Chapter 9 (Cellular Respiration - Complete)

2006-2007AP Biology

Cellular RespirationHarvesting Chemical Energy

1

2006-2007AP Biology

Cellular RespirationHarvesting Chemical Energy

ATP

1

2006-2007AP Biology

2

2006-2007AP Biology

What’s thepoint?

2

2006-2007AP Biology

What’s thepoint?

The pointis to make

ATP!

ATP

2

AP Biology

Harvesting stored energy

3

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Harvesting stored energy§ Energy is stored in organic molecules

u carbohydrates, fats, proteins

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Harvesting stored energy§ Energy is stored in organic molecules

u carbohydrates, fats, proteins § Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules → food

u digest organic molecules to get…§ raw materials for synthesis§ fuels for energy

w controlled release of energyw “burning” fuels in a series of

step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions

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Harvesting stored energy

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Harvesting stored energy§ Glucose is the model

u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP

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glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbondioxide

resp

iratio

n

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C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +


resp

iratio

n

4

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C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +


resp

iratio

n

+ heat

4

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C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +

fuel(carbohydrates)

COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step


resp

iratio

n

+ heat

4

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C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +

fuel(carbohydrates)



resp

iratio

n

O2

+ heat

4

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C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +

CO2 + H2O + heatfuel(carbohydrates)



resp

iratio

n

O2

+ heat

4

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C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +



RESPIRATION = making ATP (& some heat)by burning fuels in many small steps


resp

iratio

n

O2

+ heat

4

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C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +




ATPglucose


resp

iratio

n

O2

+ heat

4

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C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +




ATPglucose


resp

iratio

n

O2 O2

+ heat

4

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C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +




ATPglucose


resp

iratio

n

O2 O2

+ heat

enzymes

4

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C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +




ATPglucose


resp

iratio

n

O2 O2

+ heat

enzymesATP

4

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C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +




CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat)

ATPglucose


resp

iratio

n

O2 O2

+ heat

enzymesATP

4

AP Biology

How do we harvest energy from fuels?

5

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How do we harvest energy from fuels?§ Digest large molecules into smaller ones

u break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another§ as electrons move they “carry energy” with them§ that energy is stored in another bond,

released as heat or harvested to make ATP

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+ +

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e-

+ +

5

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e-

+ +loses e-

5

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e-

+ +loses e- gains e-

5

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e-

+ +loses e- gains e-

e-

5

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e-

+ ++loses e- gains e-

e-

5

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e-

+ +e-

+loses e- gains e-

e-

5

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e-

+ +e-

+ –loses e- gains e-

e-

5

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e-

+ +e-

+ –loses e- gains e- oxidized

e-

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e-

+ +e-

+ –loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced

e-

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e-

+ +e-


oxidation reductione-

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e-

+ +e-


oxidation reduction

redox

e-

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How do we move electrons in biology?

6

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How do we move electrons in biology?§ Moving electrons in living systems

u electrons cannot move alone in cells§ electrons move as part of H atom§ move H = move electrons

6

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pe

6

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pe

+

H

+H


oxidation reduction

6

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pe

+

H

+H


oxidation reduction

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→+ + +

6

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pe

+

H

+H


oxidation reduction

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP→+ + +oxidation

6

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pe

+

H

+H


oxidation reduction


reduction6

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pe

+

H

+H


oxidation reduction


reductionH6

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pe

+

H

+H


oxidation reduction


reductionHe-

6

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Coupling oxidation & reduction


reduction7

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Coupling oxidation & reduction§ REDOX reactions in respiration

u release energy as breakdown organic molecules§ break C-C bonds§ strip off electrons from C-H bonds by removing H atoms

w C6H12O6 → CO2 = the fuel has been oxidized§ electrons attracted to more electronegative atoms

w in biology, the most electronegative atom? w O2 → H2O = oxygen has been reduced

u couple REDOX reactions & use the released energy to synthesize ATP


reduction7

AP Biology

Coupling oxidation & reduction§ REDOX reactions in respiration

u release energy as breakdown organic molecules§ break C-C bonds§ strip off electrons from C-H bonds by removing H atoms

w C6H12O6 → CO2 = the fuel has been oxidized§ electrons attracted to more electronegative atoms

w in biology, the most electronegative atom? w O2 → H2O = oxygen has been reduced

u couple REDOX reactions & use the released energy to synthesize ATP


reduction

O2

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Oxidation & reduction§ Reduction


reduction

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Oxidation & reduction§ Oxidation

u adding Ou removing H u loss of electronsu releases energyu exergonic

§ Reductionuremoving Ouadding H ugain of electronsustores energyuendergonic


reduction

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Moving electrons in respiration

PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

H

adenine

ribose sugar

phosphates

NAD+

nicotinamideVitamin B3niacin

9

AP Biology

Moving electrons in respiration§ Electron carriers move electrons by

shuttling H atoms aroundu NAD+ → NADH (reduced)u FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)

PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

H

adenine

ribose sugar

phosphates

NAD+


9

AP Biology



PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

H

adenine

ribose sugar

phosphates

NAD+


How efficient!Build once,

use many ways

9

AP Biology



PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

H

adenine

ribose sugar

phosphates

NAD+


9

AP Biology



+ H

PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

H

adenine

ribose sugar

phosphates

NAD+


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AP Biology



+ Hreduction

PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

H

adenine

ribose sugar

phosphates

NAD+


9

AP Biology



+ Hreduction

PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

H

adenine

ribose sugar

phosphates

NAD+


PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

H

9

AP Biology



+ Hreduction

PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

H

adenine

ribose sugar

phosphates

NAD+


PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

H H

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AP Biology



+ Hreduction

PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

H

adenine

ribose sugar

phosphates

NAD+


PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

HNADH H

9

AP Biology



+ Hreduction

PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

H

adenine

ribose sugar

phosphates

NAD+


PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

HNADH

carries electrons as a reduced molecule

H

9

AP Biology



+ Hreduction

PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

H

adenine

ribose sugar

phosphates

NAD+


PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

HNADH


reducing power!

H

9

AP Biology



+ Hreduction

PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

H

adenine

ribose sugar

phosphates

NAD+


PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

HNADH


reducing power!

H

like $$in the bank

9

AP Biology



+ Hreduction

oxidation

PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

H

adenine

ribose sugar

phosphates

NAD+


PO–

O–

O–O

PO–

O–

O–O

CC

O

NH2

N+

HNADH


reducing power!

H

like $$in the bank

9

AP Biology

Overview of cellular respiration

10

AP Biology

Overview of cellular respiration§ 4 metabolic stages

u Anaerobic respiration1. Glycolysis

w respiration without O2

w in cytosol

u Aerobic respirationw respiration using O2

w in mitochondria2. Pyruvate oxidation3. Krebs cycle4. Electron transport chain

C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + +10

AP Biology

Overview of cellular respiration§ 4 metabolic stages

u Anaerobic respiration1. Glycolysis

w respiration without O2

w in cytosol

u Aerobic respirationw respiration using O2

w in mitochondria2. Pyruvate oxidation3. Krebs cycle4. Electron transport chain

C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2→+ + + (+ heat)10

2006-2007AP Biology

11

2006-2007AP Biology

What’s thepoint?

11

2006-2007AP Biology

What’s thepoint?

The pointis to make

ATP!

ATP

11

AP Biology

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+

And how do we do that?

12

AP Biology

§ ATP synthase enzymeu H+ flows through it

§ conformational changes§ bond Pi to ADP to make

ATPu set up a H+ gradient

§ allow the H+ to flow down concentration gradient through ATP synthase

§ ADP + Pi → ATPH+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+


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H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+

ADP


12

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H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+

ADP P+


12

AP Biology






H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+

ATP

ADP P+


12

AP Biology






H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+

ATP

ADP P+

But… How is the proton (H+) gradient formed?


12

2006-2007AP BiologyH+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+

ATP

ADP P+

13

2006-2007AP BiologyH+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+

ATP

Got to wait untilthe sequel!

Got the Energy? Ask Questions!

ADP P+

13

2006-2007AP Biology

Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis

14

2006-2007AP Biology

15

2006-2007AP Biology

What’s thepoint?

15

2006-2007AP Biology

What’s thepoint?

The pointis to make

ATP!

