CHAPTER 9

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE DEFENSE

Learning Objectives: Recall the elements required forchemical warfare (CW) and biological warfare (BW)defense and countermeasures.

Nuclear weapons are primarily designed to destroymaterial by blast and shock. Biological and chemicalsubstances for military use are primarily antipersonnelagents; they are intended to produce casualties withoutthe destruction of buildings, ships, or equipment. Thischapter provides an overview of shipboard chemicalwarfare (CW) and biological warfare (BW) defenseand countermeasures. Detailed information on thesesubjects is available in the Naval Ships’ TechnicalManual (NSTM), chapter 470, “Shipboard BW/CWDefense and Countermeasures.”

Chemical biological (CB) warfare defense is not afunction that a ship performs in isolation from othertasks. A ship is expected to operate in hazardousenvironments including a variety of toxic environments.A chemical or biological environment should be viewedas a potential overlay on any warfare task. Theemployment of defensive measure may impair theability of a ship to perform its assigned mission.

CB WARFARE DEFENSE PROTECTIVEEQUIPMENT

Learning Objective: Recall the function and use ofprotective equipment designed for CB warfare defense.

The employment of most CB countermeasures andprotective equipment makes normal activities andoperational evolutions more difficult. The use or eventhe threat of use of chemical or biological weaponsmay force the ship into a protective posture thatdegrades its operational capabilities. In somesituations, the risk of chemical or biological casualtiesmust be accepted to permit accomplishment of a highpriority mission, but this risk should always beminimized. Risk management is basically makinginformed tradeoffs. It is important to understand notonly the capabilities of chemical and biological agentsand weapons but their limitations as well. Thisknowledge provides the ability to make informeddecisions about the level of protection required.Protective measures can then be limited to those thatare necessary and their use can be suspended as soon aspossible. In this way, the negative impact on

operational capability by the use of CB protectiveequipment can be minimized.

MCU-2/P SERIES PROTECTIVE MASK

A primary means of defense against CB agentsis the protective mask. The MCU-2/P seriesmask (fig. 9-1) is designed to protect the face, eyes, andthe respiratory tract of the user from tacticalconcentrations of chemical and biological agents,toxins, and radioactive fallout particles. It has a singlefilter and two voicemitters, one on front of the mask forspeaking directly into a telephone or radio handset andone at the side to allow personnel nearby to hear. Anosecup with two inlet valves fits over the nose andmouth. It directs incoming air across the inside of thelens to reduce fogging. The mask has a drinking tubethat connects to a canteen with an M1 cap. Since theMCU-2/P protective mask is available in three sizes, itis important to determine which size will provide thebest fit and the maximum protection to an individual.To simplify mask size selection and initial sizing, use acaliper to measure face length (tip of chin to nasal rootdepression) according to instructions contained in theMCU-2/P manual.

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Figure 9-1. MCU-2/P and MCU-2A/P protective masks.

Checking and Testing the Protective Mask

When a protective mask is donned, a visual checkshould be made to ensure the mask fits properly.Things to check for are as follows:

• The facepiece should come well up on theforehead, but not extend over the hairline.

• The straps should not cut into the ears.

• The bottom part of facepiece should not cut intothe throat.

• The nose cup should not interfere with vision orpress painfully on the nose.

• For persons wearing combat spectacles, thereshould be no interference between the nose cupand the bridge of the spectacles.

After ensuring a good fit, perform a negativepressure check by covering the canister air inletopening with the palm of your hand and inhalinglightly to deflect the facepiece and lens slightlyinward. Then hold your breath for 5 to 10 seconds todetermine if the facepiece and lens remain in thedeflected position. If the lens does not deflect, this maybe due to leaks around the edge of the mask caused bypoor adjustment or incorrect size. It is important todetermine the cause of the leak and correct itimmediately.

Donning Procedures

Before donning a mask, you should replaceunapproved eyeglasses and contact lenses withauthorized combat spectacles. Once done, the donningprocedure described here can begin. The steps of thisprocedure are as follows:

1. Stop breathing.

2. Close eyes tightly.

3. Remove headgear.

4. Open mask carrier.

CAUTION

Do not remove the mask from thecarrier by pulling on the outlet valve.

5. Grasp the mask by the front portion of thefacepiece in the area of the voicemitter andoutlet valve assembly.

6. Withdraw the mask from the carrier.

7. Hold the outlet valve assembly in the palm ofone hand. Using your free hand, push foreheadhair aside.

8. Place the mask on your face forcing the chincup very tightly against your chin.

9. Pull the head harness over your head using thequick-don tab.

10. Grasp a neck strap in each hand and tightenwith small, jerking motions.

11. EXHALE.

12. Open your eyes and remove the outsert ifrequired by command policy and place it in thecarrier.

CAUTION

If inhalation is too forcefulwhile checking for leaks, thefacepiece will collapse against theface and the outlet valve maybecome dislodged.

13. Press the palm of one hand over the canisteropening. Inhale to determine if an airtight sealof the mask against your face has beenobtained.

CAUTION

If the mask collapses slightlywhi le inhal ing and remainscollapsed while holding your breath,it is leak-tight. If the mask does notcollapse, check for hair or othermaterial between the mask seal andyour face . Tighten s t raps i fnecessary and recheck.

14. After a proper seal is obtained, open your eyesand RESUME NORMAL BREATHING.

15. Close the carrier.

Doffing Procedures

Following proper procedures for doffing a mask isvery important for your safety. The followingprocedures apply to masks that have not been exposedto contamination or, if they have been exposed, havebeen decontaminated.

1. Loosen the mask neck straps by rotating thebuckles forward.

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2. Grasp the mask by the outlet valve body andremove it by pulling down, outward and up.

3. Install the outsert, if necessary.

4. Reverse the head harness over the maskfacepiece and remove moisture from inside themask.

5. Clean and dry the mask according to currentPMS requirements.

6. Stow the mask in the mask carrier.

Outserts

Clear plastic outserts that fit over the mask lens canserve two purposes. They protect the lens fromscratches when they are stored in the carrier and theyprotect the lens from chemical agent droplets, oil, andother petroleum products when the mask is worn.Outserts shall be used on masks when they are stowedin carriers.

NOTE

Use of outserts when masks are worn issubject to command policy.

C2 Canister

The MCU-2/P series protective mask uses a singlefilter canister, designated C2.

This canister has a NATO standard thread andscrews into the inlet valve body. In the initialconfiguration, the canister is on the left side of themask; however, it can be moved to the right side byswitching the locations of the inlet valve body and theside voicemitter.

Two canisters are issued with the mask and the shipissues a third. Two shallremain sealed in theirpackaging and reserved for wartime use. The third isattached to the mask for training and acclimation.Sixty days after a canister is removed from itspackaging, it is marked as a training canister.

The C2 canister has an operational service life,based on a worst-case environment (hot climate andhigh humidity) as follows:

In the absence of a CB agent, shipboard personnelcan retain canisters for operational use for 60 days afterthe seal is removed from the packaging. Canisters openfor more than 60 days shall be retained for training onlyor discarded. A white stripe is painted around the rimof each to identify training canisters.

Canisters are good for one attack of blood agent,after which they shall be replaced. Canisters are goodfor 30 days following exposure to other chemical threatagents, as long as the 60-day limit after removal of thepackaging seal is not exceeded.

Canisters should be replaced when certainconditions exist. These conditions include thefollowing:

1. The charcoal is wet.

2. The canister has been damaged.

3. The canister is clogged and causes excessivebreathing resistance.

4. The charcoal dust is left on your face after use.

5. The replacement is directed by thecommanding officer.

NOTE

The guidance in this paragraph does notapply to canister replacement on masks issuedfor use in response to radiological casualtiesassociated with the Naval Nuclear PropulsionProgram.

Combat Spectacles

Combat spectacles are available in two sizes foruse with the MCU-2/P series mask. The medicaldepartment is responsible for ordering and issuingcombat spectacles.

WARNING

Combat spec tac les are the onlyeyeglasses approved for use with theMCU-2/P series mask. Contact lenses willNOT be worn.

Canteen

A 1-quart canteen is used when aboard ship. Thedrinking tube of the MCU-2/P series mask attaches tothe M1 cap on the canteen. The cap contains a pin thatdepresses a diaphragm on the end of the drinking tube,allowing the wearer to replenish fluids while wearingthe mask. Covers and belts for carrying the canteensmay be ordered separately.

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MCU-2A/P PROTECTIVE MASK

The latest variant in the MCU-2/P mask series isthe MCU-2A/P mask (fig. 9-1). It contains the samefea tures as the MCU-2/P mask and, wi thmodifications, may be integrated into the ship’sInterior Voice Communications System (IVCS) andthe Flight Deck Communications System. The priorityfor issue of MCU-2A/P masks is as follows:

1. Flight deck supervisory personnel

2. Personnel at general quarters (GQ) stationsoutside collective protection system (CPS)Total Protection (TP) zones who require accessto IVCS

3. Remaining flight deck personnel

4. Personnel at GQ stations inside of CPS TPzones who require access to IVCS

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVEOVERGARMENT

The chemical protective overgarment (CPO) ismade of material that is permeable to water vapor; thatis, it allows the escape of moisture from perspiration.This design reduces heat stress on the wearer but willnot prevent it entirely in a hot climate.

The function of the CPO is to protect the wearerfrom threat levels of chemical agents in liquid form andfrom the associated vapor. The inner antigas layercontains activated charcoal to entrap chemical agentvapors. The outer layer that is made of modacrylicnylon repels an unthickened chemical agent or spreadsthe agent over a wider surface area. This spreadingprocess is called wicking. It enhances the evaporationof the liquid agent so less of it is absorbed and reachesthe inner antigas layer. Thickened agent will not spreadvery much, so it must be wiped off.

