Chapter 9Chapter 9Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Diseases of the Gastrointestinal

SystemSystem

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Structure and FunctionStructure and Function

Tongue, salivary glands, parotid glandsTongue, salivary glands, parotid glands PharynxPharynx EsophagusEsophagus Stomach (fundus, body)Stomach (fundus, body) Pylorus (pyloric sphincter)Pylorus (pyloric sphincter) Liver, gallbladderLiver, gallbladder PancreasPancreas

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Structure and FunctionStructure and Function

Small intestines (duodenum, jejunum, Small intestines (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)ileum)

Large intestines (colon – Appendix, Large intestines (colon – Appendix, cecum, ascending, transverse, cecum, ascending, transverse, descending)descending)

RectumRectum AnusAnus

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TermsTerms

PeristalsisPeristalsis

BileBile

RegurgitateRegurgitate

ProlapseProlapse

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Common Signs and SymptomsCommon Signs and Symptomsof GI disease or disorderof GI disease or disorder

VomitingVomiting

DiarrheaDiarrhea

ConstipationConstipation

HemorrhoidsHemorrhoids

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Signs and SymptomsSigns and Symptoms

Stomatitis – rednesss, ulcers, bleedingStomatitis – rednesss, ulcers, bleeding Oral cancer – Abnormal growths, sores, Oral cancer – Abnormal growths, sores,

lesions that do not heallesions that do not heal Esophagitis – Chest pain (heartburn)Esophagitis – Chest pain (heartburn) Hiatal hernia – Indigestion, heartburn, acid Hiatal hernia – Indigestion, heartburn, acid

reflux, esophagitisreflux, esophagitis Gastritis – Stomach pain, hematemesisGastritis – Stomach pain, hematemesis Peptic ulcer – Upper abdominal pain, Peptic ulcer – Upper abdominal pain,

hemorrhage, blood in stoolhemorrhage, blood in stool

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Chronic atrophic gastritis - gastritis, poor Chronic atrophic gastritis - gastritis, poor

digestion, poor absorption of nutrients, digestion, poor absorption of nutrients, weight lossweight loss

Gastroenteritis – nausea, vomiting, Gastroenteritis – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, possible feverdiarrhea, abdominal pain, possible fever

Appendicitis – Acute lower right quadrant Appendicitis – Acute lower right quadrant pain, nausea, feverpain, nausea, fever

Diverticulitis – Cramping and pain in lower Diverticulitis – Cramping and pain in lower abdomenabdomen

Crohn’s disease – Lower right pain, Crohn’s disease – Lower right pain, diarrhea and constipation, emission and diarrhea and constipation, emission and exacerbation, weight loss, melenaexacerbation, weight loss, melena

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Irritable bowel syndrome – Diarrhea, pain, Irritable bowel syndrome – Diarrhea, pain,

gas, constipationgas, constipation Dysentery – Abdominal pain, bloody Dysentery – Abdominal pain, bloody

diarrhea with pus and mucusdiarrhea with pus and mucus Viral hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis)- Viral hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis)-

Anorexia, nausea, mild fever, jaundice, enlarged Anorexia, nausea, mild fever, jaundice, enlarged tender livertender liver

Hepatitis B – Hepatitis B – 2-6 month incubation followed by 2-6 month incubation followed by Hep A symptoms, may lead to chronic Hepatitis Hep A symptoms, may lead to chronic Hepatitis and cirrhosisand cirrhosis

Hepatitis C – Hepatitis C – As for A and B, following As for A and B, following incubation of months to decades, commonly incubation of months to decades, commonly resulting in cirrhosis and end-stage liver diseaseresulting in cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease

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Hepatitis D – Hepatitis D – Same as for B, more serious, Same as for B, more serious,

frequently leads to chronic liver diseasesfrequently leads to chronic liver diseases Hepatitis E – Hepatitis E – As Hep AAs Hep A Cirrhosis – Jaundice, abdominal Cirrhosis – Jaundice, abdominal

distention, ascites (fluid in cavity), distention, ascites (fluid in cavity), bleeding tendencies, edema, bleeding tendencies, edema, malabsorption of fats, gynecomastia, malabsorption of fats, gynecomastia, delerium tremens, hepatic comadelerium tremens, hepatic coma

Cholecystitis – upper right pain, nausea, Cholecystitis – upper right pain, nausea, indigestion, belchingindigestion, belching

Cholelithiasis – None – or upper right pain Cholelithiasis – None – or upper right pain following a mealfollowing a meal

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Pancreatitis – Acute, sever, sharp Pancreatitis – Acute, sever, sharp

radiating abdominal pain, risk of radiating abdominal pain, risk of hemorrhage, jaundice, vomiting, hemorrhage, jaundice, vomiting, malabsorptionmalabsorption