ATP

15

AP Biology

Glycolysis § Breaking down glucose

u “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar)

u ancient pathway which harvests energy§ where energy transfer first evolved§ transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP§ still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration

u but it’s inefficient § generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose

u occurs in cytosol

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Glycolysis

glucose → → → → → pyruvate2x6C 3C

§ Breaking down glucose u “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar)



u occurs in cytosol

16

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Glycolysis



16

AP Biology

Glycolysis





u occurs in cytosol

16

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Glycolysis


That’s not enoughATP for me!




u occurs in cytosol

16

AP Biology

Glycolysis


In thecytosol?

Why doesthat makeevolutionary

sense?

That’s not enoughATP for me!




u occurs in cytosol

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Evolutionary perspective

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Evolutionary perspective§ Prokaryotes

u first cells had no organelles

17

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u first cells had no organelles§ Anaerobic atmosphere

u life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O2) in atmosphere

u energy had to be captured from organic molecules in absence of O2

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§ Prokaryotes that evolved glycolysis are ancestors of all modern lifeu ALL cells still utilize glycolysis

17

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Enzymesof glycolysis are“well-conserved”

17

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You meanwe’re related?

Do I have to invitethem over for the holidays?

Enzymesof glycolysis are“well-conserved”

17

AP Biology

glucoseC-C-C-C-C-COverview

18

AP Biology

10 reactionsu convert

glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)

u produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH

u consumes:2 ATP

u net yield: 2 ATP & 2 NADH

glucoseC-C-C-C-C-COverview

18

AP Biology




u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C

fructose-1,6bPP-C-C-C-C-C-C-P

Overview

18

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u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


OverviewATP2

18

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u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


OverviewATP2

ADP2

18

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u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

OverviewATP2

ADP2

18

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u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

G3PC-C-C-P

OverviewATP2

ADP2

18

AP Biology




u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

G3PC-C-C-P

Overview

DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphateG3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