The chemical protective overgarment (CPO)consists of two pieces—a smock with an attached hoodand trousers. The smock and trousers are generouslycut to fit over the general duty uniform. The smock hasa back gusset to allow freedom of movement. There is alarge front flap pocket for storing Atropine AutoInjectors, Pralidoxime Chloride Auto Injectors(2 PAM-CL) , Nerve Agent Pre t rea tmentPyridostigmine (NAPP), and the M291 SkinDecontamination Kit. The smock also has a sleevepatch for securing detector paper. The smock can beadjusted with hook and pile fasteners at the wrist andwaist. The trousers have a front gusset for ease of fit

and suspenders which cross the shoulders and tie in thefront. Hook and pile fasteners are located at the waistand at the bottom of each leg for adjustment. The CPOcomes in four sizes—small, medium, large, andextra-large. The wear time in a contaminatedenvironment is 6 hours. In an uncontaminatedenvironment, the CPO has a total cumulative wear timeof 100 hours within 30 days after opening theprotective packages in which it is issued.

The chemical protective ensemble (CPE), asshown in figure 9-2, consists of the CPO plus aprotective mask, and a pair of boots and gloves.

Advanced Chemical Protective Garment

The advanced chemical protective garment(ACPG) is an overgarment that is worn over the dutyuniform or underwear. It is made of material thatallows water vapor to escape. This design allowsperspiration to pass through which reduces heat stressbut does not eliminate it entirely in warm weather. TheACPG provides protection against chemical agents inliquid, vapor, and aerosol form. Details of the ACPGare covered in NSTM, chapter 470.

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DCf0902

HOOD(ATTACHED TOSMOCK)

MCU-2/P ORMCU-2A/P MASK

SMOCK

BUTYL RUBBERGLOVES

TROUSERS

CHEMICALPROTECTIVEFOOTWEAR

COVERS

HOOK AND PILEFASTENERS

Figure 9-2. Chemical protective ensemble (CPE).

NOTE

The advanced chemical protectivegarment (ACPG) will be phased in to replacethe CPO over several years. Issue and use ofthe CPO will continue until stocks areexhausted and shelf life has expired.

CHEMICAL OPERATIONS

Learning Objective: Recall the methods used fordissemination of chemical agents, the characteristics ofthe various agents and their effect on personnel, the

devices used for detection of chemical agents, and thecapability of each device.

In chemical operations, toxic chemical agentsproduce death, injury, or irritating effects. Althoughchemical agents are frequently referred to as gases,they may actually be found as solid particles, liquids,or gases. Chemical agents are used chiefly for theireffects on personnel. Some agents have corrosiveeffects on certain materials, and incendiary agents willburn most materials. Chemical agents produce harmfulphysiological reactions when applied to the bodyexternally, inhaled, or swallowed. Most militarychemical agents cause disorganization of thefunctioning of the body.

Chemical agents can be disseminated by aircraftspray, chemical projectiles, chemical bombs, chemicalgrenades, smoke pots, smoke candles, chemical landmines, and missiles. These principal factors determinethe method by which a chemical agent is spread, thequantity of the agent required to accomplish specificobjectives, the nature of the agent being used, thedistance to the place of attack, and the speed withwhich the agent must be used.

CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFECTS OFCHEMICAL AGENTS

The characteristics and some of the generalphysiological effects of the more common chemicalagents are discussed in this section. This knowledge isvery important in allowing personnel to react quicklyand accurately should a chemical attack occur.

The rate of action of a chemical agent is the rate atwhich a body reacts to or is affected by that agent.There is a wide variation in the rate of reaction to thetoxic chemical agents, even to those of similar tacticalor physiological classifications. For example,distilled mustard (HD) produces no immediatesensation, and 4 to 6 hours may pass before the skinreddens. Lewisite (L), on the other hand, causesimmediate pain, and the skin begins to redden within30 minutes.

Blister agents must be decontaminated within 1 to2 minutes after exposure if serious effects are to beprevented. Nerve agents and blood agents act quickly.If death is to be averted, you should administerantidotes or start other first-aid measures within30 seconds after the symptoms appear. Vomiting andtear agents also take effect within a short time afterbeing inhaled.

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Q1. The MCU-2/P protective mask comes in atotal of how many sizes?

1. One

2. Two

3. Three

4. Four

Q2. What is the minimum number of C2 canistersissued with a MCU2/P protective mask?

1. One

2. Two

3. Three

4. Four

Q3. What is the maximum life expectancy of a C2canister when opened in a noncontaminatedarea?

1. 30 days

2. 60 days

3. 90 days

4. 120 days

Q4. What is the maximum life expectancy of a C2canister in a contaminated environment?

1. 30 days

2. 60 days

3. 90 days

4. 120 days

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Some agents are effective when absorbed throughthe skin or eyes, but others must be inhaled. Tear agent(CN) primarily affects the eyes; tear agent (CS) affectsboth the eyes and the upper respiratory tract. Blisteragents affect the internal as well as the external bodysurfaces. Vomiting agent adamsite (DM) and chokingagent phosgene (CG) must enter the lungs to producetheir effects.

The rate of detoxification is the rate at which thebody counteracts the effects of a chemical agent. It isan important factor in determining the hazards ofrepeated exposure to sublethal doses of toxic chemicalagents. Some agents are detoxified quite rapidly. Otheragents are detoxified very slowly, and their effects arecumulative. The blood agents cyanogen chloride (CK)and hydrogen cyanide (AC) are detoxified rapidly, thusrequiring high concentration for maximum casualties.The nerve agent sarin (GB) is detoxified slowly and iscumulative to a large degree. If 50 percent of a lethaldose is received, only minor symptoms appear.However, another 50 percent received within the nextfew hours may cause death if no treatment is received.The blister agent distilled mustard (HD) and thechoking agent phosgene (CG) also are cumulative. A10-minute exposure to either followed a few hourslater by a similar exposure has the same effect as one20-minute exposure. Additionally, repeated exposureto sublethal doses of HD can result in sensitivity to lowconcentrations of the agent.

Nerve Agents

Nerve agents are not quickly and easily detected.Small quantities can cause casualties and deathsquickly. They may be colorless gases with little or noodor or colorless to light brown liquids. These agentsradically disturb the chemical processes of the nervoussystem, which impairs or stops other bodily functions.

Nerve agents can enter the body by inhalation,ingestion, and absorption through the skin and eyes.Entry through the skin is extremely effective. Thismeans that the protective mask alone is not adequateprotection because the agent can enter through anyexposed skin.

There are now two series or groups of nerveagents—G series and V series.

The G series agents include the following:

• Tabun (GA)

• Sarin (GB)

• Soman (GD)

The V series is composed of agent VX.

The physical properties of the G agents are similarand are as follows:

• The GA is a colorless to brownish liquid, whichgives off a colorless vapor.

• GB and GD are both colorless to light brownliquids that give off colorless vapors.

• All three G agents normally are nonpersistent;however, GA and GD are longer lived than GB.

G agent poisoning displays approximately thesame sequence of symptoms whether the agent entersthe body by inhalation, absorption, or ingestion. Thesesymptoms, in usual order of appearance, are asfollows:

1. Runny nose

2. Tightness of chest

3. Dimness of vision and pinpointing of the eyepupils; difficulty in breathing

4. Drooling

5. Excessive sweating

6. Nausea

7. Vomiting

8. Cramps

9. Involuntary defecation and urination

10. Twitching, jerking, and staggering

11. Headache and confusion

12. Drowsiness

13. Coma

14. Convulsion

All of the above symptoms can take place in30 seconds if the dose is sufficiently heavy. Thesesymptoms are followed by cessation of breathing, thendeath. Symptoms appear much more slowly from skindosage than from respiratory dosage. Although skinabsorption great enough to cause death may occur in1 to 2 minutes, death may be delayed for 1 to 2 hours.Respiratory lethal dosages kill in 1 to 10 minutes, andliquid in the eyes kills almost as rapidly. The numberand severity of symptoms that appear depend on thequantity and rate of entry of the nerve agent into thebody.

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Most of the detailed information about agent VX isclassified and cannot be covered in this text. In general,V agents are colorless and odorless liquids that do notevaporate rapidly or freeze at very low temperatures.Because of their low volatility, their vapor effect islimited; thus, the duration of their effectiveness isincreased. In liquid or aerosol form, V agents affect thebody in a manner similar to that of the G agents. TheV agents usually are disseminated as liquid droplets.When inhaled, these agents are inherently about fivetimes as toxic as the older nerve agents (G series).When absorbed through the skin, the V series agentsare several hundred times more toxic than the G agents,because there is no breakdown of the V agent (as thereis in GB) as it passes through the fatty layer of the skin.

Blister Agents

The blister agents, used for casualty effect, mayrestrict the use of ground personnel, slow troopmovements, and hamper the use of material orinstallations. These agents affect the eyes and lungsand bl i s te r the skin , producing long- te rmincapacitation or death. Blister agents are odorless andvary in duration of effectiveness. Most blister agentsare insidious in action; there is little or no pain at thetime of exposure (except to lewisite (L) and phosgeneoxime (CX), which cause immediate pain on contact).The development of casualties is somewhat delayed;the effects of distilled mustard (HD) may appear in 4 to6 hours after exposure. The first effect is eye irritation.Next, the more sensitive body parts are affected. Aseries of symptoms follow, ranging from slight rednessto blistering and the forming of ulcers. Wet skinabsorbs more mustard than dry skin. For this reason,lower concentrations of mustard HD are needed in hot,humid weather because the body is then moist withperspiration. This fact is important in the tropics.Protection from blister agents is extremely difficult,because they attack any part of the body that comes incontact with the liquid or vapor agent.

The primary blister agents, HD and HN, are mosteffective for general use. However, they are far lesseffective than the nerve agents for casualties that resultin quick death from inhalation are, because a highdosage of mustard vapor is required to produce death.Mustard is effective by absorption of both vapor andliquid through the skin. The physiological action islocalized to the area of the skin that is contaminated,but it does not produce a systemic effect.

In the pure state, mustard is a yellowish, oilyliquid. Because of its high boiling point, liquid mustard

evapora tes s lowly at normal tempera tures ;consequently, it remains effective for a considerablelength of time after application. In fact, in wintermonths, HD may produce casualties for several weeksafter dissemination. On the other hand, the warmtemperatures of summer, assisted by wind and rain,may reduce its capability to days. Almost everyshipboard surface or material, except bright metal andglass, absorbs some mustard and retains it more or lesspersistently. Regardless of weather and wind, noshipboard surface contaminated with mustard shouldbe considered completely free of this agent unless anegative test is obtained with a detector kit.

