CHAPTER 9 LESSON 3

NOTESTHE CRUSADES 1096 - 1291

CAUSES FOR THE CRUSADES

• Seljuk Muslim Turks invade Palestine; take Jerusalem; threatenthe Byzantine Empire

• Pope Urban II hopes to healthe schism that had occurred between W. and E. Christians in 1054 and to increase his political power as the leader of Christendom (kingdom of all Christians) • W. European knights motivated by piety, land, wealth, glory

Peter the Hermit rallying supporters for the First Crusade

RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES

1st Crusade: The “People’s Crusade” is militarily successful but the Crusaders massacre thousands of Jews and Muslims living there in Jerusalem

• 3rd Crusade: The Kings’ Crusade[France’s King Philip Augustus becomes ill and returns home; H.R. Emperor Barbarossa drowns on way] is successful only in that England’s King Richard the Lionheart secures a3-yr. truce (temporary peace) with Muslim General Saladin who allows unarmed Christian pilgrims to visit Jerusalem

• 4th Crusade: Crusaders attack and loot the Christian capital, Constantinople;

• the Byzantine Empire falls to Muslim Ottoman Turks who establish theOttoman Empire;

Constantinople is renamed Istanbul

From the movie, Kingdom of Heaven

• Cultural diffusion in the West as result of trade revival• Gun powder, catapult, and the crossbow are introduced to the West• There becomes a need for education, leading to a need for universities, which leads to a new kind of learning calledscholasticism (combining reason and faith), leading to the use of the vernacular (the everyday language of an area) into various European kingdoms leading

EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES

to a monumental rebirth of learning, beginning first in

Italy,and becoming known as the European Renaissance

• A series of conflicts fought between England and France over French lands held by the English

•Most noted military leader was Joan of Arc of France who successfully led her troops against the English at the Battle of Orleans, inspiring nationalism;

THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR [1337-1453]

she is captured by the English; taken to England; tried as a witch and as aheretic; burned at the stake; becomes a martyr; is finally canonized by the Roman Catholic Church in 1920

• France wins Hundred Years’ War, leaving only the French seaport of Calais in English hands

• Longbows and cannons cause knights and castles to become obsolete (outdated);

serfdom is weakened by the Black Death;feudalism declines

• The Bubonic Plague route to Europe: originated in China > into the Black Sea area > to Italy on trading ships carrying flea-infested rats• Kills 25 million (1/3 of European population) • Christian Europeans blame Jews for the plague and accuse them of infecting the air and water;

Jews are used as scapegoats (those blamed for someone else’s hardships)

• Thousands of Jews are murdered inpogroms (planned massacres) and thousands more are burned out of their homes;anti-Semitism is at an all-time high…again

• Feudalism’s practice of serfdom declines steeply as peasants die from the plague, and those remaining, begin to demand better working conditions (a matter of supply anddemand)