ATP2

ADP2

18

AP Biology




u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

G3PC-C-C-P

pyruvateC-C-C

Overview


ATP2

ADP2

18

AP Biology




u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

G3PC-C-C-P

pyruvateC-C-C

Overview


ATP2

ADP2

2H

18

AP Biology




u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

G3PC-C-C-P

pyruvateC-C-C

Overview


ATP2

ADP2

NAD+22H

18

AP Biology




u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

G3PC-C-C-P

pyruvateC-C-C

Overview


ATP2

ADP2

NAD+22H2

18

AP Biology




u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

G3PC-C-C-P

pyruvateC-C-C

Overview


ATP2

ADP2

NAD+22Pi

2H2

18

AP Biology




u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

G3PC-C-C-P

pyruvateC-C-C

Overview


ATP2

ADP2

NAD+2

2Pi

2Pi2H

2

18

AP Biology




u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

G3PC-C-C-P

pyruvateC-C-C

Overview


ATP2

ADP2

ADP4

NAD+2

2Pi

2Pi2H

2

18

AP Biology




u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

G3PC-C-C-P

pyruvateC-C-C

Overview


ATP2

ADP2

ATP4

ADP4

NAD+2

2Pi

2Pi2H

2

18

AP Biology




u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

G3PC-C-C-P

pyruvateC-C-C

Overview


ATP2

ADP2

ATP4

ADP4

NAD+2

2Pi

enzyme

2Pi2H

2

18

AP Biology




u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

G3PC-C-C-P

pyruvateC-C-C

Overview


ATP2

ADP2

ATP4

ADP4

NAD+2

2Pi

enzyme

enzyme

2Pi2H

2

18

AP Biology




u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

G3PC-C-C-P

pyruvateC-C-C

Overview


ATP2

ADP2

ATP4

ADP4

NAD+2

2Pi

enzyme

enzyme

enzyme enzyme

2Pi2H

2

18

AP Biology




u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

G3PC-C-C-P

pyruvateC-C-C

Overview


ATP2

ADP2

ATP4

ADP4

NAD+2

2Pi

enzyme

enzyme

enzyme enzyme

enzyme

2Pi2H

2

18

AP Biology




u consumes:2 ATP


glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C


DHAPP-C-C-C

G3PC-C-C-P

pyruvateC-C-C

Overview


ATP2

ADP2

ATP4

ADP4

NAD+2

2Pi

enzyme

enzyme

enzyme enzyme

enzyme

enzyme

enzyme

enzyme

2Pi2H

2

18

AP Biology

Glycolysis summary

19

AP Biology

Glycolysis summary ENERGY INVESTMENT

19

AP Biology

Glycolysis summary endergonicENERGY INVESTMENT

19

AP Biology

Glycolysis summary endergonicinvest some ATP

ENERGY INVESTMENT

19

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ENERGY INVESTMENT

-2 ATP

19

AP Biology


ENERGY INVESTMENT

G3PC-C-C-P

-2 ATP

19

AP Biology


ENERGY INVESTMENT

ENERGY PAYOFF G3P

C-C-C-P

-2 ATP

19

AP Biology


exergonic

ENERGY INVESTMENT

ENERGY PAYOFF G3P

C-C-C-P

-2 ATP

19

AP Biology


exergonicharvest a little ATP & a little NADH

ENERGY INVESTMENT

ENERGY PAYOFF G3P

C-C-C-P

-2 ATP

19

AP Biology


exergonicharvest a little ATP & a little NADH4 ATP

ENERGY INVESTMENT

ENERGY PAYOFF G3P

C-C-C-P

-2 ATP

19

AP Biology



ENERGY INVESTMENT

ENERGY PAYOFF G3P

C-C-C-P

like $$in the bank

-2 ATP

19

AP Biology



ENERGY INVESTMENT

ENERGY PAYOFF G3P

C-C-C-P

NET YIELD

like $$in the bank

-2 ATP

19

AP Biology



net yield

4 ATP

ENERGY INVESTMENT

ENERGY PAYOFF G3P

C-C-C-P

NET YIELD

like $$in the bank

-2 ATP

19

AP Biology



net yieldü2 ATP

4 ATP

ENERGY INVESTMENT

ENERGY PAYOFF G3P

C-C-C-P

NET YIELD

like $$in the bank

-2 ATP

19

AP Biology



net yieldü2 ATPü2 NADH

4 ATP

ENERGY INVESTMENT

ENERGY PAYOFF G3P

C-C-C-P

NET YIELD

like $$in the bank

-2 ATP

19

AP Biology

Pi

3

6

4,5

ADP

NAD+

Glucose

hexokinase

phosphoglucoseisomerase

phosphofructokinase

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

Dihydroxyacetonephosphate

Glucose 6-phosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

isomerase

glyceraldehyde3-phosphate

dehydrogenase

aldolase

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate(BPG)

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate(BPG)

1

2

ATP

ADP

ATP

NADH

NAD+

NADH

Pi

CH2

C OCH2OH

P O

CH2 O P

OCHOH

C

CH2 O P

OCHOH

CH2 O PO

CH2OP

O

PO

CH2

H

CH2OHO

CH2 POO

CH2OH

P O

1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions)Glucose “priming”uget glucose ready to

split§ phosphorylate

glucose § molecular

rearrangementusplit destabilized

glucose

20

AP Biology

2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)

7

8

H2O9

10

ADP

ATP3-Phosphoglycerate

(3PG)3-Phosphoglycerate

(3PG)

2-Phosphoglycerate(2PG)


Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)


Pyruvate Pyruvate

phosphoglyceratekinase

phosphoglycero-mutase

enolase

pyruvate kinase

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

H2O

CH2OH

CH3

CH2

O-

O

C

PH

CHOH

O-

O-

O-

C

C

C

C

C

C

P

P

O

O

O

OO

O

CH2

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

Energy HarvestPiPi 6

21

AP Biology


7

8

H2O9

10

ADP



(3PG)





Pyruvate Pyruvate



enolase

pyruvate kinase

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

H2O

CH2OH

CH3

CH2

O-

O

C

PH

CHOH

O-

O-

O-

C

C

C

C

C

C

P

P

O

O

O

OO

O

CH2

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

Energy HarvestPiPi 6

DHAPP-C-C-C

21

AP Biology


7

8

H2O9

10

ADP



(3PG)





