four original variables such as Approach taken in
consultation, Assistance by the nurses, Medication given by the staff nurses and
Availability of the nurses which is named as nursing factor.
Factor 7 is a combination of four original variables such as Information
provided on registration, waiting time in registration, Formalities in registration and
Approach of the receptionist which is named as Registration factor.
138
4.7 Relationships between factors of satisfaction towards the services
provided by the Hospitals in Chennai to medical tourists
Factors of satisfaction are interrelated, the researcher made a valiant attempt to
identify the degree of relationship between the factors. To test the significant
relationship between factors of satisfaction (Infrastructure, Emergency services,
Diagnostic services, Dietary services, Diagnosing, Nursing and Registration) towards
the services provided by the hospitals in Chennai to medical tourists. Bivariate
correlation was applied to ascertain if there were any significant relationships between
factors of satisfaction.
Table 4.28
Relationship between factors of satisfaction
Factors
Infr
astr
uctu
re
Em
erge
ncy
serv
ices
Dia
gnos
tic
serv
ices
Die
tary
se
rvic
es
Dia
gnos
ing
Nur
sing
Reg
istr
atio
n
Infrastructure 1 r =.568** r =.472** r =.556** r =.481** r =.331** r =.466**
p<.001 p<.001 p<.001 p<.001 p<.001 p<.001
Emergency services
1 r =.543** r =.617** r =.489** r =.565** r =.563**
p<.001 p<.001 p<.001 p<.001 p<.001
Diagnostic services
1 r =.683** r =.712** r =.319** r =.639**
p<.001 p<.001 p<.001 p<.001
Dietary services
1 r =.685** r =.543** r =.619**
p<.001 p<.001 p<.001
Diagnosing 1 r =.355** r =.627**
p<.001 p<.001
Nursing 1 r =.405**
p<.001
Registration 1
** Significant at 1% level
139
Positive significant correlation is observed between Infrastructure and
Emergency service (r =.568). Significant correlation is observed between
Infrastructure and Diagnostic service (r =.472), which is positive.
Positive significant correlation is observed between Infrastructure and Dietary
services (r =.556). Significant correlation is observed between Infrastructure and
Diagnosing (r =.481), which is positive.
Positive significant correlation is observed between Infrastructure and Nursing
(r =.331). Significant correlation is observed between Infrastructure and Registration
(r=.466), which is positive. Significant correlation is observed between Emergency
service and Diagnostic service (r =.543), which is positive.
Positive significant correlation is observed between Emergency service and
Dietary services (r =.617). Significant correlation is observed between Emergency
service and Diagnosing (r =.489), which is positive.
Positive significant correlation is observed between Emergency service and
Nursing (r =.565). Significant correlation is observed between Emergency service and
Registration (r =.563), which is positive.
Positive significant correlation is observed between Diagnostic service and
Dietary services (r =.683). Significant correlation is observed between Diagnostic
service and Diagnosing (r =.712), which is positive.
Positive significant correlation is observed between Diagnostic service and
Nursing (r =.319). Significant correlation is observed between Diagnostic service and
Registration (r =.639), which is positive. Significant correlation is observed between
Dietary services and Diagnosing (r =.685), which is positive.
140
Positive significant correlation is observed between Dietary services and
Nursing (r =.543). Significant correlation is observed between Dietary services and
Registration (r =.619), which is positive.
Positive significant correlation is observed between Diagnosing and Nursing
(r =.355).Significant correlation is observed between Diagnosing and Registration
(r =.627), which is positive. Significant correlation is observed between Nursing and
Registration (r =.405), which is positive.
4.8 Influence of patients demographics on factors of satisfaction towards care
facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai
4.8.1 Influence of patients gender on factors of satisfaction towards care
facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai
To test the significant influence of patients gender on factors of satisfaction
(Infra structure, Emergency service, Diagnostic services, Dietary services, Diagnosis,
Nursing and Registration) towards care facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai,
independent samples t-test was applied to ascertain if there is any significant influence
of patients gender on factors of satisfaction towards care facilities provided by the
hospitals in Chennai.
The following null hypotheses were framed:
H0 8: There is no significant influence of patients gender on satisfaction
towards (a) Infra structure (b) Emergency service (c) Diagnostic services (d) Dietary
services (e) Diagnosis (f) Nursing (g) Registration in Chennai hospitals.
Table 4.29 shows the results of t-test for influence of patients gender on
factors of satisfaction towards care facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai.
141
Table 4.29
t-test for influence of patients gender on factors of satisfaction towards care
facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai
Factors Gender N Mean S D t-value
Infrastructure Male 189 30.30 3.402 2.618**
(p=.009) Female 114 29.29 2.977
Emergency services
Male 189 26.14 3.270 2.175* (p=.030) Female 114 25.27 3.545
Diagnostic services
Male 189 24.04 3.025 4.444** (p< .001) Female 114 22.55 2.492
Dietary services Male 189 39.17 3.410 3.579**
(p< .001) Female 114 37.78 3.002
Diagnosing Male 189 20.33 2.243 5.396**
(p< .001) Female 114 18.91 2.204
Nursing Male 189 15.31 2.001 1.174
(p=.241) Female 114 15.06 1.530
Registration Male 189 16.34 2.206 2.599*
(p=.010) Female 114 15.71 1.827 ** Significant at 1% level * significant at 5% level
Infrastructure
The obtained t value is 2.618 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients gender on infrastructure.
Further, the mean table 4.29 indicates that the male patients have scored
higher mean value of 30.30 than the female patients (29.29). This shows that the male
patients are more satisfied on Infrastructure facilities available in the hospitals in
Chennai than the female patients.
142
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 8(a) that “there is no significant
influence of patients gender on infrastructure” is rejected.
Emergency services
The obtained t value is 2.175 and it is significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients gender on emergency services.
Further, the mean table 4.29 indicates that the male patients have scored
higher mean value of 26.14 than the female patients (25.27). This shows that the male
patients are more satisfied with Emergency services in the hospitals in Chennai than
the female patients.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 8(b) that “there is no significant
influence of patients gender on emergency services” is rejected.
Diagnostic services
The obtained t value is 4.444 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients gender on diagnostic services.
Further, the mean table 4.29 indicates that the male patients have scored
higher mean value of 24.04 than the female patients (22.55). This shows that the male
patients are more satisfied with Diagnostic service provided by the hospitals in
Chennai than the female patients.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 8(c) that “there is no significant
influence of patients gender on diagnostic services” is rejected.
Dietary services
The obtained t value is 3.579 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients gender on Dietary services.
143
Further, the mean table 4.29 indicates that the male patients have scored
higher mean value of 39.17 than the female patients (37.78). This shows that the male
patients are more satisfied with the Dietary services provided by the hospitals in
Chennai than the female patients.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 8(d) that “there is no significant
influence of patients gender on Dietary services” is rejected.
Diagnosing
The obtained t value is 5.396 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients gender on Diagnosing.
Further, the mean table 4.29 indicates that the male patients have scored
higher mean value of 20.33 than the female patients (18.91). This shows that the male
patients are more satisfied with Diagnosis provided by the hospitals in Chennai than
the female patients.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 8(e) that “there is no significant
influence of patients gender on Diagnosing” is rejected.
