Popes

and

Prin

ces

CH

AP

TE

R 9

I. Ref

orm

s In T

he

Church

9th century Europe (800s)

Collapse of Carolingian Empire Political chaos

Decline in influence of the church Moral Decay

Power Struggle

Crusades

Nobles

Church

Kings

• The three powers united in their efforts when it came to the Crusades, because all benefitted from them.

CONFLI

CTCONFLICT

CONFLICT

I. Reforms in the Church

Pope Leo III crowning of Charlemagne sets a precedent

Church has authority over political leaders

Corruption in church made it lose its prestige and authority in society

A. Need for Reform

Church amassed a great wealthNeglected church duties to satisfy personal hunger and greed

Seeking protection the church entered the feudal systemLoyalty was split between lord and God

Nobles started to think that it was their right to appoint church officials (lay investiture)Nobles appointed men with low or no morals who would be loyal to them

King appointing

clergy

910- Cluny, France

Reforms BeganForbade simony = buying and selling of church positions or relics

Cistercians = monks living in seclusion and strict discipline Bernard Clairvaux- outspoken critic of worldliness in church and society

B. Rivalry between Pope & EmperorChurch reform rescue papacy

from weakness and corruption1059 – College of Cardinals formedClergy group who picked next popeAfter 200 years of bad popes, they chose a good one

Gregory VII (1073 – 85)Benedictine Monk believed church was superior to state

Wanted to free the church from state control

1075 Gregory forbade any lay person to appoint a member of clergy

Notice who is whispering in his ear?

Who does the dove represent?

Conflict with Henry IVRefused to obey Pope Gregory IV, wanted to appoint his own church clergyPope excommunicates him & releases his subjects from his authority

Henry’s nobles pressure him into asking the Pope’s forgiveness (How do you think they did that?)

1077 – Canossa, Henry asks forgiveness Pope keeps him waiting 3 days in the snow until he talks to Henry

Notice how much the pope’s throne

looks like a monarch’s throne

Struggle between church and monarch Continues until 1122 ADReach compromise at Concordat of Worms

1. Church can elect own bishops Election held before clergy and monarch

2. Emperor can invest church officials with secular authority

New Religious Orders 13th century new reform movementsFranciscan and Dominican

Emphasized service to others Lived and preached among people Renounced worldly possessions Friars, mendicant orders (beggars)Allegiance to pope

FRANCIS OF ASS IS I

Founder of Franciscan order

Son of rich merchant

Gave up life of wealth for live of poverty and service to order

DOMINICSpanish nobleman

Devoted to battling heresy

Best way to fight heresy is to educate

Promoted learning

Taught at best universities

Greatest scholars

Leaders of Inquisition (court to find and try heretics)

Zenith of Papacy

Reform to restore church powerIncrease power of pope above all else

Innocent III (1198 - 1216)Most powerful popeCalled himself the “sun” (king = moon)

“royal authority derives power from papal authority”Used his power to humble kings and stamp out opponents

Papal Weapons

Excommunication• Take away

sacraments and fellowship with believers

• “anathema” curse person to hell, it is legal to kill this person, murderer would receive “grace” as a reward

Interdict• Suspend church

services &sacraments in an area (used to punish disobedient kings)

• Public outcry would force king into obedience

Inquisition• Court to find and

try heresy (teaching contrary to church teaching)

• Heresy = greatest crime in medieval times

• Used torture and death to punish the guilty

Results of Reform

Reforms rebuilt the church’s prestige

Did not PURIFY it from contamination

Wanted political power not spiritual power

Outside changes occurred, but NO INSIDE changes

II. E

uropea

n Em

pire

A. Founding of German Kingdoms

East Frankland descendants of Louis the German

Weak, could not protect from MagyarsDukes = local tribe leadersAssumed role of protectorsDuchy- land under rule of duke

* After death of last Carolingian king, dukes chose from one of their own to rule as king

First German Saxon KingHenry Fowler (Henry I)Loved hunting with hawksAllowed dukes to govern own landsDukes had authority to deal with their internal affairs

Henry wanted to strengthen his land = SaxonyHe wanted to make Saxony a strong military baseRepel Slavs and MagyarsExtend his land eastward

Otto I (936 – 973)

Henry’s SonOne of strongest German kingsWanted to assert his power over the dukes (his father never did this)

Used power of the church to do thisChurch supplied him with soldiers

Defeated MagyarsThey settled in Danube River Valley

Consider this: Is this what led him be

called “Otto the Great”?