Pyruvate Pyruvate



enolase

pyruvate kinase

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

H2O

CH2OH

CH3

CH2

O-

O

C

PH

CHOH

O-

O-

O-

C

C

C

C

C

C

P

P

O

O

O

OO

O

CH2

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

Energy Harvest G3P

C-C-C-PPiPi 6

DHAPP-C-C-C

21

AP Biology


7

8

H2O9

10

ADP



(3PG)





Pyruvate Pyruvate



enolase

pyruvate kinase

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

H2O

CH2OH

CH3

CH2

O-

O

C

PH

CHOH

O-

O-

O-

C

C

C

C

C

C

P

P

O

O

O

OO

O

CH2

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

Energy Harvest G3P

C-C-C-PPiPi 6

DHAPP-C-C-C

u NADH production§ G3P donates H§ oxidizes the sugar§ reduces NAD+

§ NAD+ → NADHu ATP production

§ G3P → → → pyruvate§ PEP sugar donates P

w “substrate level phosphorylation”

§ ADP → ATP

21

AP Biology


Payola!Finally some

ATP!

7

8

H2O9

10

ADP



(3PG)





Pyruvate Pyruvate



enolase

pyruvate kinase

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

H2O

CH2OH

CH3

CH2

O-

O

C

PH

CHOH

O-

O-

O-

C

C

C

C

C

C

P

P

O

O

O

OO

O

CH2

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

Energy Harvest G3P

C-C-C-PPiPi 6

DHAPP-C-C-C

u NADH production§ G3P donates H§ oxidizes the sugar§ reduces NAD+

§ NAD+ → NADHu ATP production

§ G3P → → → pyruvate§ PEP sugar donates P

w “substrate level phosphorylation”

§ ADP → ATP

21

AP Biology

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

H2O9

10



Pyruvate Pyruvate

enolase

pyruvate kinaseADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

H2O

CH3

O-

O

C

O-

C

C

C

P

OO

O

CH2

22

AP Biology


H2O9

10



Pyruvate Pyruvate

enolase

pyruvate kinaseADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

H2O

CH3

O-

O

C

O-

C

C

C

P

OO

O

CH2

§ In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?u the sugar substrate (PEP)

22

AP Biology


P is transferred from PEP to ADPükinase enzymeüADP → ATP

H2O9

10



Pyruvate Pyruvate

enolase

pyruvate kinaseADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

H2O

CH3

O-

O

C

O-

C

C

C

P

OO

O

CH2


22

AP Biology



H2O9

10



Pyruvate Pyruvate

enolase

pyruvate kinaseADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

H2O

CH3

O-

O

C

O-

C

C

C

P

OO

O

CH2


ATP

22

AP Biology



I get it!The Pi camedirectly fromthe substrate!

H2O9

10



Pyruvate Pyruvate

enolase

pyruvate kinaseADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

H2O

CH3

O-

O

C

O-

C

C

C

P

OO

O

CH2


ATP

22

AP Biology

Energy accounting of glycolysis


23

AP Biology

Energy accounting of glycolysis 2 ATP 2 ADP


23

AP Biology


4 ADP


ATP4

23

AP Biology


4 ADP


ATP4

2 NAD+ 2

23

AP Biology


§ Net gain = 2 ATP + 2 NADHu some energy investment (-2 ATP)u small energy return (4 ATP + 2 NADH)

2 ATP 2 ADP

4 ADP


ATP4

2 NAD+ 2

23

AP Biology



§ 1 6C sugar → 2 3C sugars

2 ATP 2 ADP

4 ADP


ATP4

2 NAD+ 2

23

AP Biology




2 ATP 2 ADP

4 ADP


All that work! And that’s all

I get?

ATP4

2 NAD+ 2

23

AP Biology




2 ATP 2 ADP

4 ADP


All that work! And that’s all

I get?

ATP4

2 NAD+ 2 Butglucose has

so much moreto give!

23

AP Biology

Is that all there is?

24

AP Biology

Is that all there is?§ Not a lot of energy…

u for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived§ no O2 = slow growth, slow reproduction§ only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose

w more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest

24

AP Biology




O2

O2

O2

O2

O2

24

AP Biology




Hard wayto makea living!

