Cellular Energy Photosynthesis & Respiration Part 2: Cellular Respiration.
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration. I.Catabolic Pathways Yield Energy A.Cellular Respiration 1.C 6 H 12...
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Transcript of Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration. I.Catabolic Pathways Yield Energy A.Cellular Respiration 1.C 6 H 12...
![Page 1: Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration. I.Catabolic Pathways Yield Energy A.Cellular Respiration 1.C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O 2.Exergonic 3.ATP production.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/5697bfab1a28abf838c9b32a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 9
Cellular Respiration
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I. Catabolic Pathways Yield Energy
A. Cellular Respiration1. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
2. Exergonic
3. ATP production is the benefit for the cell
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B. Redox Reactions: Transfer electrons from one reactant to another reactant
1. Oxidation: Substance loses electrons (Na)
2. Reduction: Substance gains electrons (Cl)
3. Electronegativity: An atoms ability to attract electrons to itself (Cl)
4. Energy is released when an electron changes location.
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C. Redox Reactions when electrons are shared.
1. Some redox reactions change the degree to which electrons are shared.
2. Methane Example
CH4
H
H
HH CO O O O OC
H H
Methane(reducingagent)
Oxygen(oxidizingagent)
Carbon dioxide Water
+ 2O2 CO2 + Energy + 2 H2O
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
Reactants Products
Figure 9.3
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3. Cellular respiration is similar.a) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
b) Hydrogens are transferred to Oxygen
c) More importantly, hydrogen’s electrons move away from it and closer to oxygen
d) Much energy is released in this motion
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D. NAD+ and Energy harvest from e-
1. Hydrogen does not immediately join Oxygen to form water. (C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 H2O)
2. NAD+: (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)a) Allows e- energy to be harvested slowly.
(a) Uncontrolled reaction
Fre
e en
ergy
, G
H2O
Explosiverelease of
heat and lightenergy
Figure 9.5 A
H2 + 1/2 O2
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3. NAD+: (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)a) Allows e- energy to be harvested slowly.
i. NAD+ strips 2 e-s from glucose
ii. Along with them come 2 hydrogens (NADH + H+)
iii. Very little energy is lost from the electrons here.
iv. The 2e- s can be passed to other molecules to release E. to make ATP
2H+
OH2O
ATP
ATP
ATP
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E. The Stages of Cellular Respiration 1. Glycolysis
» Glucose (6C)Pyruvate(3C) » in Cytoplasm
2. Citric Acid Cycle» products of glycolysis broken down to CO2
» inside mitochondria
3. Electron Transport: (Oxidative Phosphorylation)
» High Energy Electrons from 1 and 2 passed down a chain of molecules to produce H2O.
» The energy released in the chain is used to make ATP via (oxidative phosphorylation)
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F. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation: Adding a phosphate to ADP to make ATP1. phosphate from an organic molecule rather than
free floating.
Figure 9.7
Enzyme Enzyme
ATP
ADP
Product
SubstrateP
+
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CH2O P
Glucose-6-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
II. GlycolysisC
Glucose
Hexokinase1
PA P P
PA P P
O
CH2O PC
Fructose-6-phosphate
Phosphoglucoisomerase 2
PO
CH2P CH2O O
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Phosphofructokinase3
CP O
C=O
C PCH2 O
C=O
C
Aldolase4
Isomerase5
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
PCH2 O
C=O
C
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate
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PCH2 O
C=O
C
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
PCH2 O
C=O
C
P O
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Triose phosphate dehydrogenase
6
PCH2 O
C=O
C
3-Phosphoglycerate
P
C
O
C=O
C
Phosphoenolpyruvate
C
C=O
C=O
Pyruvate
P
A P P
P
Phosphoglycerokinase7
P
A P P
P
C
O
C=O
C
2-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglyceromutase8
Enolase9
Pyruvate Kinase10
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III. Citric Acid CycleA. Preparation