Establishment of the Holy Roman Empire10th century Italy

Divided into warring statesOtto crosses into Italy, takes over Lombardy

Proclaims himself king of Italy962- Otto marches into Rome

Pope asks him for help against Roman nobles Crowned Otto Emperor

“I’ll give you crown, if you give me protection”

This is an example of the bartering system that was so common in Middle Ages. Instead of money being

exchanged, goods/favors were exchanged for goods/favors. It was so engrained in society that even

the pope and king made it work for them.

Germanic Empire began to be called the Holy Roman Empire

This shows the close association between Otto and the Roman Catholic Church

Otto claimed to be descended from Charlemagne and Roman EmperorsWhat other people

claimed to be descended from great past leaders and how did it benefit them? (China, Japan, Mongols, etc.)

Conflicts within Empire1. Conflict of InterestsGerman rulers intervened in Italian affairs

Paid more attention to Italy than home in their German landsGerman nobles increased in power

Divided interests weakened emperors power

Hindered unification of Germany and Italy

2. Conflict with PopesEmperors intervened in papal affairs Began to appoint church officials (lay investiture)

Pope began to challenge emperor authority in church affairs

Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VIIPope won temporary victoryHenry return home and appoints new pope Gregory dies in exile

Later Pope Innocent III interferes in politics and

weakens power of emperor.

3. Conflict with NoblesNobles enjoyed great power while emperor was involved in Italy

Salian Emperors (1024- 1125) Weak rulersCivil war broke out Feudalism brought order Powerful nobles ruled the land and chose the next king

Empire under Hohenstaufens

1152- King from Hohenstaufens familyFrederick I “Barbossa” “Red Beard”Wanted to restore glory and stalibity to empire

Meddled in Italian affairs Strong opposition from popeMarriage alliance between son and heiress of Sicily

Frederick II (1215 - 1250) grandson of Frederick IHeir to German & Sicilian throneExposed to Greek & Arab culturesEducated, patron of arts and scholars

Ward of Pope Innocent IIIPromised Pope not to claim Sicily throneAfter Pope dies he breaks his promiseAlmost united Italy under his rule

Resistance from papacyWhy did Pope want to prevent

Frederick from claiming throne to Sicily on top of his throne of

Germany? Notice where the Papal states are located…

The death of Frederick decline in Holy Roman Empire

Emperor’s contact with Germany was minimalIgnored the German nobles, they did whatever they wanted

Attempts to unify Germany and Italy = FAILWhat follows is a long history of disunity in both countriesNot until 1800s do these become united in the countries that we know today

German States Italian States

III. R

ise O

f Feu

dal

Monar

chs

England Anglo-SaxonsRomans leave Britannia (England) early 5th centuryGermanic tribes invade from N. EuropeAngles and Saxons establish independent kingdoms

9th century Vikings (Danes) start to invade EnglandAlfred the Great (871 – 99)Saxon King (last kingdom not invaded by Vikings)

Defeated Danes (Vikings) & pushed them to NE England

Drove out Vikings from England under Edward the Confessor

Alfred the Great

Lay foundation for rule over

united England

Good ruler

Patron of learning Build up navy

Split land into shires

(counties)

Build churches and schools

Invited foreign scholars to

teach

Translated important

literature into common language

Began Anglo-Saxon chronicle

(History of England

Edward the Confessor (1042 – 1066)Descendant of Alfred Devoted to GodDied without heircousin William (Duke of Normandy) claimed crown was promised to him

Nobles appointed Harold, Earl of Essex as kingWilliam got pope blessing, raised army and invaded England Did you know: Edward the

Confessor donated money to build Westminster Abbey, which turned out to be where many monarchs have been crowned and buried

ever since.