Nursing
The obtained t value is 1.174 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients gender on nursing.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 8(f) that “there is no significant
influence of patients gender on nursing” is accepted.
Registration
The obtained t value is 2.599 and it is significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients gender on Registration.
144
Further, the mean table 4.29 indicates that the male patients have scored
higher mean value of 16.34 than the female patients (15.71). This shows that the male
patients are more satisfied with the registration in hospitals in Chennai than the
female patients.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 8(g) that “there is no significant
influence of patients gender on Registration” is rejected.
4.8.2 Influence of patients age on factors of satisfaction towards care facilities
provided by the hospitals in Chennai
To test the significant influence of patients age on factors of satisfaction
(Infra structure, Emergency service, Diagnostic services, Dietary services, Diagnosis,
Nursing and Registration) towards care facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai,
one way ANOVA was applied to ascertain if there is any significant influence of
patients age on factors of satisfaction towards care facilities provided by the hospitals
in Chennai.
The following null hypotheses were framed:
H0 9: There is no significant influence of patients age on satisfaction towards
(a) Infra structure (b) Emergency service (c) Diagnostic services (d) Dietary services
(e) Diagnosis (f) Nursing (g) Registration in Chennai hospitals.
Table 4.30 shows the results of one way ANOVA for influence of patients age
on factors of satisfaction towards care facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai.
145
Table 4.30
ANOVA for influence of patients age on factors of satisfaction towards care
facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai
Factors Age N Mean S D F-value
Infrastructure
18 - 30 years 91 29.62 4.026 5.569** (p=.004)
31 - 40 years 92 30.85 3.575
More than 40 years 120 29.44 2.073
Emergency services
18 - 30 years 91 25.83 3.865 0.327
(p=.722) 31 - 40 years 92 26.02 3.564
More than 40 years 120 25.64 2.866
Diagnostic services
18 - 30 years 91 22.76 2.687 4.148*
(p=.017) 31 - 40 years 92 23.92 3.145
More than 40 years 120 23.69 2.842
Dietary services
18 - 30 years 91 38.41 3.918 2.064
(p=.129) 31 - 40 years 92 39.23 3.806
More than 40 years 120 38.38 2.238
Diagnosing
18 - 30 years 91 19.19 2.276 4.856** (p=.008)
31 - 40 years 92 20.21 2.435
More than 40 years 120 19.94 2.212
Nursing
18 - 30 years 91 15.02 2.323 1.422
(p=.243) 31 - 40 years 92 15.14 1.745
More than 40 years 120 15.43 1.447
Registration
18 - 30 years 91 15.59 2.210 4.505*
(p=.012) 31 - 40 years 92 16.17 1.687
More than 40 years 120 16.45 2.214 ** Significant at 1% level * significant at 5% level
146
Infrastructure
The obtained F value is 5.569 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients age on infrastructure.
Further, the mean table 4.30 indicates that the patients with age of 31 - 40
years have scored higher mean value of 30.85 and the lowest mean was scored by the
patients with age more than 40 years (29.44). This shows that the patients with age of
31 - 40 years are more satisfied with the Infrastructure facilities available in the
hospitals in Chennai and the patients with age more than 40 years are less satisfied
with the Infrastructure facilities available in the hospitals in Chennai.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 9(a) that “there is no significant
influence of patients age on infrastructure” is rejected.
Emergency services
The obtained F value is 0.327 and it is not significant at 5 % level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients age on emergency services.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 9(b) that “there is no significant
influence of patients age on emergency services” is accepted.
Diagnostic services
The obtained F value is 4.148 and it is significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients age on diagnostic services.
Further, the mean table 4.30 indicates that the patients with age 31 - 40 years
have scored higher mean value of 23.92 and the lowest mean was scored by the
patients with age 18 - 30 years (22.76). This shows that the patients with age 31 - 40
years are more satisfied with the Diagnostic services and the patients with age 18 - 30
147
years are less satisfied with the Diagnostic services provided by the hospitals in
Chennai.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 9(c) that “there is no significant
influence of patients age on diagnostic services” is rejected.
Dietary services
The obtained F value is 2.064 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients age on Dietary services.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 9(d) that “there is no significant
influence of patients age on Dietary services” is accepted.
Diagnosing
The obtained F value is 4.856 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients age on Diagnosing.
Further, the mean table 4.30 indicates that the patients with age 31 - 40 years
have scored higher mean value of 20.21 and the lowest mean was scored by the
patients with age 18 - 30 years (19.19). This shows that the patients with age of 31- 40
years are more satisfied on Diagnosis in the hospitals in Chennai and the patients with
age 18 - 30 years are less satisfied on Diagnosis in the hospitals in Chennai.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 9(e) that “there is no significant
influence of patients age on Diagnosing” is rejected.
Nursing
The obtained F value is 1.422 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients age on nursing.
148
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 9(f) that “there is no significant
influence of patients age on nursing” is accepted.
Registration
The obtained F value is 4.505 and it is significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients age on Registration.
Further, the mean table 4.30 indicates that the patients with age of more than
40 years have scored higher mean value of 16.45 and the lowest mean was scored by
the patients with age 18 - 30 years (15.59). This shows that the patients with age more
than 40 years are more satisfied on Registration formalities in the hospitals in Chennai
and the lowest mean was scored by the patients with age 18 - 30 years are less
satisfied with the Registration formalities in the hospitals in Chennai.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 9(g) that “there is no significant
influence of patients age on Registration” is rejected.
4.8.3 Influence of patients marital status on factors of satisfaction towards care
facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai
To test the significant influence of patients marital status on factors of
satisfaction (Infra structure, Emergency service, Diagnostic services, Dietary services,
Diagnosis, Nursing and Registration) towards care facilities provided by the hospitals
in Chennai, independent samples t-test was applied to ascertain if there is any
significant influence of patients marital status on factors of satisfaction towards care
facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai.
149
The following null hypotheses were framed:
H0 10: There is no significant influence of patients marital status on
satisfaction towards (a) Infra structure (b) Emergency service (c) Diagnostic services
(d) Dietary services (e) Diagnosis (f) Nursing (g) Registration in Chennai hospitals.
Table 4.31 shows the results of t-test for influence of patients marital status
on factors of satisfaction towards care facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai.
Table 4.31
t-test for influence of patients marital status on factors of satisfaction towards
care facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai
Factors Marital status N Mean S D t-value
Infrastructure Married 188 29.78 2.726 0.987
(p=.324) Single 115 30.16 4.028
Emergency services Married 188 25.88 2.998 0.444
(p=.658) Single 115 25.70 3.975
Diagnostic services Married 188 23.64 2.750 1.248
(p=.213) Single 115 23.21 3.181
Dietary services Married 188 38.43 2.669 1.456
(p=.146) Single 115 39.00 4.174
Diagnosing Married 188 19.82 2.223 0.265
(p=.791) Single 115 19.75 2.504
Nursing Married 188 15.25 1.522 0.349
(p=.727) Single 115 15.17 2.272
Registration Married 188 16.22 2.009 1.276
(p=.203) Single 115 15.91 2.214
150
Infrastructure
The obtained t value is 0.987 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients marital status on
infrastructure.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 10(a) that “there is no significant
influence of patients marital status on infrastructure” is accepted.
