Chapter 9 Rocks and Minerals 6 th Grade Science. Minerals ___________ - a natural, non-living solid...
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Transcript of Chapter 9 Rocks and Minerals 6 th Grade Science. Minerals ___________ - a natural, non-living solid...
Chapter 9
Rocks and Minerals6th Grade Science
Minerals
• ___________ - a natural, non-living solid with a definite chemical structure.
• Earth’s crust contains more than _________ minerals – only two dozen are common.
• Examples: diamond, quartz, emerald copper• Minerals are made up of ______.• Particles of _______ are arranged in a
particular repeating pattern.
Mineral
4,000 kinds
crystals
crystals
Crystals
• _______ form when minerals are made in nature
• Each type of mineral has its own unique chemical __________.
• Differences in minerals result from the way that particles are arranged.
• Brass – Copper + Zinc –____________because it does not occur naturally
Not a mineral
structure
Mineral
Identifying Minerals
• _________• _________• ____________• __________• ___________
hardness
Streak color
Shape of crystals
cleavage
Luster
Identifying Minerals
• Minerals are identified by their ____________• _______________ - a scale to measure
hardness of a mineral • The range of the harness scale is from 1
(_______) to 10 (______)• Talc has a harness of __ / diamond is a _____• ________ - refers to how difficult it is to
scratch its surface
characteristics
Moh’s hardness scale
hardness
Softest Hardest
1 10
Other Mineral Characteristics
• _______ - a mineral may have different crystals depending on the kinds of materials that make up its ______.
• The color of a mineral can be seen in its ______.
• A mineral can also be identified by the ______ of its crystals.
• _______ - minerals show particular patterns when they are broken along flat planes.
Color
crystals
streak
shape
Cleavage
Luster
• ______ - the appearance of a mineral in reflected light.
• A mineral may appear:– __________– __________– __________– __________– __________
Luster
Metallic
NonmetallicGreasy
Glassy
Waxy
Value of Minerals
• Some minerals are ____ which makes them very valuable
• Some minerals are valuable because they are ______________ - scientists have tried to find ways to reuse minerals or replace them with less expensive materials.
• Aluminum and tin can be ________• Synthetic forms of gemstones = cubic zirconia
rare
Natural Resources
recycled
Assessment
• Page 249 questions 1 and 2
Rocks
• _____ - a solid, natural material made up of one or more minerals
• ___________ - as time passes, rock break down, and the minerals in them are recycled – pattern of change
• The rock cycle takes place over ________ of years.
• There are three types of rocks: __________, __________, and __________
rock
Rock cycle
millions
sedimentaryigneous metamorphic
Sedimentary Rock
• ______________ - made from pieces of rocks and minerals
• Sedimentary rock forms in ________ - the oldest rock at the bottom and the newest rock on top.
• Sedimentary rock is like a “_________” - past events captured in each layer.
• _____ - remains of once living animals or plants
Sedimentary rock
layers
History book
fossils
Sedimentary Rock Continued
• Fossils are ONLY found in _____________• Example of sedimentary rock = ________• Limestone is made from _________________
or from dissolved __________ that settle out of seawater.
Sedimentary rock
limestone
Shells of tiny sea animals
minerals
Igneous Rock
• __________ - forms from magma – molten rock inside of the earth that cools and hardens
• Some igneous rock forms ______________ and is only exposed after rocks above have worn away
• Other igneous rocks form when _____ cools at the Earth’s surface
• When lava cools fast - _______________• When lava cools slowly - _______________
Igneous rock
Below Earth’s surface
lava
Fine-ground rocks form
Coarse-grained rock
Metamorphic Rock
• _____________ - forms when heat, pressure, or chemical reactions change one type of rock into another type of rock.
• Metamorphic rock is made from ___________ or _________.
• Example: ______ is a metamorphic rock made from________ (sedimentary rock)
Metamorphic rock
Sedimentary rockIgneous rock
marblelimestone
Compare and Contrast
• How are the three types of rocks similar and different?
Clues to the Past
• Scientists can tell a great deal about Earth’s history by looking at _____.
• ______________ - scientists look at the layers of sedimentary rock and learn about the relative age of each layer and the minerals found in it.
• Relative dating allows scientists to place past events in ____________
rocks
Relative dating
Sequential order
Fossils
• ________ - can form when an organisms is buried in soft mud or when parts of the organisms do not rot away.
• Burrows and footprints can also be fossilized• Many fossils were made by animals that are
now _____ - helps scientists determine the rocks age.
• __________ - a fossil of marine animals known as corals
fossils
extinct
Peoskey Stone
Assessment
• How can rocks help scientists learn about the past?
• What are trilobites and when were they on Earth?
Soil
• ____ - made of weathered rock, air, water, and the remains of living things.
• __________ - process of breaking down rocks through physical factors such as _____, _________, _______ or__________________.
• ________ = non-living parts of the soil• As rock breaks down small pieces collect on
the surface
soil
weathering
frostdrought Changes in temperaturerainwater
inorganic
Soil Formation
• _______ and _______ are plants that help break down rock.
• When rocks are broken down _______are released
• ___________ - dead or decaying matter such as bacteria, fungi, animals and plants.
• ______ - dark colored organic matter formed from decayed plant and animal remains- _______________________
mosses lichens
minerals
Organic matter
humus
Rich in nutrients needed by plants
Layers of Soil
• Soils form in _____ layers• _________- a vertical cross section of the soil
and rock underneath• ________ - first layer of soil, mixture of small
rock pieces, humus, and other organic matter– Most living things are found in the _______– Loose _____________ often covers the topsoil– Rainwater carries minerals from the topsoil to the
2nd layer of soil.
three
Soil profile
topsoil
topsoilOrganic matter
Subsoil / Parent Rock Layers
• _______ - less organic matter than topsoil, lighter in color.
• _________ penetrate the subsoil through rainwater and accumulate
• _________ - third layer, very little organic matter found in this layer
subsoil
mineral
Parent rock
Kinds of Soils
• ________ - fine grained and hold water – these soils can become waterlogged
• _________ - medium sized grains – better drainage than clay soils
• __________ - large-grained, do not retain water
• Most soils are a mixture• ______ - silt and sand in roughly _____ parts
Clay soils
Silt soils
Sandy soils
loam equal
Factors That Affect Soil
• ________ - most important factor that determines the type of soil that is formed
• Climate affects _________ - increased rainfall, warm temperatures, frost-thaw etc.
• __________ - minerals in the rocks affect the characteristics of the soil – example: reddish colored soil indicates iron-rich minerals
• __________ - mix the soil and breakdown organic matter
climate
weathering
Kinds of rock
earthworms
Soils Continued
• Soil color is affected by the amount of __________ in the soil.
• Soils with more organic matter are ______• ___________ - affects soil formation because
of slope and erosion• Mountains have thin layers of ______• Land that is flat has a _________ of topsoil
because of minimal erosion
Organic matter
darker
Shape of land
topsoil
Thick layer
Assessment
• Write an advertisement for an ideal soil for growing plants.