Because HD can be dissolved by fats, it may bedissolved in foodstuffs and make them poisonous.Mustard can be dissolved easily in such commercialsolvents as benzene and cleaning fluid, and in motoroils, but it is only slightly soluble in water. Onprolonged standing, it reacts with water to produceharmless substances. The action of HD on metal is veryslight.

The newer blister agents include the nitrogenmustards HN-1, HN-2, HN-3 and the mixed blisteragent HL. These mixtures do not produce more severeinjuries than do other agents alone, but they have alower freezing point than pure HD.

Blood Agents

Blood agents enter the body through therespiratory tract. They affect bodily functions throughaction on the enzyme cytochrome oxidase, thuspreventing the normal transfer of oxygen from blood tobody tissue. Most blood agents act rapidly and arenormally nonpersistent. In general, a victim who doesnot die quickly will recover within a few hours.

The most common blood agents are as follows:

• Hydrogen cyanide (AC)

• Cyanogen chloride (CK)

Although AC is one of the most deadly poisonsknown, it is one of the least effective chemical agentsbecause it evaporates rapidly. The vapors are less densethan air. They do not provide a blanket of the agent, andthe poisoning effects do not accumulate as exposurecontinues. CK deteriorates the chemical canisters inprotective masks within a short period of time.

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Choking Agents

Choking agents, sometimes called lung irritants,primarily injure the respiratory tract which includesthe nose, the throat, and particularly the lungs where itcauses pulmonary edema. In extreme cases,membranes swell, lungs become filled with liquid, anddeath results from lack of oxygen; thus, these agentschoke an unprotected man. Fatalities of this type areknown as “dry-land drownings.”

The two most common choking agents are asfollows:

• Phosgene (CG)

• Diphosgene (DP)

Use of these agents is rather limited because theyreact rapidly with water to yield nontoxic hydrolysisproducts. Their concentrations in air are reduced fairlyrapidly by water condensates (rain and fog) and bydense vegetation. Other classes of agents are muchmore efficient. Unlike the nerve and blister agents,choking agents have no poisonous effect upon foods;they are too readily destroyed.

Vomiting Agents

The most important vomiting agents are asfollows:

• Diphenylchlorarsine (DA)

• Diphenylchanoarsine (DC)

• Adamsite (DM)

These agents are dispersed as aerosols and producetheir effects by inhalation. These agents produce minoreye irritation and a feeling of pain and sense of fullnessin the nose and sinuses. This is accompanied by asevere headache, intense burning in the throat,tightness and pain in the chest, and irritation of theeyes, producing excessive tear formation. Coughing isuncontrollable and sneezing is violent and persistent.Nausea and vomiting are prominent. Mild symptoms,caused by exposure to very low concentrations,resemble those of a severe cold. The onset ofsymptoms may be delayed for several minutes afterinitial exposure, especially with DM. Therefore,effective exposure may occur before the presence ofthe smoke is suspected. If the protective mask is thenput on, symptoms will increase for several minutes,despite adequate protection. As a consequence, thevictim may believe the mask to be ineffective, and byremoving it cause further exposure. On leaving the

scene of the attack, the victim’s symptoms subsiderather rapidly, and the severe discomfort vanishes afterabout one-half hour. At high concentrations, effectsmay last for several hours. Because of their arsenicalproperties, these agents make foods poisonous.

Tear Agents

Tear agents (also known as riot-control agents) areessentially local irritants, which, in very lowconcentrations, act primarily on the eyes, causingintense pain and a considerable flow of tears; stingingof warm, moist skin; and irritation of the nose. Highconcentrations produce irritation of the upperrespiratory tract and lungs and cause nausea andvomiting. The agents may be either solids or liquidsand may be dispersed in the air as vapors or smokes.

Tear agents include the following:

• CN

• CNC

• CNB

• BBC

• CS

Of these agents, CS is the newest and mosteffective. It produces immediate effects even inextremely low concentrations. An individual isincapacitated about 20 to 60 seconds after exposure.Effects last 5 to 10 minutes after the affected individualis removed to fresh air. During this time, affectedindividuals are incapable of effective concerted action.This agent is highly successful in quelling riots.

The physiological effects of tear agents include thefollowing:

• Extreme burning of the eyes accompanied by aheavy flow of tears

• Coughing, difficulty in breathing, and chesttightness

• Involuntary closing of the eyes

• Stinging sensation of moist skin

WARNING

Although personnel exposed to CS mayshower as necessary, when CS dust or particlesare on the skin, showering should be delayedfor 6 hours to prevent stinging and reddeningof the skin.

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Incapacitating Agents

Incapacitating agents were developed throughintensive study and research. They are used to wageand win a war without resorting to the massive killing,enormous destruction of property, and immensemonetary cost, as in past wars, which undeniably willcharacterize any future conflict in which nuclearweapons are used. Incapacitating agents are the latestdiscovery. Many are still in the research, development,and testing stage; and much remains to be learnedabout them.

The effects of incapacitating agents are notpredictable and may even change from dose to doseand person to person. During a single exposure, aperson’s feelings may range from impatience,restlessness, and anxiety to an exuberant sense ofhappiness. The person may suffer from delusions ofpersecution or grandeur. Some people may reach acatatonic state where they cannot move voluntarily andwill hold any position in which placed. In this state, aperson may suffer from hallucinations, panic, andmake violent outbursts.

An agent of this type is BZ, a slow-acting aerosol.It enters the body by inhalation and interferes withmental processes that control bodily functions.

Although there are many unanswered questionsconcerning the physiological action of theseincapacitating compounds and much research remainsto be accomplished, they offer many advantages. Someof these advantages are as follows:

• They are flexible. The effects can be tailored tomeet a commander’s needs—ranging fromdrowsiness or mild hallucinations and confusionand lack of physical coordination to hysteria,irresponsibility, or complete withdrawal.

• They are economical. They are far less expensiveto produce, pound for pound, than fissionablematerials or even some of the more advancedconventional weapons.

• They are not destructive. An enemy nationsubdued by the use of incapacitating agentsagainst its armed forces and against its supportservices will not pose to the victors themammoth problems of reconstruction andrehabilitation. Factories will remain standing;cities will still be alive.

• They are less injurious. Properly employed,these agents are likely to cause far less loss oflife, less maiming or crippling, and less

permanent aftereffects than has been true of highexplosives used in past conflicts.

• They are simpler weapons system. Agents of thistype are easily stored, loaded into munitions, anddelivered on target. They may be projected fromgenerators upwind of the enemy as an aerosol;they may be introduced clandestinely into hisfood and water supplies; or they may be injectedby one well-placed agent into the ventilatingsystems of large headquarters.

• They are difficult to detect. Most agents of thistype are colorless, odorless, tasteless, andproduce no immediate recognizablephysiological symptoms. Sprays can be made toresemble obscuring smoke; artillery shells canbe designed that display the same burstcharacteristics as HE rounds.

Effective personal protective measures can beadopted with incapacitating agents as with otherchemicals—the protective mask, protective clothing,highly sensitive alarms, or detectors.

Toxins

Toxins are poisonous products of animal orvegetable cells. When injected into animals or people,they cause the formation of antibodies calledantitoxins. The most important toxins are thoseproduced by bacteria, the most potent of which isbotulin. Botulin is hundreds of times more poisonousthan phosgene, mustard gas, or cyanide, and it isseveral times more toxic than rattlesnake or cobravenom. Toxins can be used in two ways—they can beproduced outside the body and introduced into food,water, or wounds, or the organisms producing them canbe used as agents. In peacetime, control is exercisedover diseases of this group by strict sanitary measuresand thorough medical inspection of all foodsprescribed by the Food and Drug Administration.

Incendiaries

Incendiary weapons, unlike other chemical agents,are concerned primarily with material damage, ratherthan with inflicting casualties. Incendiaries have beenused against personnel. However, their greatestapplication is in the destruction of industrialinstallations, housing, ammunition, fuel dumps, and soon. Modern military incendiaries may be divided intothree categories—oil, metal, and a combination of oiland meta l . They may also be div ided in tospontaneously flammable materials, such as

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phosphorous, and those agents requiring ignition, suchas magnesium.

DETECTION OF CHEMICAL AGENTS

Various devices are available to detect and identifychemical agents. Table 9-1 provides a list of chemicalagents and identifies which chemical detection devicecan detect each of the agents. Most of the devicesindicate the presence of chemical agents by colorchanges that are chemically produced.

Some of the detection devices used by the Navy areas follows:

• M-8 Chemical Agent Detection Paper

• M-9 Chemical Agent Detection Paper

• M256A1 Chemical Agent Detector Kit

• Chemical Warfare Directional Detector(CWDD) AN/KAS-l

• Chemical Agent Point Detector System(CAPDS)

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Table 9-1. Chemical Agent Detection Capabilities

M-8 Paper

The M-8 chemical agent detection paper (fig. 9-3)is issued in a book of 25 split sheets (50 separateresponses). It is chemically treated, dye impregnated,and perforated for easy removal. This paper detects thepresence of liquid V agents, G agents (nerve), and Hagents (blister/mustard). When the M-8 paper isbrought in contact with the suspected chemical agent,the chemicals in the paper react with the agent toproduce specific color changes. The sheet of paper isthen matched to the color comparison chart printed onthe inside front cover of the M-8 book. Liquid dropletsas small as 125-200 microns will produce a colorchange that is detectable by the naked eye. Responsetime is approximately 20 seconds.

NOTE

Certain agents give a red-brown colorresponse, which is inter- mediate between thetypical H and the typical G colors.

The steps of the procedure for using M-8 paper isas follows:

1. Detach a sheet of detector paper from the bookand attach it to your clothing, or place it on a surface sothat it can be exposed to drops or liquid splash ofchemical agents. Use masking tape or any otheravailable means to secure the paper in place.

2. If colored spots appear, put on your protectivemask. Be prepared to take proper medical action ifsymptoms appear.

3. Compare the colored spots with the colors on theinside cover of the detector paper book to determinewhat type of agent is present.