Emergency services
The obtained t value is 0.444 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients marital status on emergency
services.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 10(b) that “there is no significant
influence of patients marital status on emergency services” is accepted.
Diagnostic services
The obtained t value is 1.248 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients marital status on diagnostic
services.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 10(c) that “there is no significant
influence of patients marital status on diagnostic services” is accepted.
Dietary services
The obtained t value is 1.456 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients marital status on Dietary
services.
151
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 10(d) that “there is no significant
influence of patients marital status on Dietary services” is accepted.
Diagnosing
The obtained t value is 0.265 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients marital status on Diagnosing.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 10(e) that “there is no significant
influence of patients marital status on Diagnosing” is accepted.
Nursing
The obtained t value is 0.349 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients marital status on nursing.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 10(f) that “there is no significant
influence of patients marital status on nursing” is accepted.
Registration
The obtained t value is 1.276 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients marital status on
Registration.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 10(g) that “there is no significant
influence of patients marital status on Registration” is accepted.
152
4.8.4 Influence of patients educational qualification on factors of satisfaction
towards care facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai
To test the significant influence of patients educational qualification on
factors of satisfaction (Infra structure, Emergency service, Diagnostic services,
Dietary services, Diagnosis, Nursing and Registration) towards care facilities
provided by the hospitals in Chennai, one way ANOVA was applied to ascertain if
there is any significant influence of patients educational qualification on factors of
satisfaction towards care facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai.
The following null hypotheses were framed:
H0 11: There is no significant influence of patients educational qualification
on satisfaction towards (a) Infra structure (b) Emergency service (c) Diagnostic
services (d) Dietary services (e) Diagnosis (f) Nursing (g) Registration in Chennai
hospitals.
Table 4.32 shows the results of one way ANOVA for influence of patients
educational qualification on factors of satisfaction towards care facilities provided by
the hospitals in Chennai.
153
Table 4.32
ANOVA for influence of patients educational qualification on factors of
satisfaction towards care facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai
Factors Education Qualification N Mean S D F - value
Infrastructure
School level 42 30.45 4.654 1.923
(p=.126) Graduates 129 29.75 2.672 Post graduates 87 30.35 3.154 Professionals 45 29.11 3.472
Emergency services
School level 42 25.61 4.515 1.883
(p=.132) Graduates 129 26.30 2.957 Post graduates 87 25.59 3.577 Professionals 45 25.02 2.880
Diagnostic services
School level 42 22.92 3.142 7.381** (p< .001)
Graduates 129 24.28 2.472 Post graduates 87 23.24 3.333 Professionals 45 22.17 2.433
Dietary services
School level 42 38.28 4.665 1.032
(p=.379) Graduates 129 38.78 2.645 Post graduates 87 38.96 3.655 Professionals 45 38.02 2.903
Diagnosing
School level 42 19.61 2.458 5.823** (p=.001)
Graduates 129 20.13 2.353 Post graduates 87 20.04 2.276 Professionals 45 18.55 1.828
Nursing
School level 42 14.28 2.634 5.448** (p=.001)
Graduates 129 15.54 1.525 Post graduates 87 15.31 1.564 Professionals 45 15.00 2.000
Registration
School level 42 15.64 2.583 7.949** (p< .001)
Graduates 129 16.72 2.149 Post graduates 87 15.86 1.726 Professionals 45 15.24 1.524
** Significant at 1% level
154
Infrastructure
The obtained F value is 1.923 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients educational qualification on
infrastructure.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 11(a) that “there is no significant
influence of patients educational qualification on infrastructure” is accepted.
Emergency services
The obtained F value is 1.883 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients educational qualification on
emergency services.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 11(b) that “there is no significant
influence of patients educational qualification on emergency services” is accepted.
Diagnostic services
The obtained F value is 7.381 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients educational qualification on
diagnostic services.
Further, the mean table 4.32 indicates that the patients with educational
qualification of graduation have scored higher mean value of 24.28 and the lowest
mean was scored by the patients with professional education (22.17). This shows that
the patients with educational qualification of graduation are more satisfied on
Diagnostic services provided by the hospitals in Chennai and the patients with
professional education are less satisfied on Diagnostic services provided by the
hospitals in Chennai.
155
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 11(c) that “there is no significant
influence of patients educational qualification on diagnostic services” is rejected.
Dietary services
The obtained F value is 1.032 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients educational qualification on
Dietary services.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 11(d) that “there is no significant
influence of patients educational qualification on Dietary services” is accepted.
Diagnosing
The obtained F value is 5.823 and it is significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients educational qualification on
Diagnosing.
Further, the mean table 4.32 indicates that the patients with educational
qualification of graduation have scored higher mean value of 20.13 and the lowest
mean was scored by the patients with professional education (18.55). This shows that
the patients with educational qualification of graduation are more satisfied on
Diagnosis in the hospitals in Chennai and the patients with educational qualification
of graduation are less satisfied on Diagnosis in the hospitals in Chennai.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 11(e) that “there is no significant
influence of patients educational qualification on Diagnosing” is rejected.
Nursing
The obtained F value is 5.448 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients educational qualification on
nursing.
156
Further, the mean table 4.32 indicates that the patients with educational
qualification of graduation have scored higher mean value of 15.54 and the lowest
mean was scored by the patients with school level education (14.28). This shows that
the patients with educational qualification of graduation are more satisfied on nursing
facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai and the lowest mean was scored by the
patients with school level education are less satisfied with the Nursing facilities
provided by the hospitals in Chennai.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 11(f) that “there is no significant
influence of patients educational qualification on nursing” is rejected.
Registration
The obtained F value is 7.949 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients educational qualification on
Registration.
Further, the mean table 4.32 indicates that the patients with educational
qualification of graduation have scored higher mean value of 16.72 and the lowest
mean was scored by the patients with professional education (15.24). This shows that
the patients with educational qualification of graduation are more satisfied with
Registration formalities in the hospitals in Chennai and the lowest mean was scored
by the patients with professional education are less satisfied on Registration
formalities in the hospitals in Chennai.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 11(g) that “there is no significant
influence of patients educational qualification on Registration” is rejected.
157
4.8.5 Influence of patients employment status on factors of satisfaction towards
care facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai
To test the significant influence of patients employment status on factors of
satisfaction (Infra structure, Emergency service, Diagnostic services, Dietary services,
Diagnosis, Nursing and Registration) towards care facilities provided by the hospitals
in Chennai, one way ANOVA was applied to ascertain if there is any significant
influence of patients employment status on factors of satisfaction towards care
facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai.
The following null hypotheses were framed:
H0 12: There is no significant influence of patients employment status on
satisfaction towards (a) Infra structure (b) Emergency service (c) Diagnostic services
(d) Dietary services (e) Diagnosis (f) Nursing (g) Registration in Chennai hospitals.
Table 4.33 shows the results of one way ANOVA for influence of patients
employment status on factors of satisfaction towards care facilities provided by the
hospitals in Chennai.
