CHAPTER 9CHAPTER 9PART 1PART 1

STNTCase Study Klamath RiverCase Study Ogallala Aquifer pg. 238Case Study Dust Bowl – pg 241

Chapter 9Water Resources

Part 1

Dams and Salmon on the Klamath Dams and Salmon on the Klamath RiverRiver1. Where is the Klamath

river?2. Describe the changes

that have occurred in this river affecting the salmon population?

3. Explain the migratory pattern of the salmon involving this river.

Add to your map

4. What was the cause of less water flowing into this river?

5. How did the U. S. Endangered Species Act protect the salmon?

6. What is the current debate?

7. What is the condition today?

Water on EarthWater on Earth% of earth is water

• % salt water (round)• % freshwater (round)

• Locations of freshwater• % accessible for use

Usable water is rare!Remember the rhyme of the Ancient Marnier!

Ground WaterGround WaterDefine aquifer

• Unconfined • Confined

• Water table• Ground Water

Recharge• Recharge area

• Differences in water in confined and unconfined aquifers.

Aquifer more like an elongated sponge.

Ground WaterGround WaterWellArtesian well

Define springs. including their source.

Case Study: Aquifer Depletion in Case Study: Aquifer Depletion in the U.S.the U.S. Largest known

aquifer in US. Location. Uses of this

water.

Results of large scale withdrawal of water from a confined aquifer. Add to your map

Case Study Ogallala Case Study Ogallala AquiferAquifer

1. Where has the biggest change in the water-level occurred?

2. What is the cause of the change to the aquifer?

3. Where is the Ogallala aquifer the thickest?

Greatest Aquifer DepletionGreatest Aquifer Depletion

Fig. 13-9, p. 322

Cone of DepressionCone of DepressionDefinition of cone of depressionProblems associated with a cone of

depression

Saltwater IntrusionSaltwater IntrusionDefine Cause

Surface WaterSurface WaterDefine World’s

three largest rivers in terms of volume of water.◦Amazon◦Congo◦Yangtze

Add to map

World’s Largest World’s Largest LakesLakes• Characteristics used to

determine size of a lake.

• Difference between lake and sea.

• Lakes with salt water.

• Seas that are now lakes.

• Formation of lakes.

Human CivilizationHuman CivilizationWhy did first settlements begin on major rivers?

Describe a floodplain including cause and value.

Classification of Lakes Classification of Lakes Classification by primary

productivity Oligotrophic lakes

• Steep banks – little vegetation

• Very cold water• Deep• Fed by glaciers and

snowmelt – turbulent• Crystal clear• High DO• Productivity?

Mesotrophic LakesMesotrophic Lakes Most biologically

diverse Emergent

vegetation Bank vegetation Cold in winter Warm in summer Many

invertebrates Productivity?

Eutrophic LakesEutrophic LakesLots of algaeMurky

green/brownWarm waterTropical locationsProductivity?

Cultural EutrophicationCultural EutrophicationDefine

Anthropogenic causes and effects

Freshwater/Saltwater WetlandsFreshwater/Saltwater WetlandsFunctions

Atmospheric WaterAtmospheric Water Atmospheric water is

essential to global water distribution.

% of global water that is atmospheric water.

Effects of Droughts• Human lives• Livestock• Crops• Long term soil effect:

Case Study – The Dust Case Study – The Dust BowlBowl

1. What were the anthropogenic causes leading to the Dust storms of 1935?

2. Why was April 14, 1935 called “Black Sunday”?

3. What is the nickname for the Great Plains as a result of these storms?

4. What was the impact of the dust storms?

5. Why are dust storms unlikely today?

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=youtube%20dust%20bowl&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&sqi=2&ved=0CDEQtwIwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dx2CiDaUYr90&ei=HS6sUIKhCIT68QSEhIDYBg&usg=AFQjCNE12jAiXbUYPhsQOu65_yn-RaJjug

Soil Conservation Act of 1936

FloodingFloodingMany drought-prone areas of the

world rarely experience high amount of rainfall, but when it does, severe flooding can occur.

Anthropogenic causes of flooding• Impermeable surfaces

Anthropogenic Water Anthropogenic Water AlterationAlteration

Ways to live with variations in water availability• Levees• Dikes• Dams• Aqueducts

LeveesLeveesDescription

• Purpose.• Disadvantage

Hurricane Katarina – New Hurricane Katarina – New OrleansOrleans

On 29 August 2005 there were over 50 failures of the levees protecting New Orleans following passage of Hurricane Katrina.

The levee and flood wall failures caused flooding in 80% of New Orleans.

Tens of billions of gallons of water spilled into vast areas of New Orleans, flooding over 100,000 homes and businesses.

Responsibility for the design and construction of the levee system belongs to the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

All investigations agree that the primary cause of the flooding was inadequate design and construction by the Corps of Engineers.

New Orleans is 12 feet below sea level.http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.earths

ys.neworleans/hurricanes-new-orleans-under-threat/

Chapter 9Chapter 9

Part 2Case Study – Three Gorges Dam pg. 243Case Study – Aral Sea pg. 244

DikesDikesDescriptionMore common in

northern EuropeWindmills in the

Netherlands

DamsDamsDescriptionPurpose of the dam and reservoir

ReservoirsReservoirsDisadvanta

ges

Case Study: China’s Three Case Study: China’s Three Gorges DamGorges Dam

1. What is the claim to fame for this dam?

2. Where is this dam located? (which river)

3. What are the benefits of this dam?

4. What are the harmful effects?

Dams – Environmental Dams – Environmental ProblemsProblemsInterruption of the

flow of water to which many organisms are adapted.

