Descriptive Research Design Survey and Observation Chapter VI.
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CHAPTER 9, SURVEY RESEARCH
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Chapter Outline
Topics Appropriate for Survey Research Guidelines for Asking Questions Questionnaire Construction Self-Administered Questionnaires Interview Surveys Telephone Surveys Online Surveys Comparison of the Different Survey Methods Strengths and Weaknesses of Survey Research Secondary Analysis Ethics and Survey Research Quick Quiz
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Topics Appropriate for Survey Research Descriptive, exploratory, and explanatory
Units of analysis = respondents Respondents – A person who provides data
for analysis by responding to a survey questionnaire.
Large samples, original data, measuring attitudes and orientations
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Guidelines for Asking Questions Questionnaire – A document containing
questions and other types of items designed to solicit information appropriate for analysis.
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Choose Appropriate Question Forms Questions and Statements
Open-Ended and Closed-Ended Questions Open-Ended Questions – Questions for which
the respondent is asked to provide his/her own answers.
Closed-Ended Questions – Survey questions in which the respondent is asked to select an answer from among a list provided by the researcher.
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Make Items Clear
Avoid Double-Barreled Questions
Respondents Must Be Competent to Answer
Respondents Must Be Willing to Answer
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Questions Should Be Relevant
Short Items are Best
Avoid Negative Items
Avoid Biased Items and Terms
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Questionnaire Construction
General Questionnaire Format Uncluttered One question per line Consistent format
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Figure 9.1
Formats for Respondents
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Contingency Question – A survey question intended for only some respondents, determined by their responses to some other question.
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Figure 9.2
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Figure 9.3
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Figure 9.4
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Figure 9.5
Matrix Questions
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Ordering Items in a Questionnaire Appearance
Open-Ended or Closed-Ended First?
Randomized Ordering
Sensitivity to the Problem
Demographic questions should go at the end
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Questionnaire Instructions Introductory comments and clear
instructions
Pre-testing the Questionnaire
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Figure 9.6
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Self-Administered Questionnaires Questionnaires in which respondents are
asked to complete the questionnaire by themselves.
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Mail Distribution and Return Why do people not return questionnaires?
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Monitoring Returns
Follow-Up Mailings
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Response Rate – The number of people participating in a survey divided by the number selected in the sample.
Ideal = higher than 70%
Why is a low response rate bad?
What can be done to improve response?
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Interview Surveys
Interview – A data-collection encounter in which one person (interviewer) asks questions of another (respondent).
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The Role of the Survey Interviewer Interviewers solicit higher response rates
(80-85%) than mail surveys. Interviews minimized “don’t know” and “no
answer.” Interviewers serve as a guard against
confusion. Interviewers can observe respondents while
completing the questionnaire.
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General Guidelines for Survey Interviewing Dress appropriately Be familiar with questionnaire Follow question working exactly Record responses exactly Probe when necessary
Probe – a technique employed interviewing to solicit a more complete answer to a question.
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Coordination and Control Training
General guidelines How to handle difficult situations Practice interviews “Real” interviews
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Telephone Surveys
Advantages 95.5% of households have a telephone Time and money Control Personal safety
Disadvantages Bogus surveys Unlisted phone numbers Cell phones Answering machines/voicemail/caller ID
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Random-Digit Dialing (RDD) – A sampling technique in which random numbers are selected from within the ranges of numbers assigned to active telephones.
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Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) – A data-collection technique in which a telephone-survey questionnaire is stored in a computer, permitting the interviewer to read the questions from the monitor and enter the answers on the computer keyboard
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Response Rates in Interview Surveys
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Online Surveys
Representative?
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DO use consistent wording. DO use simple language. DON’T force excessive scrolling. DO offer to share select result with
respondents. DO plan time and day of initial mailing. DO be aware of technical limitations. DO test incentives, rewards, and prizes. DO limit studies to less than 15 minutes.
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Comparison of the Different Survey Methods Self-Administered Questionnaires
Cheaper and faster than face-to-face interviews National is the same cost as local mailings Requires small staff More willingness to answer controversial items
Interview Surveys Fewer incomplete questionnaires More effective for complicated questionnaires Face-to-face is more intimate
Telephone Surveys Cheaper and more time efficient
Online Surveys Available software and websites
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Strengths and Weaknesses of Survey Research Strengths
Useful in describing large populations Make large samples possible Surveys are flexible Standardized questions
Weaknesses Round pegs in square holes Seldom deal with context of social life Inflexible Artificial Weak on validity (but strong on reliability)
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Secondary Analysis
Secondary Analysis – A form of research in which the data collected and processed by one researcher are reanalyzed by another. Example: General Social Survey
Advantages: cheaper and faster than primary data collection
Disadvantages: validity
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Quick Quiz
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1. When is survey research the best method available?A. when collecting original dataB. when describing a population too large to observe directlyC. when measuring attitudesD. all of the above
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Answer: D.Survey research the best method available
when collecting original data, when describing a population too large to observe directly, and when measuring attitudes.
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2. _____ questions have a respondent select an answer from among a list provided.A. Open-EndedB. PretestC. ExperimentalD. Closed-Ended
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Answer: D.Closed-ended questions have a
respondent select an answer from among a list provided.
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3. As a general rule, a questionnaire should be:A. spread outB. unclutteredC. relevantD. all of the above
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ANSWER: D.As a general rule, a questionnaire should be spread out, uncluttered, and relevant.
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4. Which of these are among the many advantages that underlie the growing popularity of telephone surveys?A. moneyB. timeC. convenienceD. all of the above choicesE. none of the above choices
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ANSWER: D.Money, time, and convenience are among the many advantages that underlie the growing popularity of telephone surveys.
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5. Which is not an advantage of survey research?A. increased validityB. increased reliabilityC. increased generalizabilityD. increased flexibility in analysis
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ANSWER: A.Increased validity is not an advantage of survey research.
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6. The major problem with secondary analysis pertains to:A. theory.B. hypotheses.C. validity.D. sampling.E. empirical generalization.
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ANSWER: C.The major problem with secondary analysis pertains to validity.