158
Table 4.33
ANOVA for influence of patients employment status on factors of satisfaction
towards care facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai
Factors Employment status N Mean S D F value
Infrastructure
Temporary contract 92 30.07 3.872 4.337** (p=.005)
Firms Employees 64 31.06 3.468 Business Owners 78 29.29 2.302 Professionals 69 29.39 2.931
Emergency services
Temporary contract 92 25.83 3.641 0.412
(p=.745) Firms Employees 64 25.79 3.912 Business Owners 78 26.10 3.000 Professionals 69 25.47 2.988
Diagnostic services
Temporary contract 92 23.51 2.731 4.726** (p=.003)
Firms Employees 64 23.48 3.172 Business Owners 78 24.30 2.986 Professionals 69 22.52 2.615
Dietary services
Temporary contract 92 38.27 3.753 2.083
(p=.103) Firms Employees 64 39.09 3.654 Business Owners 78 39.20 2.034 Professionals 69 38.13 3.497
Diagnosing
Temporary contract 92 19.36 2.115 16.107** (p< .001)
Firms Employees 64 19.45 2.267 Business Owners 78 21.25 2.253 Professionals 69 19.05 2.064
Nursing
Temporary contract 92 14.96 2.269 1.718
(p=.163) Firms Employees 64 15.42 2.091 Business Owners 78 15.51 1.053 Professionals 69 15.04 1.603
Registration
Temporary contract 92 15.65 2.186 13.183** (p< .001)
Firms Employees 64 16.06 1.917 Business Owners 78 17.26 1.687 Professionals 69 15.44 2.033
** Significant at 1% level
159
Infrastructure
The obtained F value is 4.337 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients employment status on
infrastructure.
Further, the mean table 4.33 indicates that the patients working as firm
employees have scored higher mean value of 31.06 and the lowest mean was scored
by the patients running their own business (29.29). This shows that the patients
working as firm employees are more satisfied on Infrastructure facilities provided by
the hospitals in Chennai and the patients running their own business are less satisfied
with the Infrastructure facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 12(a) that “there is no significant
influence of patients employment status on infrastructure” is rejected.
Emergency services
The obtained F value is 0.412 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients employment status on
emergency services.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 12(b) that “there is no significant
influence of patients employment status on emergency services” is accepted.
Diagnostic services
The obtained F value is 4.726 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients employment status on
diagnostic services.
160
Further, the mean table 4.33 indicates that the patients running their own
business have scored higher mean value of 24.30 and the lowest mean was scored by
the patients employed as professionals (22.52). This shows that the patients running
their own business are more satisfied on Diagnostic services provided by the hospitals
in Chennai and the patients employed as professionals are less satisfied on Diagnostic
service provided by the hospitals in Chennai.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 12(c) that “there is no significant
influence of patients employment status on diagnostic services” is rejected.
Dietary services
The obtained F value is 2.083 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients employment status on
Dietary services.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 12(d) that “there is no significant
influence of patients employment status on Dietary services” is accepted.
Diagnosing
The obtained F value is 16.107 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients employment status on
Diagnosing.
Further, the mean table 4.33 indicates that the patients running their own
business have scored higher mean value of 21.25 and the lowest mean was scored by
the patients employed as professionals (19.05). This shows that the patients running
their own business are more satisfied with the Diagnosis in the hospitals in Chennai
and the patients with employment status of professionals are less satisfied with the
Diagnosis in the hospitals in Chennai.
161
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 12(e) that “there is no significant
influence of patients employment status on Diagnosing” is rejected.
Nursing
The obtained F value is 1.718 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients employment status on
nursing.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 12(f) that “there is no significant
influence of patients employment status on nursing” is accepted.
Registration
The obtained F value is 13.183 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients employment status on
Registration.
Further, the mean table 4.33 indicates that the patients running their own
business have scored higher mean value of 17.26 and the lowest mean was scored by
the patients employed as professionals (15.44). This shows that the patients running
their own business are more satisfied with the registration formalities in the hospitals
in Chennai and the patients employed as professionals are less satisfied with the
registration formalities in the hospitals in Chennai.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 12(g) that “there is no significant
influence of patients employment status on Registration” is rejected.
162
4.8.6 Influence of patients annual income on factors of satisfaction towards
care facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai
To test the significant influence of patients annual income on factors of
satisfaction (Infra structure, Emergency service, Diagnostic services, Dietary services,
Diagnosis, Nursing and Registration) towards care facilities provided by the hospitals
in Chennai, one way ANOVA was applied to ascertain if there is any significant
influence of patients annual income on factors of satisfaction towards care facilities
provided by the hospitals in Chennai.
The following null hypotheses were framed:
H0 13: There is no significant influence of patients annual income on
satisfaction towards (a) Infra structure (b) Emergency service (c) Diagnostic services
(d) Dietary services (e) Diagnosis (f) Nursing (g) Registration in Chennai hospitals.
Table 4.34 shows the results of one way ANOVA for influence of patients
annual income on factors of satisfaction towards care facilities provided by the
hospitals in Chennai.
163
Table 4.34
ANOVA for influence of patients annual income on factors of satisfaction
towards care facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai
Factors Annual Income N Mean S D F-value
Infrastructure
Below 10,000$ 79 30.12 3.649 4.072** (p=.007)
10,001 - 30,000$ 133 29.81 3.450 30,001 - 60,000$ 51 30.94 2.9893 Above 60,000$ 40 28.60 1.296
Emergency services
Below 10,000$ 79 26.30 4.201 2.399
(p=.068) 10,001 - 30,000$ 133 25.23 3.450 30,001 - 60,000$ 51 26.35 2.726 Above 60,000$ 40 26.10 1.464
Diagnostic services
Below 10,000$ 79 23.17 2.570 8.166**
(p< .001) 10,001 - 30,000$ 133 23.43 3.048 30,001 - 60,000$ 51 22.58 2.779 Above 60,000$ 40 25.40 2.570
Dietary services
Below 10,000$ 79 38.37 4.051 1.601
(p=.189) 10,001 - 30,000$ 133 38.58 3.576 30,001 - 60,000$ 51 38.43 2.402 Above 60,000$ 40 39.70 0.911
Diagnosing
Below 10,000$ 79 19.24 2.237 10.789** (p< .001)
10,001 - 30,000$ 133 19.71 2.330 30,001 - 60,000$ 51 19.49 1.932 Above 60,000$ 40 21.60 2.181
Nursing
Below 10,000$ 79 15.07 1.953 3.475*
(p=.011) 10,001 - 30,000$ 133 14.94 1.974 30,001 - 60,000$ 51 15.70 1.640 Above 60,000$ 40 15.80 .992
Registration
Below 10,000$ 79 15.82 2.263 10.749** (p< .001)
10,001 - 30,000$ 133 15.72 1.931 30,001 - 60,000$ 51 16.29 1.676 Above 60,000$ 40 17.70 2.028
** Significant at 1% level * significant at 5% level
164
Infrastructure
The obtained F value is 4.072 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients annual income on infrastructure.
Further, the mean table 4.33 indicates that the patients earning annual income
of 30,001 - 60,000$ have scored higher mean value of 30.94 and the lowest mean was
scored by the patients earning annual income of above 60,000$ (28.60). This shows
that the patients earning annual income of 30,001 - 60,000$ are more satisfied with
the Infrastructure facilities in the hospitals in Chennai and the patients earning annual
income of above 60,000$ are less satisfied with the Infrastructure facilities in the
hospitals in Chennai.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 13(a) that “there is no significant
influence of patients annual income on infrastructure” is rejected.