4. The paper may also be used to detect liquidcontamination by placing the paper in contact with thesuspect surface. A color change similar to that shown onthe inside cover indicates the presence of chemicalagents. This paper will NOT detect gases or vapors.

M-9 Paper

The new M-9 (fig. 9-4) detector paper detectsnerve agents (G and V) and blister agents (H and L) inthe liquid state. The paper is sensitive to droplets assmall as 100 microns and responds in approximately10 seconds or less. The response time increases attemperatures below freezing. High temperatures of160°F or above may cause a red color to appear, thusproducing a false reading. The use of the M-9 detectorpaper is limited to agents in the liquid state; it will notdetect chemical agent vapors. The M-9 detector paperhas no agent specificity; the red color appears for alldetectable agents.

The M-9 liquid-agent detector paper is issued bythe roll and is 30 feet long and 2 inches wide. It has aMylar film backing that has adhesive and release paperon the reverse side. The roll comes in a cardboarddispenser that has a serrated metal edge for cutting. Amoistureproof, resealable bag is provided for storingthe dispenser after it is removed from its originalshipping package.

When you open the shipping package, remove thedispenser and the plastic storage bag. Save the plasticstorage bag and discard the shipping package.Immediately write or stamp the current date on the

9-11

G:NERVE

HBLISTER

VNERVE

DETECTSLIQUIDSONLY

YELLOWREDGREEN

PAPER,CHEMICALAGENTDETECTOR,VGH,ABC-M8

NSN6665-00-050-8529BOOKOF 25 SHEETS

DCf0903

Figure 9-3. M-8 detector paper.

Figure 9-4. M-9 detector paper and storage bag.

dispenser. This date will be the base line to determinethe useful life of the M-9 detector paper. Remove thecutter edge protector and throw the protector away.

The steps of the procedure for removing M-9detector paper from the dispenser are as follows:

1. Start the olive drab (OD) paper strip through theslot by applying a little finger pressure with the thumb orfinger.

2. Hold the detector paper strip between theforefinger and thumb of one hand and the OD paper stripbetween the forefinger and thumb of the other hand. Pullenough of the detector paper out through the slots for theintended use. Be sure to pull the detector paper strip andthe OD paper strip at the same time.

3. After you pull both of the paper strips throughthe slots, cut the detector paper half way by pulling thestrip down on the cutting edge.

4. Lift the detector paper strip up off the cuttingedge, and then pull both of the strips out a little further,about 1 inch.

5. Tear through the remaining half of the detectorpaper strip.

6. Tear off the OD paper strip, but leave enoughpaper sticking out to be ready for your next use.

Attach detector paper to equipment and bulkheadsat locations where it can be seen easily. Wrap thedetector paper around some part of the equipmentwhere it will not get stepped on. To help make it easierto remove the detector paper, fold 1 inch of the paperback over (adhesive side to adhesive side) to form a tab.Remember to keep the paper away from hot surfacesand direct sunlight. Heat may cause the detector paperto turn red and cause false readings.

To attach the detector paper to flat surfaces, youfirst place the paper on the surface. Then, cover thedetector paper with the OD paper strip and press thedetector paper into date. Be sure to make a tab, asmentioned above, to help make it easy to remove thedetector paper when required.

To check the surface of an area for liquid chemicalagent contamination, take a piece of the detector paperand blo t the sur face around the suspec tedcontaminated area. Do not rub or scrape the detectorpaper across rough surfaces. Scuff marks will causefalse readings. If spots on the paper appear pink, red,red-brown, red-purple, or any shade of red, takeprotective actions and assume that you have beenexposed to a liquid chemical agent.

Do not check the detector paper under a red lightbecause you will not be able to see the red spots of theliquid chemical agent. Personnel who are color-blindshould not check the detector paper for red spots. Blue,yellow, green, gray, or black spots are caused byhumidity, not by liquid chemical agents.

Detector paper strips that show false positivereadings need to be replaced with a fresh strip. Falsepositive readings can be caused by the following factors:

• Temperatures above 125°F

• Scuffs

• Cleaning compounds

• DS-2 decontaminating agent

• Gasoline

• Grease

• Hydraulic fluid and brake fluid

• Insect repellent/spray

• Lubricating oil

• Ethylene glycol (pure antifreeze)

The M-9 detector paper will work in rain, snow,and sleet. However, the reaction to agents is slowerwhen the detector paper is soaked. When the surfacesare wet, attach the detector paper tighter than usual toprevent it from slipping. Also, temperatures around32°F reduce the speed in which the paper will turn redand it may take the paper several minutes to show acolor change.

When the dispenser is not in use, place it in theplastic storage bag to prevent contamination of thedetector paper. Squeeze out the air before sealing theplastic storage bag. If the discard date or the useful lifedate has passed, replace the detector paper with a new,unopened roll.

M256A1 Chemical Agent Detector Kit

The M256A1 chemical agent detector (fig. 9-5) isa portable, expendable item that consists of a carryingcase with straps, 12 sampler-detectors, one book ofM-8 paper, and a set of operational instruction cards.You will use the sampler-detectors to test for chemicalagents in the vapor form. The M-8 paper is used tocheck for chemical agents in the liquid form.

The 12 sampler-detectors are individuallywrapped. Each sampler-detector consists of eightglass ampoules (each filled with chemical reagent),

9-12

three test spots, a chemical heater, protective strips,and tabs. Each sampler-detector has instructions forits use printed on the outside of its protective bag.Formed channels in the plastic sheets direct the flowof the reagents from the finger-crushable ampoules towe t the te s t spo t s a t the t ime of t e s t ing .SAFE/DANGER observations are printed on eachsampler-detector. They show the approximate colorthat each spot develops if the agent is present and if itis absent.

The square test spot is used with the blister reagentampoules and the chemical heater to detect mustards(H and HD) and phosgene oxime (CX). The lewisitedetecting tablet and the lewisite tablet-rubbing tab areused to detect lewisite (L). A pull-tab covers thelewisite detecting tablet.

The circular test spot is used with the blood reagentampoules to detect hydrogen cyanide (AC) andcyanogen chloride (CK).

The star-shaped test spot is used with the nervereagent ampoules to detect nerve agents (V and G).

The hinged protective strip, used in the closedposition, protects the blood and nerve agent test spots.The colored beads in the ampoules have no operationalfunction. They are installed during manufacture of thesampler-detector as an aid in identifying the samplerampoules.

One book of M-8 chemical agent detector paper isalso included in the M256A1 kit. Use the M-8 paper asdiscussed earlier in the chemical agent detection papersection of this chapter. One set of operationalinstruction cards is attached to the case by a lanyard.These cards contain instructions on the use of theM256A1kit.

The M256A1 kit is a portable means for CBRmonitoring teams to detect concentrations of nerve,blister, or blood agents to differentiate between classes

9-13

DISCARDDATE

TOP CASE

BOTTOM CASE

OPERATIONALINSTRUCTIONCARDS

LANYARD

M8CHEMICAL AGENTDETECTOR PAPER

XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX X

SAMPLER-DETECTORS

3

LEWISITE TABLETMARKING PAD

NERVE REAGENTAMPOULES

BLOOD REAGENT AMPOULES

BLISTER REAGENTAMPOULES

HEATERASSEMBLY(SWING OUT)

LEWISITETEST TABLET

PULL TAB TOEXPOSE LEWISITE TABLET

3 3

PU

LLTA

B 1 5

44

2

BLISTER AGENTTEST SPOT

HINGEDPROTECTIVE

STRIP

BLOOD AGENTTEST SPOT

NERVE AGENTTEST SPOT

USER'S INSTRUCTION

OPERATIONSEQUENCE NO.

(TYPICAL)

DCf0905

SAMPLER COMPONENTIDENTIFICATION

Figure 9-5. M256A1 chemical agent detector kit.

of agents and to help determine when it is safe toremove CBR protective masks and clothing.

When using the M256A1 kit to detect vapors in theair, you should use the following procedures:

1. Remove the three operational instructioncards from the kit. Read these instructions beforeproceeding.

2. Remove a sampler-detector from the kit.Check to ensure that it has not exceeded its discardexpirat ion date . Do not use an outdatedsampler-detector because it will not give you a reliabletest indication.

3. Read the instructions on both sides of theprotective bag before proceeding.

4. Open the sampler-detector bag by tearing thebag along the tear line that is marked with arrows. Holdthe sampler-detector on the windward side from you tokeep from picking up vapors from your protectiveequipment. Do not allow excessive moisture, such asrain and dew, to come in contact with thesampler-detector.

5. Carefully remove the sampler-detector from itsprotective bag. Save the protective bag to refer to theinstructions that are printed on it. Do not touch thesampler-detector agent test spots because incorrect testresults may be produced.

6. Handle the sampler-detector carefully. Hold itby the hinged protective strip in the closed position.Keep the protective strip in the closed position to protectthe test spots.

7. Swing the hinged heater assembly away fromthe test spot and discard the two loose protective stripsunder the hinged heater assembly.

8. Pull off and discard the pull tab (marked 1) toexpose the lewisite detecting tablet.

9. Rub the top half of the white paper side of thelewisite tablet-rubbing tab (marked 2) on the lewisitedetecting tablet. Repeat the rubbing until a mark isvisible.

10. Hold the sampler-detector in the verticalposition so that the ampoules are down.

11. Crush the four reagent ampoules in the threecenter pockets (marked 3) with your finger.

12. Rotate the sampler-detector until the test spotsare in a down position. Force the liquid from the fourampoules through the formed channels to the test spotsto ensure wetting.

13. Check to ensure that the hinged protective stripis over the test spots. Hold the sampler-detectorhorizontal with the left thumb over the center test spot.

14. Make sure that the hinged heater assembly isaway from the test spot. The heater produces hot vaporsand is hot to the touch. Keep the sampler-detector awayfrom your face and bare skin once the ampoules havebeen broken.

15. Crush one of the two green ampoules(marked 4) with your finger. Immediately swing thehinged heater assembly over the test spot. Vent the vaporaway from your body. Leave the hinged heater assemblyin place for 2 minutes.

