Chapter 9: State, Society and the Quest for Salvation in India€¦ · Chapter 9: State, Society...
Transcript of Chapter 9: State, Society and the Quest for Salvation in India€¦ · Chapter 9: State, Society...
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The Mauryan and Gupta Empires: 321 BCE – 550 CE
Chapter 9: State, Society and the Quest for Salvation in India
Jainism: 5th Century BCEIncreased tradeDevelopment of jatiDevelopment of BuddhismDevelopment of Mahayana Buddhism
3rd century BCEDevelopment of Popular Hinduism
The Bhagavad Gita 400 CE
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POWER VACUUM
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The necessary education, drill, and discipline to cultivatemilitarism were confined to the members of one community, the Ksatriyas. This prevented the militant attitude from spreading to other communities and kept the whole social structure unaffected by actual wars and war institutions.
Says the Arthva Veda: "May we revel, living a hundred winters, rich in heroes." The whole countrylooked upon the members of the kshatriya community as defenders of their country and consequently did not grudge the high influence and power wielded by the Kshatriyas, who were assigned a social rank next in importance to the intellectual and spiritual needs of the
society
First to unite India:
Chandragupta Maurya
320s BCE
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ArthashastraOverseeing trade and agriculture(roads/ irrigation canals)
Standarization in taxcollection
Maintaining order
Foreign relations
Waging war
SuccessfulBureaucracy
Spies
Prostitutes
The enemy of my enemy
is my friend!
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The Four Noble Truths?
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Series of Steps Leading to Enlightenment, Salvation
• Right view, or accepting the reality of the Four Noble Truths
• Right attitude, or striving for moderation in all things
• Right speech, avoiding lies, boasts, and hurtful words
• Right action, or treating others fairly
• Right livelihood, avoiding jobs that could bring harm to others
• Right effort, or constantly trying to improve oneself
• Right mindfulness, or remaining aware of world around one
• Right concentration, or ignoring temptation and discomfort while
meditating
EIGHTFOLD PATH
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The Lawbook of Manu
• 2nd century BCE – 2nd century CE• Described a divinely ordained social order
• Believed that: all embryos are basically male and that weak sperm produced females
• Advocated child marriage for girls to men much older
• Believed that: a virtuous wife should constantly serve her husband like a god, should never remarry after his death
• Declared that: “In childhood a female must be subject to her father; in youth to her husband; when her lord is dead to her sons; a woman must never be
• independent”
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The Lawbook of Manu: The Practice of Sati
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Footprints of the Buddha: early symbols of him/ focus for devotion/ reminder that since he passed on to nirvana, he can not be physically present
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Jainism: 5th Century BCE
Do you remember you have a
test on Thursday?
I can’t help you on this test, so
you better study!!
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Siddhartha as a Boddhisatva
Ashoka Maurya r. 268-232 BCEHigh point of Mauryan Empire
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For Ashoka:
Challenge was how to honor theguidelines of the Arthashastraat the same time as honor the Buddha’sdemands to become a selfless person?
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As a good Buddhist, Ashoka:
• Banned animal sacrifices• Mandated vegetarianism in court• Material support for Buddhist institutionsand Buddhist missionary activities
Role of women changes?????
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"All religions should reside everywhere, for all of them desire self-control and purity of heart." Rock Edict Nb7 (S. Dhammika)
"Here (in my domain) no living beings are to be slaughtered or offered in sacrifice." Rock Edict Nb1 (S. Dhammika)
"Contact (between religions) is good. One should listen to and respect the doctrines professed by others. Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, desires that all should be well-learned in the good doctrines of other religions.“Rock Edict Nb12 (S. Dhammika)
"One benefits in this world and gains great merit in the next by giving the gift of the Dhamma." Rock Edict Nb11 (S. Dhammika)
"Happiness in this world and the next is difficult to obtain without much love for the Dhamma, much self-examination, much respect, much fear (of evil), and much enthusiasm." Pilar Edict Nb1 (S. Dhammika)
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Spread of Buddhism under Ashoka Maurya 268-232 BCE
Decline of Empire?
Similar to anywhere else?
Achievements:
Territorial ExpansionEfficient collection of taxesIrrigation systems (agricultural surplus)Rock and Pillar EdictsSpread of BuddhismPositive leadership = Political/Cultural UnityAshoka well connectedCommunication links/ roads/ inns and wells
Death of Ashoka = no strong successor = economic crisis =
Devaluation of currency =military not supported by shortfall in tax
revenue = lazy, idleCosts exceeded revenue
states left empire
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WHY was Buddhism so popular?WHY did it spread?
• Equality of salvation• Vernacular• Less demanding• Monasteries (Nalanda)• Mahayana (2-3rd Century CE)
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After the fall of the Mauryan Empire…..
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The Gupta Empire: ~ 320 – 500 CE Chandra Gupta II
375 – 415 CE
Chandra Gupta = ALIANCE BUILDINGWith powerful families
Decentralized leadership but stillhad stability and prosperity
Local states still retain some power(compared to Ashoka?)
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• Right hand, palm facing viewer =Reassurance, “have no fear”
• Partially webbed fingers= Buddha’s unique status
• Knot on top of head =Enlightenment
• Elongated ear lobes =Reminder of earlier life of luxury/ Ears weighed down by heavy earrings/ jewelry
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spices
gold & ivory
Extensive Trade of the 4th C CE
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International Trade Routes during the Golden Age of the Gupta Empire
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Medicine Literature
MathematicsAstronomy
Printedmedicinal guides
1000 diseasesclassified
PlasticSurgery
C-sectionsperformed
Inoculations
500 healingplants identified
DecimalSystem
Conceptof Zero
PI = 3.1416
Kalidasa
SolarCalendar
The earthis round
Gupta
India
Gupta
AchievementsHindu revival
With death of Ashoka:
Bhagavad Gita
Arabic numerals
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The cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified by the forms of Brahman the creator, Vishnu the maintainer or preserver, and Shiva the destroyer or transformer.
Vishnu:
“preserver of the world who intervened frequently on behalf of virtuous individuals”
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Increasingly distinct
from traditional view of
The Upanishads
RAMAYANA
Rama (incarnation of Vishnu) andSita (his wife) = women portrayed as weak, devotional to a fault
Bhagavad
Gita: Krishna said: devotional
worship, abandon selfish concerns, understand the soul and caste duties = faith willbring salvation (a conversation)
POPULAR
HINDUISM
Prince Arjuna
Krishna
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POPULAR
HINDUISM
• Emphasis on meeting class obligations
(dharma)
• Pursuit of economic well-being and honesty
(artha)
• Enjoyment of social, physical and sexual
pleasure (kama)
• Salvation of the soul (moksha)
After 1000 CE: Buddhism declines In popularity in South Asia
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What led to
the decline of
the Gupta
Empire?
Invasion of
The White Huns
~ 450 CE
• With invasion, empire
split along administrative
fault lines
• Local leaders usurped
power