Emergency services
The obtained F value is 2.399 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients annual income on emergency
services.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 13(b) that “there is no significant
influence of patients annual income on emergency services” is accepted.
Diagnostic services
The obtained F value is 8.166 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients annual income on diagnostic
services.
Further, the mean table 4.34 indicates that the patients earning annual income
of above 60,000$ have scored higher mean value of 25.40 and the lowest mean was
165
scored by the patients earning annual income of 30,001 - 60,000$ (22.58). This shows
that the patients earning annual income of above 60,000$ are more satisfied on
Diagnostic services provided by the hospitals in Chennai and the patients earning
annual income of 30,001 - 60,000$ are less satisfied with the Diagnostic services
provided by the hospitals in Chennai.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 13(c) that “there is no significant
influence of patients annual income on diagnostic services” is rejected.
Dietary services
The obtained F value is 1.601 and it is not significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is no significant influence of patients annual income on Dietary
services.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 13(d) that “there is no significant
influence of patients annual income on Dietary services” is accepted.
Diagnosing
The obtained F value is 10.789 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients annual income on Diagnosing.
Further, the mean table 4.34 indicates that the patients earning annual income
of above 60,000$ have scored higher mean value of 21.60 and the lowest mean was
scored by the patients earning annual income of below 10,000$ (19.24). This shows
that the patients earning annual income of above 60,000$ are more satisfied on
Diagnosing abilities of the hospitals in Chennai and the patients earning annual
income of below 10,000$ are less satisfied on Diagnosing abilities of the hospitals in
Chennai.
166
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 13(e) that “there is no significant
influence of patients annual income on Diagnosing” is rejected.
Nursing
The obtained F value is 3.475 and it is significant at 5% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients annual income on nursing.
Further, the mean table 4.34 indicates that the patients earning annual income
of above 60,000$ have scored higher mean value of 15.80 and the lowest mean was
scored by the patients earning annual income of 10,001 - 30,000$ (14.94). This shows
that the patients earning annual income of above 60,000$ are more satisfied on
Nursing facilities provided by the hospitals in Chennai and the patients earning annual
income of 10,001 - 30,000$ are less satisfied with Nursing facilities provided by the
hospitals in Chennai.
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 13(f) that “there is no significant
influence of patients annual income on nursing” is rejected.
Registration
The obtained F value is 10.749 and it is significant at 1% level. The value
indicates that there is significant influence of patients annual income on Registration.
Further, the mean table 4.34 indicates that the patients earning annual income
of above 60,000$ have scored higher mean value of 17.70 and the lowest mean was
scored by the patients earning annual income of 10,001 to 30,000$ (15.72). This
shows that the patients earning annual income of above 60,000$ are more satisfied
with the Registration formalities in the hospitals in Chennai and the lowest mean was
scored by the patients earning annual income of 10,001 to 30,000$ are less satisfied
with the Registration formalities in the hospitals in Chennai.
167
Therefore, the formulated hypothesis H0 13(g) that “there is no significant
influence of patients annual income on Registration” is rejected.
4.9 Assessing the variation between expectation and satisfaction level among
the patients came as medical tourists to Chennai
Paired samples t-test was applied to ascertain if there was any significant
variation between the expectation and satisfaction towards the services provided by
the hospitals in Chennai for the patients came for medical tourism.
The following null hypothesis is framed:
Null hypothesis H0 (14): There is no significant variation between expectation
and satisfaction towards the services provided by the hospitals in Chennai for the
patients came for medical tourism.
Table 4.35 shows the results of the comparison of the expectation level with
the satisfaction level towards the services provided by the hospitals in Chennai to the
medical tourists.
168
Table 4.35 Comparison of expectation and satisfaction level of patients
Statements Factors Mean S.D t-value
Less hospital charges Expectation 3.59 0.654
3.218** Satisfaction 3.77 0.727
Good treatment Expectation 3.69 0.663
3.826** Satisfaction 3.83 0.682
Good nursing care Expectation 3.67 0.735
1.992* Satisfaction 3.78 0.759
Good infra structure Expectation 3.54 0.712
4.105** Satisfaction 3.76 0.679
Less waiting time Expectation 3.65 0.701
3.238** Satisfaction 3.83 0.685
Good canteen facility Expectation 3.72 0.781
2.074* Satisfaction 3.61 0.717
Good ambience Expectation 3.59 0.739
3.291** Satisfaction 3.77 0.596
** Significant at 1% level * significant at 5% level
The obtained t values are all significant. Significant variation is observed
between expectation level and satisfaction level towards “Less hospital charges”,
“Good Treatment”, Good infra structure”, “Less waiting time” and “Good ambience”
at 1% level. Significant variation is observed between expectation level and
satisfaction level towards “Good nursing care” and “Good canteen facility” at 5%
level. Further on comparing the mean values of expectation and satisfaction, it is
understood that the satisfaction level is more than the expected level except in “Good
canteen facility”. This shows that patients came from foreign countries to hospitals in
Chennai as medical tourists are satisfied with the services provided by the hospitals.
However the satisfaction is lesser than the expected level in “Canteen facilities”. This
shows that hospitals have to concentrate to improve the canteen facilities.
169
4.10 Assessing the association between patients demographics and problems
4.10.1 Assessing the association between gender and hospital problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15(a): There is no significant relationship between gender
and hospital problems.
To assess the relationship between gender and hospital problems, Chi-square
test was performed to identify the relationship between gender and hospital problems.
The results are shown in table 4.36
Table 4.36
Association between gender and hospital problems
Factors Gender
Total Chi square
Value Male Female
Hospital problems
Low N 65 74 139
26.772** (p < .001)
% 21.5% 24.4% 45.9%
Medium N 69 21 90
% 22.8% 6.9% 29.7%
High N 55 19 74
% 18.2% 6.3% 24.4%
Total N 189 114 303
% 62.4% 37.6% 100.0% ** Significant at 1% level
From the table 4.36 it is observed that there is significant association between
gender and hospital problems. Chi square value (26.772) shows that the null
hypothesis is rejected at 1% level. It is found from the analysis that there is a close
association between gender and hospital problems. From the table 4.36 it is evident
that most of the females (24.4%) are facing low level problems in hospitals.
170
4.10.2 Assessing the association between age and hospital problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15(b): There is no significant relationship between age and
hospital problems.
To assess the relationship between age and hospital problems, Chi-square test
was performed to identify the relationship between age and hospital problems. The
results are shown in table 4.37.
Table 4.37
Association between age and hospital problems
Factors Age
Total Chi-square
Value 18-30 years
31 - 40 years
More than 40 years
Hospital problems
Low N 45 38 56 139
37.699** (p < .001)
% 14.9% 12.5% 18.5% 45.9%
Medium N 21 16 53 90
% 6.9% 5.3% 17.5% 29.7%
High N 25 38 11 74
% 8.3% 12.5% 3.6% 24.4%
Total N 91 92 120 303
% 30.0% 30.4% 39.6% 100.0% ** Significant at 1% level
From the table 4.37 it is observed that there is significant association between
age and hospital problems. Chi square value (37.699) shows that the null hypothesis is
rejected at 1% level. It is found from the analysis that there is a close association
between age and hospital problems. From the table 4.37 it is evident that most of the
patients with age more than 40 years (18.5%) are facing low level problems in
hospitals.