16. Swing the hinged heater assembly and thehinged protective strip away from the test spot after the2 minutes have passed.

17. Hold the sampler-detector by the hingedprotective strip.

18. Expose the test spots to the air for 10 minuteswhile shielding the sampler-detector from directsunlight.

19. Crush the second green ampoule (marked 4)with your finger. Swing the hinged heater assembly overthe test spot, and vent the vapor away from you. Leavethe hinged heater assembly in place for 1 minute.

20. Swing the hinged heater assembly away fromthe test spot after 1 minute has passed.

21. Hold the sampler-detector vertically with thetest spots down.

22. Crush the remaining ampoules (marked 5) withyour finger. Force the liquid from the two ampoulesthrough the formed channels to the test spots to ensurewetting.

23. Rerub the lewisite-detecting tablet with thelewisite tablet rubbing tab. Make sure that the secondrub mark is next to the first rub mark.

24. Immediately turn the sampler-detector over todetermine whether safe or danger conditions exist.Observe the lewisite tablet rubbing tab for a differencein color between the two rub marks. Also, you can usethe operational instruction cards to make a colorcomparison.

You can compare the blood agent and the lewisitetests immediately after the prescribed exposure time.The blister agents (H and CX) develop colorimmediately after all of the ampoules are broken. Thenerve agent test requires a waiting period of 2 minutes.

9-14

Disregard the small blue areas under the plastic rim ofthe nerve agent spot. The blue coloring is caused by thehumidity. The nerve spot may become difficult to wetwith the solutions as the kit ages. You have to work thesolutions to the spot carefully. At low concentrations, achange in the lewisite tablet rub mark may be veryslight. Compare the first rub mark with the second rubmark before making a judgment. Yellow and orangecolors sometimes occur on the blood test spot when noagent is present. A pink or blue color must be presentfor the test to be positive.

If the suspected surface contamination is in theform of a liquid, use the M-8 paper as discussed earlier.Keep the M256A1 kit stored in a cool, dry area whennot in use. Be sure that the case is kept closed. Inspectthe M256A1 kit completely before using to make sureyou have all of the equipment needed. If any of thecomponents are missing or the blood agent test spot ispinkish, do not use the sampler-detector.

AN/KAS-1 Chemical Warfare DirectionalDetector (CWDD)

The AN/KAS-1 chemical warfare directionaldetector (CWDD) system (fig. 9-6) is a passive,infrared imaging sensor. Its primary function is toprovide U.S. Navy ships with the capability to detectand identify a chemical warfare (CW) agent attack.The AN/KAS-1 can be used to detect and identifynerve agent attacks against sister ships in a task force,against waves of amphibious assault ships and boatsproceeding ashore, or against assault forces in thevicinity of the landing area. Chemical warfare agentcloud detection and identification can be accomplishedagainst a sky background for all conditions underwhich CW attacks may be expected to occur. Detectionof CW activity against a land background can beaccomplished also, but less effectively.

The AN/KAS-1 infrared sensor gives theequipment a secondary function of low-visibility/nightpilotage and area surveillance. The operator of theAN/KAS-1 can detect and provide relative bearing toprominent land features, such as lighthouses and watertowers. In the future, the AN/KAS-1 may be approvedfor the detection of buoys and personnel on the surfaceof the water. The AN/KAS-1 is a shipboard mounted,portable unit. It consists of a sensor unit, a pivot mount,a power conversion unit (PCU), a carrying and stowagecase, a maintenance kit, an overboard lanyard, and afoul weather cover.

The sensor unit is equipped with the followingcontrols:

• A narrow field of view (NFOV).

• A range/focus knob.

• A brightness knob.

• A contrast knob.

A filter wheel switch. This switch allows you torotate a wheel positioned in the optical chain of the unitthrough the following positions: filter 1, filter 2, filter3, and filter out. This is referred to as interrogating.These filters are used to identify CW nerve agentclouds.

The pivot mount provides the mechanical interfacebetween the sensor unit and the standard bracket andlock assembly. Handlebars are provided to assist you inpositioning the sensor unit. The interconnecting cableprovides electrical connection and power transfer fromthe PCU to the sensor unit through a coiled,double-shielded cable.

The power conversion unit provides operatingenergy to the sensor unit from the ship’s 115-voltalternating current (vac) 60-Hertz (HZ) power supply.Press-to-test switches and lights are included to verifyinput and output voltages. The unit consists of anelectronics tray contained in a watertight, protectivehousing.

The carrying and stowage case is provided fortransportation and stowage of the AN/KAS-1 system.Space is also provided in this case for the stowage ofthe sensor unit, pivot mount, interconnecting cable,overboard lanyard, maintenance kit, and foul weathercover. The maintenance kit (stowed inside the carryingand stowage case) is provided with each system. Themaintenance kit contains the following:

9-15

DCf0906

Figure 9-6. Chemical warfare directional detector (CWDD),AN/KAS-1.

• Expendable nitrogen gas cartridges (six) topurge the sensor unit of moisture (30-dayrequirement)

• A purge kit regulator and connector assembly

• Lens wipers (cleaning pads)

• A lens cleaning solution

• Spare bulbs and lenses

The overboard lanyard is a vinyl-covered, stainlesssteel cable. It is used to secure the sensor and pivotmount unit to an eyelet on the PCU unit mounting platebefore installation and/or removal. The overboardlanyard and associated safety procedures preventaccidental over-the-side loss or severe damage to theequipment, due to a fall to a lower deck, duringinstallation or removal of the sensor unit.

The foul weather cover, or waterproof canvas, isused to protect the sensor and pivot mount when theyare not in use. (Do not cover the sensor unit with thefoul weather cover while the unit is in operation. Theconfined heat that is generated by the sensor unit coolerwill harm the sensor unit.)

Use the following procedures to place theAN/KAS-1 in position for use.

1. Have two people carry the AN/KAS-1 stowagecase to the mount site to be used.

2. Remove the free end of the overboard lanyardfrom the case and secure it to the eyelet in the PCUmount.

3. Have the people carefully remove the sensorunit from the case by grasping it by the yoke, and thenlift and turn the pivot mount to line up with the locaterpins in the bracket and lock assembly mount. Move theunit into place on the mount.

4. Secure the sensor unit to the mount by securingthe lock mechanism on the bracket and lock assembly.Try to lift the sensor from the mount to ensure that it islocked in place.

5. Position the left and right handles by placing onehand on the sensor assembly for support. Pull out eachhandle, one at a time, and rotate each one into ahorizontal position.

6. Notify the support maintenance signalman topurge the sensor unit according to the applicable MRCfrom the PMS.

7. Free the lens cover by releasing the two sidelatches. Remove the lens cover and secure it to the lens

cover stowage mount on top of the sensor unit with thetwo side latches.

8. Verify that the PCU CB1 switch is off, and thenconnect the sensor unit power cable to the PCUconnector.

After the AN/KAS-1 is set up, perform theAN/KAS-1 operator check procedure. Now theAN/KAS-1 system is ready to be aligned.

The steps of the procedure to set up the AN/KAS-1for operation are as follows:

1. Remove the canvas foul weather cover.

2. Push the button flap on the cover into the cover.Roll the cover up and secure it with the drawstring.Ensure that the cover is secured by its strap to the mounteyebolt. This will prevent the equipment cover frombeing blown overboard.

3. Remove the lens guard cushion by releasing thetwo latches, one on each side. Secure the lens guardcushion to the top of the sensor unit using the same twolatches.

4. Rotate the mount control handles 180° into theoperational position.

5. Release the elevation stow pin and azimuthlocks. Adjust the azimuth friction lock to the desiredlevel of control.

6. Perform the AN/KAS-1 operator checkprocedure.

7. Check the sensor unit alignment with thealignment bench mark data engraved on the data plate.If necessary, perform the alignment procedure.

The AN/KAS-1 is now ready for operation.

To conduct the AN/KAS-1 operator check, turn onthe PCU CB1 switch. The sensor unit cooler willoperate. After about 3 minutes, the sensor will reachcool down and an IR scene should be visible in theeyepiece. If the IR scene is not visible or clear, the stepsof the procedure to troubleshoot the problem are asfollows:

1. Place the PCU S1 switch in the TEST position.If all lights come on but there is no IR scene visible in theeyepiece within 5 minutes, replace the sensor unit. If theDS3 fails to light up, the ship’s power to the PCU is OFF.Check the ship’s power. If the DS3 lights up but there isno image and either the DS1 or the DS2 fails to light up,replace the PCU. If some of the lights are out but the IR

9-16

scene is visible in the eyepiece, replace the defectivelamp.

2. Adjust the BRT (brightness) and the CTRS(contrast) controls to obtain a good image. Rememberthis image, because on foggy or hazy days the image willnot focus sharply. If you are in a low-visibility or heavyfog condition, use the narrow field of view and focus on ahot object within 50 feet of the sensor. If you are unable toobtain a good image, replace the sensor unit.

3. Using the narrow field of view, observe the hotobject at 50 feet or more and adjust the image. Switch tothe wide field of view and verify the focus. Alwaysfocus the AN/KAS-1 in the narrow field of view; thiswill focus the wide field of view also. If you are unableto focus the image, replace the sensor unit.

The steps of the procedure for identifying cloudswith the AN/KAS-1 are as follows:

1. Use only the wide field of view so that the entirecloud can be seen.

2. Aim the sensor unit at the cloud and begin yourinterrogating (moving through the filters) immediatelyby depressing the filter switch.

3. Go through the interrogation several times,watching the changes as the cloud forms. If the cloud isa chemical nerve agent cloud, the changes will becomeeven more apparent as you watch it through the filters.

4. Continue the interrogation for at least six cyclesuntil confirmation can be established.

5. If the cloud dims and grows smaller when usingfilter No. 1 and grows larger when using the No. 2 andNo. 3 filters, take immediate action to notify the bridge.Even if the suspected cloud is not a chemical agent, keepinterrogating other suspicious looking clouds.

When conducting maintenance on the AN/KAS-1,follow the procedures listed in the manufacturer’stechnical manual and the PMS system.