Battle of Hastings

William Duke of

Normandy

Harold Duke of Essex

Battle of Hastings(fight for English Throne)

• Brought feudalism to England

• Gave lands to his military followers (who swore allegiance to him)

• Saw his authority greater than pope (appointed his own bishops)

• William wins• Norman line of

English kings• William II• Henry I

Reforms strengthen Royal AuthorityNew Royal Line PlantagenetHenry II (1154 – 1189)

Great grandson of William the ConquerorFrenchman (owned more land in France than England)

Owned more French land than the king of France ** Rivalry between 2 kings because of this

Strengthened royal authority Circuit court justices traveled and heard cases throughout the land Jury of 12 men gathered information to present to justice when he arrived

** more cases were heard in royal courts than in church courts**

Henry’s justices provided universal laws for everyone

Common law unified the country and ensured that justice was done

Thomas a BecketFriend of Henry IIHenry appointed him archbishop (highest church position in England)

Once in office he began disagreeing with HenryConflict climaxed when Henry wanted to try clergy in royal court, not church court

Knights kill Becket, he becomes a martyrKing abandons plan to control clergy

RICHARD I( 1 1 8 9 – 1 1 9 9 ) Son of Henry II “lion hearted” brave

warrior and crusader Kings Crusade and

defending lands in France kept him away from England most of his reign

His brother, John and French King plotted to overthrow him

JOHN( 1 1 9 9 – 1 2 1 6 )

Brother of Richard I Able ruler Lacked personal

qualities of his brother Weak willed &

Unscrupulous Constant conflict with

French, Pope, and Nobles

Setting for fictional tale of Robin Hood

King Richard

Prince John

King John’s Conflict with:

French• Took control of

many of John’s lands in France

Pope• Conflict over next

Archbishop of Canterbury• Monks chose one, John

chose another, both went to Rome

• Pope chooses his own archbishop, King John refused to accept him to England

• Pope excommunicates King John

• King John gives in and obeys Pope

Nobles• Angry with high

taxes• 1215- Nobles

revolted & forced John to sign Magna Carta

Magna Carta Limits Royal PowerOne of most important documents in British Historysymbol of freedom from oppressionFoundation for English common lawno free man should be imprisoned without due process

Echoed in America’s Bill of Rights and Constitution

King is not above the lawHe can be removed if does not obey law

Parliament Becomes Important InstitutionEdward I (1272 – 1307) Wanted to extend rule over all Britain

Scotland, Wales and EnglandConquered wales (made his firstborn son = Prince of Wales)

Cannot conquer Scotland (fierce opposition)Developed Parliament “to speak”Enlarged membership to include:

Knights from every shireCitizens to represent each town

Up until now king’s councils had only been upper class

nobles

Anglo-Saxon “witan”

William Conqueror

“curia regis”

Edward I parliamen

t

Edward I - ParliamentDivided into 2 houses1.Commons – knights and citizens2.Lords- nobility, chief vassalsKing cannot propose new taxes without consent of parliamentMeans king had to summon parliament regularly to obtain needed $$

Parliament could refuse to pass king’s new taxes to get what they wanted from him (power of the purse)

Parliament’s power grew Legislative body, not only advisory body

anymore

France Capetians West Frankland broke up987 AD- Nobles chose Hugh Capet kingCount of ParisFounded new royal line- Capetian increased monarch power over feudal lords

1. Sons succeeded father’s on throne2. King added lands under his control (marriage or conquest)3. Effective system of centralized government4. Allies with church and townspeople

Wealth of church and towns made king independent of nobles

Philip and Royal ExpansionCapetian kings only ruled small land area around Pariscalled Ile de FranceSurrounded by lands of powerful nobles

Examples- Henry Plantagenet, William Duke of Normandy

Early capetian kings struggled to hold onto their land

Notice only the darker green area belonged to

the French king. (The red colors all belonged to the

English kings.)