171
4.10.3 Assessing the association between marital status and hospital problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15(c): There is no significant relationship between marital
status and hospital problems.
To assess the relationship between marital status and hospital problems, Chi
square test was performed to identify the relationship between marital status and
hospital problems. The results are shown in table 4.38.
Table 4.38
Association between marital status and hospital problems
Factors Marital status
Total Chi-square
Value Married Single
Hospital problems
Low N 90 49 139
11.717** (p = .003)
% 29.7% 16.2% 45.9%
Medium N 64 26 90
% 21.1% 8.6% 29.7%
High N 34 40 74
% 11.2% 13.2% 24.4%
Total N 188 115 303
% 62.0% 38.0% 100.0% ** Significant at 1% level
From the table 4.38 it is observed that there is significant association between
marital status and hospital problems. Chi square value (11.717) shows that the null
hypothesis is rejected at 1% level. It is found from the analysis that there is a close
association between marital status and hospital problems. From the table 4.38 it is
evident that most of the married patients (29.7%) are facing low level problems in
hospitals.
172
4.10.4 Assessing the association between education and hospital problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15(d): There is no significant relationship between
education and hospital problems.
To assess the relationship between education and hospital problems,
Chi-square test was performed to identify the relationship between education and
hospital problems. The results are shown in table 4.39.
Table 4.39
Association between education and hospital problems
Factors Education
Total Chi-square
Value School level Graduates Post
graduates Professionals
Hospital problems
Low N 18 50 39 32 139
18.993** (p = .004)
% 5.9% 16.5% 12.9% 10.6% 45.9%
Medium N 12 50 22 6 90
% 4.0% 16.5% 7.3% 2.0% 29.7%
High N 12 29 26 7 74
% 4.0% 9.6% 8.6% 2.3% 24.4%
Total N 42 129 87 45 303
% 13.9% 42.6% 28.7% 14.9% 100.0% ** Significant at 1% level
From the table 4.39 it is observed that there is significant association between
education and hospital problems. Chi square value (18.993) shows that the null
hypothesis is rejected at 1% level. It is found from the analysis that there is a close
association between education and hospital problems. From the table 4.39 it is evident
that most of the graduates (16.5%) are facing low level problems in hospitals.
173
4.10.5 Assessing the association between treatment undergone earlier and
hospital problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15(e): There is no significant relationship between
treatment undergone earlier in Chennai and hospital problems.
To assess the relationship between treatment undergone earlier and hospital
problems, Chi square test was performed to identify the relationship between
treatment undergone earlier and hospital problems. The results are shown in
table 4.40.
Table 4.40
Association between treatment undergone earlier and hospital problems
Factors Treatment undergone
earlier in Chennai Total Chi square
Value Yes No
Hospital problems
Low N 116 23 139
1.124 (p = .570)
% 38.3% 7.6% 45.9%
Medium N 71 19 90
% 23.4% 6.3% 29.7%
High N 58 16 74
% 19.1% 5.3% 24.4%
Total N 245 58 303
% 80.9% 19.1% 100.0%
From the table 4.40 it is observed that there is no significant association
between treatment undergone earlier and hospital problems. Chi square value (1.124)
shows that the null hypothesis is accepted at 5% level. It is found from the analysis
that there is no relationship between treatment undergone earlier and hospital
problems.
174
4.10.6 Assessing the association between gender and payment problems
Null hypothesis H0 15(f): There is no significant relationship between gender
and payment problems.
To assess the relationship between gender and payment problems, Chi-square
test was performed to identify the relationship between gender and payment problems.
The results are shown in table 4.41.
Table 4.41
Association between gender and payment problems
Factors Gender
Total Chi square
Value Male Female
Payment problems
Low N 99 51 150
2.035 (p = .361)
% 32.7% 16.8% 49.5%
Medium N 43 27 70
% 14.2% 8.9% 23.1%
High N 47 36 83
% 15.5% 11.9% 27.4%
Total N 189 114 303
% 62.4% 37.6% 100.0%
From the table 4.41 it is observed that there is no significant association
between gender and payment problems. Chi square value (2.035) shows that the null
hypothesis is accepted at 5% level. It is found from the analysis that there is no
relationship between gender and payment problems.
175
4.10.7 Assessing the association between age and payment problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15(g): There is no significant relationship between age and
payment problems.
To assess the relationship between age and payment problems, Chi-square test
was performed to identify the relationship between age and payment problems. The
results are shown in table 4.42.
Table 4.42
Association between age and payment problems
Factors Age
Total Chi-square
Value 18 - 30 years
31 - 40 years
More than 40 years
Payment problems
Low N 31 45 74 150
22.801** (p < .001)
% 10.2% 14.9% 24.4% 49.5%
Medium N 24 17 29 70
% 7.9% 5.6% 9.6% 23.1%
High N 36 30 17 83
% 11.9% 9.9% 5.6% 27.4%
Total N 91 92 120 303
% 30.0% 30.4% 39.6% 100.0% ** Significant at 1% level
From the table 4.42 it is observed that there is significant association between
age and payment problems. Chi square value (22.801) shows that the null hypothesis
is rejected at 1% level. It is found from the analysis that there is a close association
between age and payment problems. From the table 4.42 it is evident that most of the
patients with age more than 40 years (24.4%) are facing low level payment problems
in hospitals in Chennai.
176
4.10.8 Assessing the association between marital status and payment problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15(h): There is no significant relationship between marital
status and payment problems.
To assess the relationship between marital status and payment problems, Chi
square test was performed to identify the relationship between marital status and
payment problems. The results are shown in table 4.43.
Table 4.43
Association between marital status and payment problems
Factors Marital status
Total Chi square
Value Married Single
Payment problems
Low N 108 42 150
20.386** (p < .001)
% 35.6% 13.9% 49.5%
Medium N 45 25 70
% 14.9% 8.3% 23.1%
High N 35 48 83
% 11.6% 15.8% 27.4%
Total N 188 115 303
% 62.0% 38.0% 100.0% ** Significant at 1% level
From the table 4.43 it is observed that there is significant association between
marital status and payment problems. Chi square value (20.386) shows that the null
hypothesis is rejected at 1% level. It is found from the analysis that there is a close
association between marital status and payment problems. From the table 4.45 it is
evident that most of the married patients (35.6%) are facing low level payment
problems in hospitals in Chennai.
177
4.10.9 Assessing the association between education and payment problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15(i): There is no significant relationship between
education and payment problems.
To assess the relationship between education and payment problems, Chi-
square test was performed to identify the relationship between education and payment
problems. The results are shown in table 4.44.