Chemical Agent Point Detector System(CAPDS)

The chemical agent point detector system(CAPDS), shown in figure 9-7, is a local samplingdetection device. It is used to detect the presence ofchemical agents in the air. The system has an alarm thatprovides rapid warning. The CAPDS is capable ofdetecting nerve agents GB, CD, and VX in time toallow personnel to take protective countermeasures.The system provides a means of continuouslysampling the outside air. It will automatically sound analarm at the remote control unit and remote status unit.The CAPDS cons is t s of a detec tor, twothrough-the-bulkhead units (TBU), a remote controlunit, and a remote status unit. The detector consists ofthe alarm module and the power supply. The alarm

9-17

PORT THROUGH-BULKHEADUNIT STBDTHROUGH-BULKHEADUNIT

REMOTECONTROLUNITS(RCU)

LOCATEDIN DC CENTRAL

PORT STBD

AIR SAMPLEINTAKE

PORTDETECTOR

REMOTECONTROLUNITS(RCU)

LOCATEDON BRIDGE

STARBOARDDETECTOR

AIR SAMPLEINTAKE

HARDWAREINTOSHIP'SCHEMICALALARM DCf0907

Figure 9-7. Chemical Agent Point Detector System (CAPDS).

module contains a pneumatic system, an ionizationand detection system, and an alarm electrical system,which is necessary to perform the agent samplingoperations. The pneumatic system is used to supply airsamples from the TBU to the alarm module forchemical analysis. It will then remove the air sampleonce the sample has been analyzed as exhaust.

The ionization and detection system draws airsamples into a heater block where it is heated to atemperature of approximately 140°F. The samplemoves into a sensor cell for ionization. A samplecontaining chemical agents will increase the output ofthe sensor cell and trigger the alarm. The alarmelectrical system provides the power to maintainairflow, heater temperature, and the other electricalsystems involved.

The power supply provides the input power fromthe ship’s electrical system. If the input power is lost,the power supply provides the power from an internalbattery.

The through-the-bulkhead unit consists of anelectronics and fan assembly. This assembly providescontinuous air samples for the alarm module.

The remote control unit connects the remote statusunit with the appropriate detector and the powersupply. The remote status unit is mounted on the ship’sbridge but has no control over the system. It merelyreports the status of the system. However, it does have amanual override of the ship’s alarm system.

Since the system is automatic, it requires nooperation procedures once it is installed. To performmaintenance on the system, follow the guidelineslisted in the planned maintenance system.

MONITORING OF CHEMICAL AGENTCONTAMINATION

In general, the purpose of chemical surveys is todetect, locate, and identify chemical agents in eitherliquid or vapor form. The contamination marking kit

9-18

Table 9-2. Colors Used for Contamination Markings

provides markers that makes it easy to identifycontaminated areas as well as isolating those areas.The markers are triangular in shape and their colors arelisted in table 9-2.

The most important information required fromchemical surveys makes it possible to determine thefollowing:

• Was the ship exposed to blood agent? If so, themask filter canisters on all protective masks mustbe changed.

• Is off-gassing from a persistent agent on theship’s weather surfaces occurring? If so, a higherprotective posture may be required inside theship.

• Has the ship departed a vapor hazard area andreached an uncontaminated atmosphere? If thereis no secondary vapor hazard, purging can beginat this point according to the ship’s CBR Bill.

• Have decontamination and purging efforts beensuccessful?

• The correlation of survey results, ventilationstatus, and tactical information.

BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS

Learning Objective: Recall the requirements forbiological warfare (BW) defense and countermeasures.

Biological operations are the use of living agents,such as bacteria, viruses, and other pathogenicmicroorganisms, to produce disease or death ofhumans, animals, or plants.

Biological agents are a threat that must berecognized and prepared for by all personnel. A largepart of the defense against biological agents dependsupon self-protection against the agents.

TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL WARFARE (BW)AGENTS

Military biology is only concerned with organismsthat will adversely affect man, animals, or plants. Theorganisms used as BW agents are classified into twogroups, pathogens and toxins.

Pathogens

Pathogens are living microorganisms that includebacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi, and protozoa. Inaddition to being spread as aerosols or by weapons, themethods used to spread pathogens are vectors andptests. Vectors include insects, ticks and mites (alsoknown as arachnids), and animals. Pest includeanimals and plants.

MICROORANISMS.— Microorganisms areminute living organisms, which can usually be seenonly with the aid of a microscope. Each organism iscomposed of a single cell or a group of associated cells

9-19

Q5. There are a total of how many sheets of M-8detector paper in an unopened booklet?

1. 15

2. 20

3. 25

4. 30

Q6. What color does M-9 paper turn when a nerveor blister agent is detected?

1. Gold

2. Green

3. Red

4. Blue

Q7. The M256A1 detector kit is used to test forwhat form of chemical agent?

1. Liquid

2. Vapor

3. Solid

4. Mist

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q8. What is the primary function of theAN/KAS-1?

1. To provide U.S. Navy ships with thecapability to detect and identify achemical warfare (CW) agent attack

2. To provide U.S. Navy ships with thecapability to detect and identify abiological warfare (BW) agent attack

3. To provide U.S. Navy ships with thecapability to detect and identifyradiological contamination

4. To provide U.S. Navy ships with thecapability to detect and identify toxincontamination

capable of carrying on all functions of life, includinggrowth and reproduction. Microorganisms do not havea digestive tract, organs of sight, or a heat-regulatingsystem. Many of them resemble plant life and areregarded as being in the vegetable kingdom. Somemicroorganisms, such as the protozoa, havecharacteristics that place them in the animal kingdom.

Microorganisms are universally distributed in theair, water, and soil. Every cubic foot of topsoil providesa natural home for billions of soil organisms. The skin,hair, nose, mouth, and digestive tract of humans andother animals harbor a considerable variety ofmicrobes in large numbers.

Microorganisms capable of producing disease areknown as pathogens. Most of these pathogens areparasites and live on or within another living organism,called a host, which provides shelter and nourishment.Other microorganisms thrive on decaying or deadorganic material and are known as saprophytes. Mostmicroorganisms are nonpathogenic; that is, they do notcause disease. In fact, many of them are beneficial toboth man and plant life. Certain microorganisms areresponsible for producing many antibiotics, such aspenicillin and streptomycin. Others are important inthe production of alcoholic beverages, manufacture ofvinegar, leather making, and curing cheese andtobacco, as well as in the preparation of industrialsolvents.

On the basis of structural and behavioralcharacteristics, microorganisms are divided into fivedistinct classifications of biological warfare agents asfollows:

1. Bacteria

2. Rickettsiae

3. Viruses

4. Fungi

5. Protozoa

A brief discussion of the characteristics of each ofthese microorganisms and their potential threat topersonnel follows.

1. Bacteria are very small single-cell organisms.However, they are large enough to be visible through anordinary microscope. Bacteria may be spherical,rod-shaped, or spiral in form. They are presenteverywhere in nature, in air, soil, water, and animal andplant bodies, both living and dead.

Many types of bacteria can cause infection, and thepowerful toxins produced by some can be used asbiological warfare agents. Examples of diseasescaused by bacteria are typhoid fever, meningitis, andtuberculosis.

2. Rickettsiae are usually smaller than bacteria, butthey are still visible through an ordinary microscope.They grow only within living cells, and they are potentdisease producers in man and animals. Many of themare transmitted by insect bites. Examples of diseasescaused by rickettsiae are Rocky Mountain spotted feverand typhus.

3. Viruses are even smaller than rickettsiae and arenot visible with the ordinary microscope. Some havebeen photographed through the electron microscope.Like the rickettsiae, they will grow only within theliving cell. Viruses and rickettsiae are probably less welldistributed than bacteria because they are moreparticular in their growth environments. However, it isknown that both can survive for short periods of time inthe air. Examples of virus diseases are mumps,smallpox, psittacosis (parrot fever), and influenza.

4. Fungi include such plants as yeasts, molds, andmildews. These organisms are known for their ability tospoil foods and fabrics.

Generally speaking, diseases caused by fungi inhumans are less severe than those produced by othermicroorganisms. They usually produce low-grade,mild, and often chronic diseases. A few fungi arecapable of producing serious diseases, such asblastomycosis (a chronic infection affecting the skin orthe lungs, bones, liver, spleen, and kidneys). Severaldiseases of plants are caused by fungi. Examples arepotato blight, cotton root rot, corn smut, and wheatrust. If an attack is made on food crops, the agents usedmight be in this class.

5. Protozoa are single-celled, animal-like formsthat occur in a variety of shapes and often havecomplicated life cycles. Some protozoa cause diseasesin both man and animals. Problems of production andtransmission limit their application in biologicalwarfare, but it must not be assumed that these problemscould not be solved. Examples of protozoa infections ofman are amoebic dysentery and malaria.

VECTORS OF DISEASE.— Disease vectors areanimal carriers that transfer infective agents from onehost to another. They usually are arthropods (insects,arachnids, and crustaceans) but may be other animals.Disease vectors are classified into two types as follows:

9-20

1. Biological vectors. These are animals in whose

bodies the infecting organism develops or multiplies

before it can infect the recipient animal.

2. Mechanical vectors. These are animals that

transmit infective organisms from one host to another

but, in themselves, are not essential to the life cycle of

the parasite.

Mosquitoes that transmit malaria and yellow feverare biological vectors. The black horsefly, whichtransmits anthrax, and many insects that transmit plantdiseases are mechanical vectors. Higher animals, andman himself, sometimes act as vectors. Swine are hostto trichine, which produces trichinosis in man when heeats inadequately cooked, infected pork. Dogs, cats,skunks, foxes, and some other animals transmit rabies.

PESTS.— The meaning of the term pest as usedhere is restricted to certain animals (excludingmicroorganisms) that interfere with the health of otherorganisms. These pests live on or within the animals, orthey are associated with them in other injurious ways.Pests are known as parasites when they obtain theirfood from living host cells. The presence of a largenumber of parasites on the surface of the body of thehost, producing only mechanical effects, is known asinfestation. Invasion of the tissues of the body of thehost by parasites, producing injury followed by hostreaction, is known as infection. Living organisms thatconsume or destroy food, clothing, and forest productsalso are characterized as pests.