O2

O2

O2

O2

O2

24

AP Biology





O2

O2

O2

O2

O2

glucose → → → → pyruvate

24

AP Biology





O2

O2

O2

O2

O2

glucose → → → → pyruvate6C

24

AP Biology





O2

O2

O2

O2

O2

glucose → → → → pyruvate6C 2x 3C

24

AP Biology

But can’t stop there!

25

AP Biology

But can’t stop there!PiNAD+

G3P

1,3-BPG 1,3-BPGNADH

NAD+

NADH

Pi

DHAP

25

AP Biology

7

8

H2O9

10

ADP



(3PG)





Pyruvate Pyruvate

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

H2O

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

PiPi 6


G3P

1,3-BPG 1,3-BPGNADH

NAD+

NADH

Pi

DHAP

25

AP Biology

7

8

H2O9

10

ADP



(3PG)





Pyruvate Pyruvate

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

H2O

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

PiPi 6


G3P

1,3-BPG 1,3-BPGNADH

NAD+

NADH

Pi

DHAP

raw materials → products

25

AP Biology

7

8

H2O9

10

ADP



(3PG)





Pyruvate Pyruvate

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

H2O

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

PiPi 6

Glycolysisglucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH


G3P

1,3-BPG 1,3-BPGNADH

NAD+

NADH

Pi

DHAP


25

AP Biology

7

8

H2O9

10

ADP



(3PG)





Pyruvate Pyruvate

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

H2O

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

PiPi 6

Glycolysisglucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH

But can’t stop there!

§ Going to run out of NAD+

u without regenerating NAD+, energy production would stop!

u another molecule must accept H from NADH§ so NAD+ is freed up for another round

PiNAD+

G3P

1,3-BPG 1,3-BPGNADH

NAD+

NADH

Pi

DHAP


25

AP Biology

NADH

acetyl-CoA

lactate

ethanol

NAD+

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

CO2

acetaldehyde

H2O

Krebscycle

O2

How is NADH recycled to NAD+?

26

AP Biology

NADH

acetyl-CoA

lactate

ethanol

NAD+

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

CO2

acetaldehyde

H2O

Krebscycle

O2

How is NADH recycled to NAD+?Another molecule must accept H from NADH

26

AP Biology

NADH

acetyl-CoA

lactate

ethanol

NAD+

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

CO2

acetaldehyde

H2O

Krebscycle

O2


recycleNADH

26

AP Biology

NADH

pyruvate

acetyl-CoA

lactate

ethanol

NAD+

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

CO2

acetaldehyde

H2O

Krebscycle

O2


recycleNADH

26

AP Biology

NADH

pyruvate

acetyl-CoA

lactate

ethanol

NAD+

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

CO2

acetaldehyde

H2O

Krebscycle

O2

with oxygenaerobic respiration


recycleNADH

26

AP Biology

NADH

pyruvate

acetyl-CoA

lactate

ethanol

NAD+

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

CO2

acetaldehyde

H2O

Krebscycle

O2


without oxygenanaerobic respiration

“fermentation”


recycleNADH

26

AP Biology

NADH

pyruvate

acetyl-CoA

lactate

ethanol

NAD+

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

CO2

acetaldehyde

H2O

Krebscycle

O2

lactic acidfermentation



“fermentation”


recycleNADH

26

AP Biology

NADH

pyruvate

acetyl-CoA

lactate

ethanol

NAD+

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

CO2

acetaldehyde

H2O

Krebscycle

O2




“fermentation”


recycleNADH

alcoholfermentation

26

AP Biology

NADH

pyruvate

acetyl-CoA

lactate

ethanol

NAD+

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

NADH

CO2

acetaldehyde

H2O

Krebscycle

O2




“fermentation”


recycleNADH

which path you use depends on who you are…

alcoholfermentation

26

AP Biology

Fermentation (anaerobic)

27

AP Biology

Fermentation (anaerobic)§ Bacteria, yeast

27

AP Biology


1C3C 2Cpyruvate → ethanol + CO2

27

AP Biology



NADH NAD+

27

AP Biology



NADH NAD+back to glycolysis→→

27

AP Biology



§ beer, wine, breadNADH NAD+

back to glycolysis→→

27

AP Biology



§ Animals, some fungi



27

AP Biology




pyruvate → lactic acid3C 3C



27

AP Biology






NADH NAD+


27

AP Biology






NADH NAD+



27

AP Biology





§ beer, wine, bread

§ cheese, anaerobic exercise (no O2)