1. Pyruvate enters mitochondria
2. If oxygen is present cell resp. proceeds.
3. Acetyl CoA produced1. CO2 removed
2. Oxidation by NAD+
3. Coenzyme A attached to remaining two carbons.
4. Acetyl CoA enters the Citric Acid Cycle
Coenzyme AC
C=O
C=O
Pyruvate
O-
C
C=O
CoANAD+ NADH + H+
CO2
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ATP
2 CO2
3 NAD+
3 NADH
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i
FAD
FADH2
Citricacidcycle
CoA
CoA
Acetyle CoA
NADH
+ 3 H+
CoA
CO2
Pyruvate(from glycolysis,2 molecules per glucose)
ATP ATP ATP
Glycolysis Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation
Figure 9.11
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C
C=O
CoA
Acetyl CoA
COO-
O=C
C
COO-
Oxaloacetate
COO-
HO-C
C
COO-
C
COO-
Citrate
COO-
C COO-
C
COO-
HO-C
Isocitrate
COO-
C
C
COO-
O=C
α-Ketogluterate
C
C
COO-
O=C
CoASuccinyl CoAC
C
COO-
COO-
Succinate
C
C
COO-
COO-
Fumarate
C
HO-C
COO-
COO-
Malate
COO-
O=C
C
COO-
Oxaloacetate
H2O
H2O
CO2
NAD+
NADH + H+
CO2
NAD+NADH+ H+
CoA
CoA
AP P
P
PAP P
FAD
FADH2H2O
NAD+
NADH+ H+
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Acetyl CoA
NADH
Oxaloacetate
CitrateMalate
Fumarate
Succinate
SuccinylCoA
-Ketoglutarate
Isocitrate
Citricacidcycle
S CoA
CoA SH
NADH
NADH
FADH2
FAD
GTP GDP
NAD+
ADP
P i
NAD+
CO2
CO2
CoA SH
CoA SH
CoAS
H2O
+ H+
+ H+ H2O
C
CH3
O
O C COO–
CH2
COO–
COO–
CH2
HO C COO–
CH2
COO–
COO–
COO–
CH2
HC COO–
HO CH
COO–
CH
CH2
COO–
HO
COO–
CH
HC
COO–
COO–
CH2
CH2
COO–
COO–
CH2
CH2
C O
COO–
CH2
CH2
C O
COO–
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8NAD+
+ H+
ATP
Figure 9.12
Results of CAC (one turn)
ATP = NADH = FADH2 =CO2 =
131
2
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C
C=O
CoA
Acetyl CoA
COO-
O=C
C
COO-
Oxaloacetate
COO-
HO-C
C
COO-
C
COO-
Citrate
COO-
C COO-
C
COO-
HO-C
Isocitrate
COO-
C
C
COO-
O=C
α-Ketogluterate
C
C
COO-
O=C
CoASuccinyl CoAC
C
COO-
COO-
Succinate
C
C
COO-
COO-
Fumarate
C
HO-C
COO-
COO-
Malate
CoA
CoA
CoA
H2O
H2O
CO2
CO2 NAD+
NAD+
NAD+
NADH+ H+
NADH+ H+
NADH+ H+
FADFADH2 PAP P
P
AP P
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IV. Electron Transport, Oxidative Phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis
A. Structure of Mitochondria Matrix: Juice. Site
of Citric acid cycle.
A. Cristae: Folds in the inner memebrane. Site of electron
transport.
B. Intermembrane space:
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B. Electron Transport Overview: The following animation and diagram are an overview of the process. Definitions will follow.
-Oxidative Phosphorilation: ATP production using energy derived from redox reactions.