Table 4.44
Association between education and payment problems
Factors Education
Total Chi
square Value School
level Graduates Post graduates Professional
Payment problems
Low N 19 66 41 24 150
15.608* (p = .016)
% 6.3% 21.8% 13.5% 7.9% 49.5%
Medium N 7 40 18 5 70
% 2.3% 13.2% 5.9% 1.7% 23.1%
High N 16 23 28 16 83
% 5.3% 7.6% 9.2% 5.3% 27.4%
Total N 42 129 87 45 303
% 13.9% 42.6% 28.7% 14.9% 100.0% * Significant at 5% level
From the 4.44 it is observed that there is significant association between
education and payment problems. Chi square value (15.608) shows that the null
hypothesis is rejected at 5% level. It is found from the analysis that there is a close
association between education and payment problems. From the table 4.44 it is
evident that most of the patients possessing graduations (21.8%) are facing low level
payment problems in hospitals in Chennai.
178
4.10.10 Assessing the association between Employment status and payment
problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15(j): There is no significant relationship between
Employment status and payment problems.
To assess the relationship between Employment status and payment problems,
Chi square test was performed to identify the relationship between Employment status
and payment problems. The results are shown in table 4.45.
Table 4.45
Association between Employment status and payment problems
Factors
Employment status
Total Chi
square Value
Employed with
temporary contract
Firms Employees
Business Owners Professionals
Payment problems
Low N 42 25 54 29 150
54.899**(p < .001)
% 13.9% 8.3% 17.8% 9.6% 49.5%
MediumN 22 27 17 4 70
% 7.3% 8.9% 5.6% 1.3% 23.1%
High N 28 12 7 36 83
% 9.2% 4.0% 2.3% 11.9% 27.4%
Total N 92 64 78 69 303
% 30.4% 21.1% 25.7% 22.8% 100.0% ** Significant at 1% level
From the table 4.45 it is observed that there is significant association between
Employment status and payment problems. Chi square value (54.899) shows that the
null hypothesis is rejected at 1% level. It is found from the analysis that there is a
close association between Employment status and payment problems. From the table
179
4.44 it is evident that most of the patients running their own business (17.8%) are
facing low level payment problems in hospitals in Chennai.
4.10.11 Assessing the association between treatment undergone earlier and
payment problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15 (k): There is no significant relationship between
treatment undergone earlier and payment problems.
To assess the relationship between treatment undergone earlier and payment
problems, Chi square test was performed to identify the relationship between
treatment undergone earlier and payment problems. The results are shown in
table 4.46.
Table 4.46
Association between treatment undergone earlier and payment problems
Factors Treatment undergone
earlier in Chennai Total Chi square
Value Yes No
Payment problems
Low N 126 24 150
1.947 (p = .378)
% 41.6% 7.9% 49.5%
Medium N 55 15 70
% 18.2% 5.0% 23.1%
High N 64 19 83
% 21.1% 6.3% 27.4%
Total N 245 58 303
% 80.9% 19.1% 100.0%
From the table 4.46 it is observed that there is no significant association
between treatment undergone earlier and payment problems. Chi square value (1.947)
shows that the null hypothesis is accepted at 5% level. It is found from the analysis
180
that there is no relationship between treatment undergone earlier and payment
problems.
4.10.12 Assessing the association between gender and other problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15 (l): There is no significant relationship between gender
and other problems.
To assess the relationship between gender and other problems, Chi square test
was performed to identify the relationship between gender and other problems. The
results are shown in table 4.47.
Table 4.47
Association between gender and other problems
Factors Gender
Total Chi square
Value Male Female
Other problems
Low N 105 57 162
1.337 (p = .512)
% 34.7% 18.8% 53.5%
Medium N 59 37 96
% 19.5% 12.2% 31.7%
High N 25 20 45
% 8.3% 6.6% 14.9%
Total N 189 114 303
% 62.4% 37.6% 100.0%
From the table 4.47 it is observed that there is no significant association
between gender and other problems. Chi square value (1.337) shows that the null
hypothesis is accepted at 5% level. It is found from the analysis that there is no
relationship between gender and other problems.
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4.10.13 Assessing the association between age and other problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15 (m): There is no significant relationship between age
and other problems.
To assess the relationship between age’s and other problems, Chi-square test
was performed to identify the relationship between age and other problems. The
results are shown in table 4.48.
Table 4.48
Association between age and other problems
Factors Age
Total Chi square
Value 18 - 30 years
31 - 40 years
More than 40 years
Other problems
Low N 36 32 92 160
63.668** (p < .001)
% 11.9% 10.6% 30.36% 52.8%
Medium N 28 45 23 96
% 9.2% 14.9% 7.6% 31.7%
High N 27 15 5 47
% 8.9% 4.95% 1.65% 15.5%
Total N 91 92 120 303
% 30.0% 30.4% 39.6% 100.0% ** Significant at 1% level
From the table 4.48 it is observed that there is significant association between
age and other problems. Chi square value (63.668) shows that the null hypothesis is
rejected at 1% level. It is found from the analysis that there is a close association
between age and other problems. From the table 4.48 it is evident that most of the
patients with age more than 40 years (30.36%) are facing low level other problems in
hospitals in Chennai.
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4.10.14 Assessing the association between marital status and other problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15(n): There is no significant relationship between marital
status and other problems.
To assess the relationship between marital status and other problems, Chi
square test was performed to identify the relationship between marital status and other
problems. The results are shown in table 4.49.
Table 4.49
Association between marital status and other problems
Factors Marital status
Total Chi square
Value Married Single
Other problems
Low N 121 41 162
35.841** (p < .001)
% 39.9% 13.5% 53.5%
Medium N 55 41 96
% 18.2% 13.5% 31.7%
High N 12 33 45
% 4.0% 10.9% 14.9%
Total N 188 115 303
% 62.0% 38.0% 100.0% ** Significant at 1% level
From the table 4.49 it is observed that there is significant association between
marital status and other problems. Chi square value (35.841) shows that the null
hypothesis is rejected at 1% level. It is found from the analysis that there is a close
association between marital status and other problems. From the table 4.49 it is
evident that most of the married patients (39.9%) are facing low level other problems
in hospitals in Chennai.
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4.10.15 Assessing the association between education and other problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15(o): There is no significant relationship between
education and other problems.
To assess the relationship between education and other problems, Chi square
test was performed to identify the relationship between education and other problems.
The results are shown in table 4.50.
Table 4.50
Association between education and other problems
Factors
Education
Total Chi
square Value
School level
Graduates Post graduates Professionals
Other problems
Low N 23 74 38 27 162
29.137** (p < .001)
% 7.6% 24.4% 12.5% 8.9% 53.5%
Medium N 9 40 42 5 96
% 3.0% 13.2% 13.9% 1.7% 31.7%
High N 10 15 7 13 45
% 3.3% 5.0% 2.3% 4.3% 14.9%
Total N 42 129 87 45 303
% 13.9% 42.6% 28.7% 14.9% 100.0% ** Significant at 1% level
From the table 4.50 it is observed that there is significant association between
education and other problems. Chi square value (29.137) shows that the null
hypothesis is rejected at 1% level. It is found from the analysis that there is a close
association between education and other problems. From the table 4.50 it is evident
that most of the patients possessing graduation as their educational qualification
(24.4%) is facing low levels other problems in hospitals in Chennai.
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4.10.16 Assessing the association between employment status and other
problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15(p): There is no significant relationship between
employment status and other problems.
To assess the relationship between employment status and other problems, Chi
square test was performed to identify the relationship between employment status and
other problems. The results are shown in table 4.51.