NADH NAD+

NADH NAD+



27

AP Biology

Alcohol Fermentationbacteria

yeast

28

AP Biology

recycleNADH

Alcohol Fermentationbacteria

yeast

28

AP Biology

recycleNADH

Alcohol Fermentation


bacteria yeast

28

AP Biology

recycleNADH



NADH NAD+

bacteria yeast

28

AP Biology

recycleNADH



NADH NAD+

bacteria yeast


28

AP Biology

recycleNADH



NADH NAD+

§Dead end process

bacteria yeast


28

AP Biology

recycleNADH



NADH NAD+

§Dead end process§ at ~12% ethanol,

kills yeast

bacteria yeast


28

AP Biology

recycleNADH



NADH NAD+


kills yeast§ can’t reverse the

reaction

bacteria yeast


28

AP Biology

recycleNADH



NADH NAD+

Count thecarbons!


kills yeast§ can’t reverse the

reaction

bacteria yeast


28

AP Biology

Lactic Acid Fermentationanimals

some fungi

29

AP Biology

recycleNADH

Lactic Acid Fermentationanimals

some fungi

29

AP Biology

recycleNADH

Lactic Acid Fermentationpyruvate → lactic acid

3C 3C

animalssome fungi

29

AP Biology

recycleNADH


3C 3CNADH NAD+

animalssome fungi

29

AP Biology

recycleNADH


3C 3CNADH NAD+

animalssome fungi


29

AP Biology

recycleNADH

§Reversible process


3C 3CNADH NAD+

animalssome fungi


29

AP Biology

recycleNADH



3C 3CNADH NAD+

Count thecarbons!

animalssome fungi


29

AP Biology

recycleNADH



3C 3CNADH NAD+

→Count thecarbons!

animalssome fungi


29

AP Biology

recycleNADH



3C 3CNADH NAD+


O2

animalssome fungi


29

AP Biology

recycleNADH

§Reversible process§ once O2 is available,

lactate is converted back to pyruvate by the liver


3C 3CNADH NAD+


O2

animalssome fungi


29

AP Biology

Pyruvate is a branching pointPyruvate

30

AP Biology


O2

30

AP Biology


O2

fermentation

30

AP Biology


O2

fermentationanaerobicrespiration

30

AP Biology


O2O2


30

AP Biology


O2O2

mitochondria


30

AP Biology


O2O2

mitochondriaKrebs cycle


30

AP Biology


O2O2

mitochondriaKrebs cycle

aerobic respiration


30

2006-2007AP Biology

31

2006-2007AP Biology

What’s thepoint?

31

2006-2007AP Biology

What’s thepoint?

The pointis to make

ATP!

31

2006-2007AP Biology

What’s thepoint?

The pointis to make

ATP!

ATP

31

AP Biology

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+


32

AP Biology

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+


§ ATP synthaseu set up a H+ gradientu allow H+ to flow

through ATP synthaseu powers bonding

of Pi to ADP

32

AP Biology

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+




of Pi to ADP

ADP + Pi → ATP

32

AP Biology

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+


ADP



of Pi to ADP

ADP + Pi → ATP

32

AP Biology

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+


ADP P+



of Pi to ADP

ADP + Pi → ATP

32

AP Biology

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+


ATP

ADP P+



of Pi to ADP

ADP + Pi → ATP

32

AP Biology

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+


ATP

But… Have we done that yet?

ADP P+



of Pi to ADP

ADP + Pi → ATP

32

2006-2007AP Biology

33

2006-2007AP Biology

NO!There’s still more

to my story!Any Questions?