Purpose of the fish ladder.

AqueductsAqueductsDescriptionPurpose

Advantages

Disadvantages

The Colorado River BasinThe Colorado River BasinAn Over-tapped Resource An Over-tapped Resource 2,300 km through 7

U.S. states.Dams and

reservoirs.Located in a desert

area within the rain shadow of the Rocky Mountains.

Water supplied mostly from snowmelt of the Rocky Mountains.

The Colorado River Basin— The Colorado River Basin— An Over-tapped Resource An Over-tapped Resource

Supplies water and electricity for more than 25 million people.

Irrigation of crops.Recreation.

Major problems associated with the Colorado river:

Case Study: The Aral Sea Case Study: The Aral Sea DisasterDisaster

1. Where is the Aral Sea?

2. What was the Aral Sea’s claim to fame?

3. What was the anthropogenic cause of the disaster of the Aral Sea?

Aral SeaAral Sea4. What were the

results to the sea?

5. Describe the water in the Aral Sea now.

6. How has the climate been affected?

1989 2014

Economic And Health Economic And Health ConcernsConcerns

Once fishermen caught 50,000 tons of fish a year.

Mine tailings from uranium mining buried in the area.

Nuclear waste from nuclear weapons buried in the area.

The Aral Sea region has one of the world’s highest rates of malformed or handicapped children.

DesalinationDesalinationDefine

Two desalination techniques

Common problems associated with both

DistillationDistillationProcess of distillation.Disadvantages

Reverse OsmosisReverse Osmosis• Process of reverse osmosis • Advantages over distillation

Saudi Arabia has the world’s largest number of desalination plants.

U.S. is 2nd.

Water UseWater UseTop three users of waterMatch the % to the user.

◦10%◦20%◦70%

Per capita water use per day by countries.

Agricultural UseAgricultural UseLargest use of water world-wide.In U.S. 1/3 of all freshwater is used for

agriculture.Four major techniques for irrigating

crops.◦Furrow◦Flood◦Spray◦Drip

Flood Irrigation Furrow IrrigationDescriptionUseEffectivenessAdvantages/

Disadvantages

DescriptionUseEffectivenessAdvantages/

Disadvantages

Spray Irrigation Drip IrrigationDescriptionUseEffectivenessAdvantages/Disadvantages

DescriptionUseEffectivenessAdvantages/Disadvantages

Hydroponic AgricultureHydroponic AgricultureDescriptionWater use.AdvantagesDisadvantages

Industry Water UseIndustry Water UsePurposes

Consumed vs not consumed water

Industry Water Industry Water ConsumptionConsumption

Thermoelectric power plants – generate heat using coal or nuclear reactors.

Heat converts water to steam.

Steam turns turbines.Steam is cooled in

cooing towers and much is lost to atmosphere.

Household Water UseHousehold Water Use10% of water used.Greater in

developed countries

Indoor/Outdoor Household Indoor/Outdoor Household Water UseWater Use

15% of the world’s population does not have access to clean drinking water.

Greatest use?Examples of

outdoor household water use.

Water Usage Water Usage TechnologyTechnology

New toilets.◦So smooth even bacteria

does not stick – flushed with a light mist.

Reusing gray water.From baths, sinks,

washers.Waterless composting

toilets◦Convert human feces into

dry, odorless soil-like material that can be removed yearly.

◦Can not accept toilet paper

Washer/Toilet Combo

Water OwnershipWater OwnershipMost water resources are owned by

governments.• Managed as publicly owned resources.

Issues of water right and ownerships have led to conflicts between countries and within countries.• Putting a dam in one country can certainly affect the

flow of water though another country.• Allocating a certain amount of water to each region of

a country does not take into account the fact that nobody knows how much rain will fall or how much snow will melt.

Water Conflicts in the Middle Water Conflicts in the Middle East:East:

Nile River• Flows through 7

African countries.• Used most by

Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt.

• Egypt is last in line.What are Egypt’s

choices if the other countries build dams?

Tigris and Euphrates Tigris and Euphrates RiversRivers

Turkey is located at the headwaters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

Turkey controls the water.

Turkey is planning 24 dams and Syria is planning 1 large dam.

This could lead to war with Iraq.

2007: U.S. Geological Survey 2007: U.S. Geological Survey ProjectionProjection

Water hotspots• Likely to face water

shortages.Political and legal

conflicts between states and between rural and urban areas within states.

Water ConservationWater ConservationWater conservation

• Improve irrigation efficiency.• Improve collection efficiency.• Use less in homes and businesses. • Xeriscaping

Technology• Toilet before 1994 – 7 gallons per flush.• After 1994 – 1.6 gallons per flush.• Toilets that do not use water.• Dual flush toilets – one for liquid/one for solids• Reduced flow showerheads• Front loading washing machines.

Water Withdrawals in U.S.Water Withdrawals in U.S.What information do you get from this

graph?