Phillip II (1180 – 1223)founder of FranceEnlarged territory under his ruleThis increased power over vassals (Remember land = power)

Began period of Capetian greatnessMain obstacle = English holding lands in FranceGained lands of King John

Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Tourine (tripled size of Royal lands)Increased power of central governmentPlaced royal officials throughout lands to administer justice and enforce king’s authority

Louis IX and Royal DignityGrandson of Philip IIIIdeal medieval king

Sincere, pious and justValued peace and justice

Sought to protect every person’s rightsExpanded jurisdiction of royal courtsEstablished permanent court at Paris

Led 2 crusades against MuslimsDied on 2nd crusade

Philip IV (The Fair)Handsome; 17 years old comes to throne

Further strengthen central government and organization

Tax clergy- need revenuePope Boniface says “No one can tax clergy”

Philip refuses to send tithes to RomePhilip has support of French people to stand up to Pope

*** People support king more than pope*** Notice this never happened in

England, the people never supported the king above the Pope. This leads to king having more power than Pope in

France

Estates General Representatives from 3 social classes:

ChurchNobilityTownspeople

All meet in ParisAsks for their advice, but DOES NOT seek their approval for legislation and raise taxes

Notice: French monarchy will continue to grow in power until it becomes an unlimited, absolute

monarchy

This is a great contrast with the limited monarchy that is developing

in England.

This will end up causing problems in a few hundred years in France

that will end in a horrendous revolution.

Rescu

e Of T

he Hol

y

Land

The Call to CrusadesPeople would go to Jerusalem on a pilgrimage

Similar to Islam and MeccaSome went for piety (to get closer to God)Some went for forgiveness of sins

11th century Seljuk Turks get close to ConstantinopleByzantine Empire asks West for help

Pope Urban II addresses church leaders and noblesCalls for Crusades to save Holy Land from Turks Convinces people it is God’s will to wage war on Turks

Next 200 years many Europeans obsessed with liberating Holy Lands from Muslims

Motives

1.Adventure seekers

2.Pious, defenders of the church

3.Escape from boring lives

4.Gain fortunes

5.Knights looking for a fight

6.Merchants looking for commercial gain

ChurchMajor force behind the Crusades Promised rewards on earth and heaven for fighting in CrusadesEternal LifeDebt forgivenessPenance for sins

Crusades 8 of them from 1095 – 1291

First Crusade (1096-99)Most successful oneTook back city of Jerusalem & 4 small Mediterranean kingdoms

Second Crusade = FAILKing’s Crusade (1189 – 1192)

Muslim’s recapture Jerusalem Crusade lead by Europes most powerful kings

Frederick Barbossa- Germany Philip Augustus- France Richard Lionheart – England

Make a 3 year truce with Muslims to allow pilgrimages to holy places

Diverted CrusadeVenetians transport crusaders They don’t have enough money to payMust attack Venice rival city Crusaders have appetite for plunder, no more Holy Land

Attack Constantinople and pillaged city1204 Constantinople fell

The irony here is that Constantinople was the one who asked for the Crusader’s help and

protection from the invasion of the Turks. The Crusaders are the ones who caused it to fall in t

he end…

Later CrusadesCrusades 4 – 8 all failed to accomplish anything

People’s zeal and religious fervor started to die out in Western EuropeStarted to become occupied with explorations and expeditionsCrusader explorer“take up your cross” “seek and discover”recovery of Holy Land find new routes to Far East

Consequences of Crusades

1. Weakening of Feudalism in EuropeSerfs bought their freedom to go on crusadesGrowth of citiesStrong monarchs

2. Expansion of commercial activity in Europe Exposed to riches of far East

Sugar, spices, fruits, silk, cotton, glass, mirrors, etc. Increase in trade Rise of money economy

Consequences of Crusades3. Early Crusades increase power of PopeLater crusades people disillusioned and distrustful of pope 4. Introduction to new cultures (Muslim & Byzantine) - Renewed interest in knowledge of antiquity

- Roman and Greek teachings5. Increase in travel and knowledge of Geography

- encouraged exploration

This leads to the

Renaissance

Chapter 11

This leads to the Age of ExplorationChapter 13