Table 4.51
Association between employment status and other problems
Factors
Employment status
Total Chi
square Value
Employed with
temporary contract
Firms Employees
Business Owners Professionals
Other problems
Low N 37 37 38 50 162
22.146** (p < .001)
% 12.2% 12.2% 12.5% 16.5% 53.5%
Medium N 34 17 32 13 96
% 11.2% 5.6% 10.6% 4.3% 31.7%
High N 21 10 8 6 45
% 6.9% 3.3% 2.6% 2.0% 14.9%
Total N 92 64 78 69 303
% 30.4% 21.1% 25.7% 22.8% 100.0% ** Significant at 1% level
From the table 4.51 it is observed that there is significant association between
employment status and other problems. Chi square value (22.146) shows that the null
hypothesis is rejected at 1% level. It is found from the analysis that there is a close
association between employment status and other problems. From the table 4.51 it is
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evident that most of the patients working as professionals (16.5%) are facing low
level other problems in hospitals in Chennai.
4.10.17 Assessing the association between treatment undergone earlier and
other problems.
Null hypothesis H0 15(q): There is no significant relationship between
treatment undergone earlier and other problems.
To assess the relationship between treatment undergone earlier and other
problems, Chi square test was performed to identify the relationship between
treatment undergone earlier and other problems. The results are shown in table 4.52
Table 4.52
Association between treatment undergone earlier and other problems
Factors Treatment undergone
earlier in Chennai Total Chi square
Value Yes No
Other problems
Low N 128 34 162
1.921 (p = .383)
% 42.2% 11.2% 53.5%
Medium N 82 14 96
% 27.1% 4.6% 31.7%
High N 35 10 45
% 11.6% 3.3% 14.9%
Total N 245 58 303
% 80.9% 19.1% 100.0%
From the table 4.52 it is observed that there is no significant association
between treatment undergone earlier and other problems. Chi square value (1.921)
shows that the null hypothesis is accepted at 5% level. It is found from the analysis
that there is no relationship between treatment undergone earlier and other problems.
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4.11 Predictor variables of satisfaction towards services provided by the
hospitals in Chennai to medical tourists
Multiple regression analysis was conducted by taking patients satisfaction
towards the services provided by the hospitals in Chennai for medical tourists as
dependent variable and Infrastructure, Emergency services, Diagnostic services,
Dietary services, Diagnosing, Nursing, Registration and Problems faced as medical
tourists were taken as independent variable (shown in the table 4.53).
Table 4.53
Regression analysis for satisfaction towards services provided by the hospitals in
Chennai
Factors R2 Standard Beta
F t value
Infrastructure Emergency services Diagnostic services Dietary services Diagnosing Nursing Registration Problems faced as medical tourists
0.476
0.851 0.743 0.665 0.123 0.533 0.411 0.003 0.085
33.361**
4.097** 3.583** 2.402* 1.645
2.491* 2.495* 0.055 1.262
Adjusted R2
0.462
** Significant at 1% level * significant at 5% level
It is observed from the table 4.53, the regression models F value is 33.361 and
it is significant at 1% level. The regression models coefficient of determination (R2)
is 0.476 and its adjusted R2 is 0.462, which is a healthy coefficient. One unit increase
in Infrastructure increases the patients satisfaction towards the services provided by
the hospitals in Chennai by 0.851 units. This shows that Infrastructure is one of the
main factors to bring satisfaction among patients.
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Emergency services serves as a significant predictor by increasing satisfaction
towards services provided by the hospitals in Chennai by 0.743 units. One unit
increase in Diagnostic services improves satisfaction towards service provided by the
hospitals in Chennai by 0.665 units. One unit increase in the Diagnosing and Nursing
improves satisfaction towards the services provided by the hospitals in Chennai by
0.533 and 0.411 units. Dietary services, Registration and Problems faced as medical
tourists are not serving as significant predictors for satisfaction towards services
provided by the private insurance companies.
The regression equation of satisfaction towards services provided by the
hospitals in Chennai is:
Satisfaction towards hospital services = 5.073 + 0.851 (Infrastructure) + 0.743
(Emergency services) + 0.665 (Diagnostic services) + 0.533 (Diagnosing) + 0.411
(Nursing)
Hence Infrastructure, Emergency services, Diagnostic services, Diagnosing
and Nursing serves as significant predictors of satisfaction towards services provided
by the hospitals in Chennai for medical tourists.
4.12 Model for satisfaction towards services provided by the hospitals in
Chennai to medical tourists
Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a statistical technique for testing and
estimating causal relations using a combination of statistical data and qualitative
causal assumptions. This definition of SEM was articulated by the geneticist Sewall
Wright (1921), the economist Trygve Haavelmo (1943) and the cognitive scientist
Herbert Simon (1953), and formally defined by Judea Pearl (2000) using a calculus of
counterfactuals.
188
SEM allows both confirmatory and exploratory modeling, meaning they are
suited to both theory testing and theory development. Confirmatory modeling usually
starts out with a hypothesis that gets represented in a causal model. The concepts used
in the model must then be operationalized to allow testing of the relationships
between the concepts in the model. The model is tested against the obtained
measurement data to determine how well the model fits the data. The causal
assumptions embedded in the model often have falsifiable implications which can be
tested against the data.
With an initial theory SEM can be used inductively by specifying a
corresponding model and using data to estimate the values of free parameters. Often
the initial hypothesis requires adjustment in light of model evidence. When SEM is
used purely for exploration, this is usually in the context of exploratory factor analysis
as in psychometric design.
A model was developed by using analysis of moment structure (AMOS 16.1).
A model is fit to ensure the satisfaction level of the medical tourist came to Chennai.
In this model factors such as Infrastructure, Emergency service, Diagnostic services,
Diagnosing and Nursing (measured through variables and reduced as factors) and
Satisfaction towards the hospital services is unobserved variable. e1, e2, e3, e4 and e5
are error terms (residuals) for Infrastructure, Emergency service, Diagnostic services,
Diagnosing and Nursing.
Null Hypothesis H015: The model fitted for satisfaction towards the services
provided by the hospitals in Chennai to medical tourists is good.
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Figure 4.1
Model for satisfaction towards services provided by the hospitals in Chennai
to medical tourists
190
Model fit Summary
The model fit Chi square 2 = 2.134 and the models p value is .096 which is
insignificant at 5% level, which shows that the null hypothesis “The model fitted for
satisfaction towards the services provided by the hospitals in Chennai to medical
tourists is good” is accepted. The goodness of fit index (GFI) is .918 of the model,
shows reasonably good fit, and its adjusted goodness of fit (AGFI) is .907. The Root
Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) is .094, a smaller value indicates
better model, and Expected Cross Validation Index (ECVI) is .109, which are within
the acceptable range indicating a better model fit.
4.13 Summary
This chapter has delineated data analysis within the study as well as the pilot
study conducted before the main study. Once some modifications are made as a result
of the pilot study, data collection for the substantive study primarily concerned a
survey employing a structured questionnaire.
Data from a total of 303 valid questionnaires were included within the
analysis. All variables were tested for validity and reliability before continuing to the
testing of the hypotheses. Hypotheses, those were tested by applicable statistical
methods for the variables concerned are explored during this chapter.