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NADH
Outer Membrane
H+
Inner Membrane
Intermembrane Space
Matrix
H+
H+
FADH2FAD
OH2O
Complex 1
Complex 2
Complex
3
Complex 4
NAD+
ADP
PATP
ATP Synthase
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ubiquinone
NADH
Outer Membrane
H+
Inner Membrane
Intermembrane Space
MatrixH+
H+
O
H2O
Complex 1
Complex 2
Complex 3
Complex 4
NAD+
ADP + P
ATP
2e -
2e-
2e-
2e- 2e -
H+
H+
H+
H+H+
H+
H+
H+ H+
ATP Synthase
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ubiquinone
FAD
Outer Membrane
H+
Inner Membrane
Intermembrane Space
Matrix
H+
O
H2O
Complex 1
Complex 2
Complex 3
Complex 4
FADH2
ADP + P
ATP
2e-
2e-
2e- 2e -
H+
H+
H+H+
H+
H+
H+ H+
ATP Synthase2e
-
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C. Chemiosmosis:1. The process of electron transport makes no
ATP directly.
2. Electron transport creates a H+ gradient.a. Results in high H+ amounts in the intermembrane
space.
b. This is like water build up behind a dam. It has a lot of potential energy.
c. Proton-motive force: The name given to the gradient. i. The force tries to push the protons back across the
membrane to reach equilibrium.
d. Chemiosmosis: Using energy stored in the H+ gradient across a membrane to synthesize ATP.
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D. ATP Synthase: The enzyme that makes the ATP
1. ATP synthase is the only place protons can go back through the membrane
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+ H+
H+
P i
+ADP
ATP
A rotor within the membrane spins clockwise whenH+ flows past it down the H+
gradient.
A stator anchoredin the membraneholds the knobstationary.
A rod (for “stalk”)extending into the knob alsospins, activatingcatalytic sites inthe knob.
Three catalytic sites in the stationary knobjoin inorganic Phosphate to ADPto make ATP.
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIXFigure 9.14
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E. Energy Totals for Cellular Respiration1. ATP Formed
– Glycolysis = 2
– Pyruvate Oxydation = 0
– CAC = 2
2. NADH Generated
– Glycolysis = 2
– Pyruvate OXydation = 2
– CAC = 6
– ATP/ NADH = 3
– Total ATP from all NADH = 30
3. FADH2 Generated
– Glycolysis = 0
– Pyruvate Oxydation = 0
– CAC= 2
– ATP generated per FADH2 = 2
– Total ATP from FADH2 = 4
• Total ATP from catabolism of one glucose = 38 sometimes 36
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V. Fermentation: Production of ATP from glucose when no oxygen is present (Anaerobic)
A. General Rules:1. Cellular respiration can’t happen w/o oxygen
2. Fermentation allows us to make ATP anyway.
3. Glycolysis makes 2 ATP by subtrate level phosphorilation. a. If done rapidly this could be enough to get by
b. The limiting factor is the amount of available NAD+ available.
4. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue by oxidizing the NADH for reuse.
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B. Types: 1. Alcohol Fermentation: Pyruvate is converted to
ethanol.– Often used by bacteria and yeast
– Step 1: Pyruvate releases 2CO2 Acetaldehyde
– Step 2: Acetaldehyde oxidizes NADH ethanol and NAD+
2 ADP + 2 P1 2 ATP
GlycolysisGlucose
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
2 Acetaldehyde 2 Ethanol
(a) Alcohol fermentation
H
H OH
CH3
C
O –
OC
C O
CH3
H
C O
CH3
CO22
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2 ADP + 2 P1 2 ATP
GlycolysisGlucose
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
2 Acetaldehyde 2 Ethanol
(a) Alcohol fermentation
2 ADP + 2 P1 2 ATP
GlycolysisGlucose
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
2 Lactate
(b) Lactic acid fermentation
H
H OH
CH3
C
O –
OC
C O
CH3
H
C O
CH3
O–
C O
C O
CH3O
C O
C OHH
CH3
CO22
Figure 9.17
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation1. Happens in human muscles as well as bacteria that
make cheese.
2. One Step: Pyruvate oxidizes NADH NAD+ + Lactic Acid.
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c. Comparing Fermentation and Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration1.Aerobic2.38 ATP produced3.NADH oxidized to produce H20
Fermentation1.Anaerobic2.2 ATP produced3.NADH oxidized to make ethanol or lactate