Although many insects are beneficial toagriculture, great losses are caused by plant-feedinginsects and by insect-borne plant diseases. Otherserious losses result from the destruction of storedfood, clothing, and forest products by such pests as ratsand moths. Some pests affecting the animal kingdomare mites, ticks, spiders, scorpions, chiggers, lice,bedbugs, and flies. Some pests affecting plants are theJapanese beetle, snails, corn earworm, boll weevil, andthe elm leaf beetle. Other pests that take a toll on man’sproducts and have potential value as BW agents arerats, mice, groundhogs, starlings, and crows.

Toxins

Toxins are poisonous products of living organismsthat when inhaled or swallowed or injected into a manor animal will cause illness or death. Some toxins usedas BW agents are produced synthetically. Because theyhave similar characateristics, toxins are disseminatedin the same manner as chemical agents.

NOTE

For detail information on pathogens andtoxins, you should refer to NSTM, chapter 470.“Shipboard BW/CW Defense andCountermeasures.”

EFFECTS OF BW AGENTS

BW agents may be selected to produce variousstrategic or tactical goals. These goals range from briefbut crippling diseases to widespread serious illnesseswith many deaths. The effects of biological agents varywidely, depending upon the agent or agents selected.

The mere presence of a disease-producing organismon or in the body of a host does not guarantee infectionor illness. In fact, pathogenic organisms are frequentlypresent and cause no harm in the human body for longperiods of time. The factors that determine whetherinfection will result from contact between a pathogenand a host are not completely understood; however,some important factors are as follows:

• The general state of health of the individual

• The immunity of the particular individual to theparticular organism

• The number of organisms to which theindividual is exposed

• The ability of the organisms to cause disease

Remember that the effects of pathogens are alwaysdelayed. There is always an incubation period betweenthe time organisms enter the body and the time thatsymptoms of disease are observed. This period mayvary from several hours to several weeks.

To some extent, the effects of pathogens aredetermined by the route that the infecting organismsuse to enter the body. Many organisms require aspecific portal of entry to produce infection or disease.Other organisms can cause disease when they enter byany route. The usual ways in which pathogenicorganisms enter the body are by inhalation, byswallowing, by direct contact, and by injection.Injection includes insect and animal bites.

DISSEMINATION OF BW AGENTS

BW agents may be spread in various ways. Theymay be used as fillings in bombs, shells, or aerial orsurface spray tanks. Biological agents may be releasedfrom munitions such as aerosols. The aerosols arecloudlike formations of solid or liquid particles inwhich the biological agents are held suspended.

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DETECTION OF BW AGENTS

There are no simple and rapid methods to detectBW agents such as those used to detect chemicalagents and nuclear radiation. The positive detectionand identification of a pathogen can be obtained onlyby taking samples of the organisms, growing a cultureof the organisms under laboratory conditions, and thensubjecting the culture to a variety of biochemical andbiological tests.

Establishing definitively that a biological attackhas occurred is difficult. It is normal for a smallpercentage of the crew to be ill due to the effects ofnaturally occurring pathogens. Occasionally, there areoutbreaks of illness that affect a larger percentage;however, this could also be due to natural causes. Somedevelopments that could indicate that a biologicalwarfare agent is responsible are as follows:

• The number of casualties reaches epidemicproportions within hours to 3 days, most within a24-hour period.

• The infection rate or death rate is higher thannormally expected for the disease.

• An outbreak of a disease occurs that is notnormally encountered in the area of the world inwhich the ship is operating.

• Personnel working in a protected environmentdo not contract the disease.

• Outbreak of multiple diseases occurs. Toconfi rm tha t a b io logica l a t tack wasresponsible, samples collected by a biologicaldetection system, environmental samplescollected by repair parties, or biomedicalsamples collected by medical personnel arecrucial.

COUNTERMEASURES AT SEA

Learning Objective: Recall chemical and biological(CB) warfare countermeasures employed when a ship isat sea to include closure, washdown, weathering, anddecontamination of personnel.

The basic purpose of CB countermeasures at sea isto deny entry or neutralize contamination so themission of the ship can be carried out withoutendangering the life or health of assigned personnel.The three kinds of ship protective action used when atsea are closure, washdown, and weathering.

CLOSURE SYSTEM

The closure system protects the interior of the shipagainst the entry of aerosols and gases. Quick action onclosure is essential. It is not possible to predict theresults if the ship is closed after exposure becausepersonnel below decks may be in even greater dangerfrom agents trapped inside as a result of closure.

COUNTERMEASURES WASHDOWN(CMWD) SYSTEM

The CMWD system is a dry-pipe sprinkler systemthat provides a moving screen of seawater over theweather surfaces of the ship. The flowing water carriesaway most of the liquid and solid contaminants that fallon the decks or bulkheads.

Use of the CMWD system is a form of activedecontamination by physical removal. It is the bestactive decontamination option in the three respects.They are as follows:

1. It requires the least expenditure of manpower tooperate.

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Q9. Which of the following life forms is anexample of a disease vector?

1. Bacteria

2. Fungi

3. Virus

4. Arachnid

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q10. There is always an incubation period betweenthe time an organism enters a body and thefirst signs of the symptoms of an illness.

1. True

2. False

Q11. An indication of biological warfare is whenthe number of casualties reaches epidemicproportions within days, with most occurringwithin the first 24 hours.

1. True

2. False

2. It can be activated easily and quickly and itcovers all, or nearly all, of the ship’s weather surfaces atonce, allowing liquid agent the least time to sorb intopaint or nonskid.

3. It is highly effective in physical removal ofcontamination. It is most effective when used forprewetting before the arrival of the agent and then left onduring and after agent deposition. However, it is still aneffective decontamination system, even when it is notactivated until after the agent has been deposited.

Periodic testing and inspection according to theplanned maintenance system is necessary to ensurethat the countermeasures washdown system is readyfor use if needed.

WEATHERING

Weathering is the gradual reduction of apers is tent hazard due to the effects of theenvironment. It is passive decontamination,requiring no expenditure of manpower or material.Evaporation is the primary mechanism for naturaldecay of a chemical hazard. It may occur as theliquid chemical agent is lying on a surface or as itdesorbs from some material into which it waspreviously sorbed. Desorption proceeds quickly atfirst, then the rate slows considerably. It is importantto remember that the agent vapor that results fromweathering is harmful if its concentration is highenough.

Wea the r ing i s normal ly a pa r t o f anydecontamination operation because active methodscannot reach all the agents that are deposited on theship. The longer a liquid chemical agent is allowed tosoak into alkyd paint or nonskid deck coating, the lesseffective are physical removal and chemicalneutralization. However, as coatings age, the less theytend to absorb agents. This factor extends the timeduring which active decontamination measures canbe effective. It may also increase the speed ofweathering.

WARNING

If weathering is the decon- taminationoption chosen, topside evolutions must bedelayed until the hazard has decayed to a safelevel or all personnel going topside must wearindividual protective equipment.

In any active decontamination operation,personnel working in proximity should wearprotective clothing and masks until the damage controlassistant has declared the area safe.

Physical removal methods involving the use ofwater without oxidizers may dilute the concentrationof agent but do not change their toxic properties.Therefore, care must be taken to ensure that spray,runoff, and disposal methods do not simply movecontamination to other parts of the ship.

DECONTAMINATION OF PERSONNEL

Personnel decontamination procedures aredesigned to minimize the hazards to contaminatedindividuals and to prevent the spread of contaminantsinside the ship. Decontamination procedures includeindividual and group efforts.

M291 Skin Decontamination Kit (SDK)

The M291 Skin Decontamination Kit (SDK),shown in figure fig. 9-8, provides each individual witha process for decontamination. The M291 is used todecontaminate liquid chemical agents from exposedskin areas by physical removal, absorption, andneutralization. Each kit consists of a wallet-likecarrying pouch containing six sealed foil packets,enough for three complete skin applications. Eachpacket contains a folded applicator pad with a handleon one side. The pad is filled with the blackdecontaminating powder, a reactive and absorbentresin that is not toxic but may be slightly irritating tothe skin or eyes. The M291 is small and rugged enoughfor the individual to carry in a pocket on the chemicalprotective overgarment (CPO) or the advancedchemical protective overgarment (ACPG) or in thecarrier for the MCU-2/P series mask.

Contamination Control Area (CCA)

All personnel exposed to the weather during or aftera chemical attack shall be considered contaminated andshall reenter the ship through a decontamination stationor contamination control area (CCA). The basic pro-cedures are generally the same for all ships. Variationsare due to differences in the design and location of thedecontamination stations. The basic decontaminationprocess for personnel reentering the ship in a chemicalhazard environment consists of five stages that arecommon to all ships. These stages are as follows:

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Stage 1. Gross decontamination of masks,boots, and gloves before reentering the ship. Grossdecontamination is performed outside the entrance tothe CCA or the Chemical Protective Systemsdecontamination station to reduce the danger ofspreading liquid contamination into the ship.

Stage 2. Removal of outer garments andequipment subjected to liquid contamination. Thechemical protective overgarment shall be cut off theperson being decontaminated (doffee). This step isperformed as close to the point of entry into the interiorof the ship as possible.

Stage 3. Removal of inner clothing.

Stage 4. Showering.

Stage 5. Medical review. A medical departmentrepresentative screens all doffees for symptoms of agentexposure and other medical problems such as heat stress.

Conventional Decontamination (Decon) Station

Specific sanitary spaces are designated in ships’plans as decontamination stations. Normally, a shipthat does not have a CPS will have at least twoconventional decon stations, one forward and one aft.Smaller ships may have only one. Large ships mayhave two additional stations amidships, one port andone starboard. Conventional decontamination stationsgenerally have saltwater nozzles in the shower stalls in

addition to freshwater nozzles. Large ships may haveadditional saltwater decontamination stations.Multiple decon stations and the availability of both saltand fresh water provide for working aroundcontaminated areas and battle-damaged areas. It isdesirable to have two accesses to each decon station topermit designation of one as the entrance, or dirty side,and one as the exit, or clean side. In a typical head orwashroom, the entrance should be in the sink area andthe exit in the shower area. Where variations from thisarrangement are necessary, tape will be used to marktraffic lanes to separate the clean and dirty areas.

It is essential to ensure decon stations are properlyoutfitted with proper items and inspections areperformed routinely. The outfitting requirements forchemical decontamination of 100 individuals are listedin table 9-3.

The contamination control area (CCA) shown infigure 9-9 is either a liquid chemical hazard area or abiological infectious hazard area. This area provides aplace for removal of contaminated individualprotective equipment or outer garments andpreparation of personnel for processing through aconventional decontamination station. Removal ofi tems in the CCA prevents l iquid chemicalcontamination and infectious biological hazards fromreaching the rest of the ship’s interior.

The CCA should have access directly from theweather deck and have a separate exit into the interior

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1 2

3 4

DCf0908

Figure 9-8. Use of the M291 Skin Decontamination Kit (SDK).

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Table 9-3. Outfitting for Chemical Decontamination of 100 Individuals

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1

X

X35

GALLONCAN

35GALLON

CAN

2

RADIOLOGICALDECONMARKINGS(CAN BEDISREGARDED)

3

SCISSORS WASH(ANY CONVENIENTLOCATION)

CAN FOR DISPOSALOF SMOCKS ANDTROUSERS

CUTTER #1POSITION(SMOCK ANDOUTER GLOVEREMOVAL)

CUTTER #2POSITION(TROUSER ANDBOOT REMOVAL)

CAN FOR DISPOSALOF BOOTS ANDGLOVES

DRAIN (ANYWHEREIN CCA)

HOTLINE (PAINTEDOR TAPED) ORRAISED PLATFORMOR GRATING(IF AVAILABLE)

TO DECON STATIONFOR INNER CLOTHINGREMOVAL AND SHOWER

35GALLON

CAN

35GALLON

CAN

BOOT WASH

CANS FOR DISPOSALOF SKIN DECON KITS,WET WEATHER GEAR,PROTECTIVE MASK BAGSAND BATTLE DRESS ITEMS

ENTRANCE FROM WEATHER AFTER GROSS DECON

MINIMUM8'

MINIMUM3'

MINIMUM3'

STOOL OR BENCH

MINIMUM2'

EXIT

MINIMUM 6'

DCf0909

Figure 9-9. Generic contamination control area (CCA).

of the ship. The optimum size of CCA spaces should beapproximately 6’ x 8’. A larger space can be used ifavailable; however the minimum space is 5’ x 7’. Thespace should be adjacent to or as near as possible to theouter skin at the weather entrance. If possible, the CCAshould be located just inside the area marked as theDecontamination Station entrance. If suitable interiorspace is unavailable, a designated deck area outside thesuperstructure, preferably with overhead cover, can beused.

NOTE

Some ships do not have a space with thesedimensions available. In these cases, a spacewith approxi- mately the same square footagewill suffice as long as the cutter has enoughroom to do his job effectively. CCAs are notintended to be permanent locations and spaceswith other functions can be used. Alternatespaces must be identified for use in the eventthe designated location is unusable due tobattle damage.

COLLECTIVE PROTECTION SYSTEM(CPS)

The collective protection system (CPS) is aventilation system that prevents the entry of airbornechemical, biological, and radiological contaminationinto the interior of the ship. Spaces serviced by theship’s CPS (fig. 9-10) can be used as a decon station forthat area of the ship.

The CPS is a system that uses fans as the samepurposes as a conventional HVAC system. It also hasCBR filters that have the capability to remove CBRagents in any form. CPS provides two levels ofprotection. In total protection (TP) zones, all CBRcontaminants in any physical state are filtered from theincoming air supply and a slight positive pressure ismaintained to keep airborne contamination fromentering by other routes. Any leakage of air at the zoneboundaries is from the inside out. The air pressure insidea TP zone is maintained slightly above atmospheric withhigh pressure fans that supply air to the zone, withdevices that control the flow of exhaust air from the zoneand with air locks that prevent excessive pressure losswhen someone enters or exits the zone. TP zonesprovide a toxic free environment where it is notnecessary to wear protective clothing or masks. Totalprotection may not be affordable in compartments withextremely high airflow requirements, such asmachinery spaces. CPS provides a lower level of safetyfor these areas called limited protection (LP). Chemicaland biological aerosols are removed from the incomingair supply to LP zones by High Efficiency ParticulateAir (HEPA) filters. The standard supply fans do notcreate a positive pressure and the HEPA filters do notentrap chemical agent vapor. A protective mask isrequired for protection from chemical agent vapor andthe full Chemical Protective Ensemble (CPE) is neededfor a chemical vapor hazard that has the capability to beabsorbed through the skin.

A back-fit version, the Selected Area CollectiveProtection System (SACPS) has been developed for

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CONTAMINATIONPURGELOCK

SHOWER

INNERCLOTHINGUNDRESSINGAREA

OUTERCLOTHINGUNDRESSINGAREA

AIRSWEEPEXITVENT

AIR SWEEPS

AIR SWEEPS

AIR SWEEP

DCf0910

AIR SWEEP

Figure 9-10. Typical CPS System.

ships that were built before CPS was introduced. CPS

coverage for a small number of selected vital

operational spaces and safe havens can be back fitted

onto existing ships. SACPS fans and CBR filters are

added. Incoming air is filtered and pressurized, but at a

lower positive pressure than new construction CPS.

Recirculation systems that were already installed

within the selected zones are retained. The system is

generally used where a more extensive CPS is

impractical or too costly to back fit.

CPS Maintenance Responsibilities

Replacement of CPS filters and prefilters and leak

tests on CBR filter systems are performed by an

in termedia te main tenance fac i l i ty. Other

troubleshooting and maintenance actions are

performed by the ship’s force.

CPS and Selected Area Collective ProtectionSystem (SACPS) Technical Documentation

Maintenance and operation of the CPS, SACPS,

and their components should be in compliance with

each ship’s specific preventive maintenance system

(PMS) requirements. Details of maintenance

requirements are presented in the technical manuals

listed below.

SS200-AF-MMM-010, Technical Manual for NavyShipboard Collective Protection System (CPS),“System Description, Operation and Maintenance”

SS200-AG-MMM-010, Technical Manual for NavyShipboard Collective Protection System (CPS),“Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR)Filter System Operation and Maintenance”

SS200-AH-MMM-010, Technical Manual for NavyShipboard Collective Protection System (CPS),“Alarm System Operation and Maintenance”

SS200-AJ-MMM-010, Technical Manual for NavyShipboard Collective Protection System (CPS),“Pressure Control Valve (PCV) Operation andMaintenance”

SS200-AL-MMM-A10, Technical Manual for LHA 1Class Organizational and Intermediate LevelMaintenance Navy Selected Area CollectiveProtection System (SACPS)

UPDATING THE CHEMICAL,BIOLOGICAL, AND RADIOLOGICAL(CBR) DEFENSE BILL

The CBR Defense Bill constitutes the hull-specificapplication of doctrinal concepts and technicalprocedures. The rapid technological changes in theCBR countermeasures program mandates that alldepartments maintain an ongoing review and revisionof the CBR Defense Bill. An outline for the CBRDefense Bill can be found in NWP 3-20.31,Appendix B.

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Q12. What type of decontamination does the

countermeasure washdown system provide?

1. Active

2. Passive

3. Rapid

4. Temporary

Q13. What type of decontamination is performed

outside CCA?

1. Rapid

2. Gross

3. Detailed

4. Intensive

Q14. What are the three steps of decontamination

when the M291 Kit is used?

1. Physical removal, absorption, andspreading

2. Physical removal, absorption, andneutralization

3. Containment, absorption, andneutralization

4. Containment, absorption, and spreading

Q15. The collective protection system (CPS) is

a ventilation system that prevents the entry

of airborne chemical, biological, and

radiological contamination into the interior

of the ship.

1. True

2. False

REVIEW QUESTIONS

SUMMARY

In this chapter, you were introduced to chemicalwarfare and biological warfare operations, defense,and countermeasures. The various types of BW agentsand CW agents were also described. Finally, you wereintroduced to various methods and equipment that areused to detect either CW agents or BW agents.Advancements are continuously being made to ensurethat the Navy will be able to conduct CW andBW defensive and countermeasures effectively.As new equipment and systems are introduced to theNavy, read the manufacturer’s technical manual tofamiliarize yourself with the new equipment andsystems.

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REVIEW ANSWERS

A1. The MCU-2/P protective mask comes in atotal of how many sizes? (3) Three

A2. What is the minimum number of C2 canistersissued with a MCU2/P protective mask?(2) Two. A third C2 canister is issued bythe ship.

A3. What is the maximum life expectancy of a C2canister when opened in a noncontaminatedarea? (2) 60 days

A4. What is the maximum life expectancy of a C2canister in a contaminated environment?(1) 30 days

A5. There are a total of how many sheets of M-8detector paper in an unopened booklet?(3) 25

A6. What color does M-9 turn when a nerve orblister agent is detected? (3) Red

A7. The M256A1 detector kit is used to test forwhat form of chemical agent? (2) Vapor

A8. What is the primary function of theAN/KAS-1? (1) To provide U.S. Navy shipswith the capability to detect and identify achemical warfare (CW) agent attack

A9. Which of the following life forms is an

example of a disease vector? (4) Arachnid

A10. There is always an incubation period betweenthe time an organism enters a body and thefirst signs of the symptoms of an illness.

(1) True

A11. An indication of biological warfare is whenthe number of casualties reaches epidemicproportions within days, with most occurring

within 24 hours. (1) True

A12. What type of decontamination does thecountermeasure washdown system provide?

(1) Active

A13. What type of decontamination is performed

outside CCA? (2) Gross

A14. What are the three steps of decontamination

when the M291 Kit is used? (2) Physicalremoval, absorption, and neutralization

A15. The collective protection system (CPS) isa ventilation system that prevents the entryof airborne chemical, biological, andradiological contamination into the interior

of the ship. (1) True

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