33

2006-2007AP Biology

Cellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3: Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle

34

AP Biology

Glycolysis is only the start§ Glycolysis

§ Pyruvate has more energy to yieldu 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize)u if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondriau enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation

of sugar to CO2

35

AP Biology



of sugar to CO2

2x6C 3Cglucose → → → → → pyruvate

35

AP Biology

pyruvate → → → → → → CO2



of sugar to CO2


35

AP Biology




of sugar to CO2


3C35

AP Biology




of sugar to CO2


3C 1C35

AP Biology

Cellular respiration

36

AP Biology

Mitochondria — Structure

37

AP Biology

Mitochondria — Structure§ Double membrane energy harvesting organelle

u smooth outer membraneu highly folded inner membrane

§ cristaeu intermembrane space

§ fluid-filled space between membranesu matrix

§ inner fluid-filled spaceu DNA, ribosomesu enzymes

§ free in matrix & membrane-bound

37

AP Biology

intermembranespace inner

membrane

outermembrane

matrixcristae







37

AP Biology


membrane

outermembrane

matrixcristae







mitochondrialDNA

37

AP Biology


membrane

outermembrane

matrixcristae







mitochondrialDNA

What cells would have a lot of mitochondria?

37

AP Biology

Mitochondria – Function

Advantage of highly folded inner membrane?More surface area for membrane-bound enzymes & permeases

38

AP Biology

Mitochondria – FunctionDividing mitochondriaWho else divides like that?


38

AP Biology

Mitochondria – FunctionDividing mitochondriaWho else divides like that?


bacteria!

38

AP Biology


What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes?

Dividing mitochondriaWho else divides like that?


bacteria!

38

AP Biology


What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes?Endosymbiosis!



bacteria!

38

AP Biology





Membrane-bound proteinsEnzymes & permeases

bacteria!

38

AP Biology





Membrane-bound proteinsEnzymes & permeases

Oooooh!Form fits function!

bacteria!

38

AP Biology

Oxidation of pyruvate

39

AP Biology

pyruvate → → → acetyl CoA + CO2


39

AP Biology


Oxidation of pyruvate§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix

39

AP Biology



[2x ]§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix

39

AP Biology



3C[2x ]§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix

39

AP Biology



3C 2C[2x ]§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix

39

AP Biology



3C 2C 1C[2x ]§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix

39

AP Biology



NAD3C 2C 1C[2x ]

§ Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix

39

AP Biology



NAD3C 2C 1C[2x ]


u 3 step oxidation processu releases 2 CO2 (count the carbons!)u reduces 2 NAD → 2 NADH (moves e-)u produces 2 acetyl CoA

39

AP Biology



NAD3C 2C 1C[2x ]



§ Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle

39

AP Biology



NAD3C 2C 1C[2x ]



§ Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle

Wheredoes theCO2 go?Exhale!

39

AP Biology

Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA

Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2

40

AP Biology



Pyruvate

40

AP Biology



Coenzyme APyruvate

40

AP Biology



Coenzyme APyruvate

Acetyl CoA

40

AP Biology



Coenzyme APyruvate

Acetyl CoA

C-C-C

40

AP Biology



Coenzyme APyruvate

Acetyl CoA

C-C-C C-C

40

AP Biology



Coenzyme APyruvate

Acetyl CoA

C-C-C C-CCO2

40

AP Biology



oxidation

Coenzyme APyruvate

Acetyl CoA

C-C-C C-CCO2

40

AP Biology



reduction

oxidation

Coenzyme APyruvate

Acetyl CoA

C-C-C C-CCO2

40

AP Biology



reduction

oxidation

Coenzyme APyruvate

Acetyl CoA

C-C-C C-CCO2

NAD+

40

AP Biology



reduction

oxidation

Coenzyme APyruvate

Acetyl CoA

C-C-C C-CCO2

NAD+

2 x [ ]40

AP Biology

Krebs cycle1937 | 1953

Hans Krebs1900-1981

41

AP Biology

Krebs cycle§ aka Citric Acid Cycle

u in mitochondrial matrixu 8 step pathway

§ each catalyzed by specific enzyme§ step-wise catabolism of 6C citrate molecule

1937 | 1953

Hans Krebs1900-1981

41

AP Biology

Krebs cycle§ aka Citric Acid Cycle

u in mitochondrial matrixu 8 step pathway

§ each catalyzed by specific enzyme§ step-wise catabolism of 6C citrate molecule

§ Evolved later than glycolysisu does that make evolutionary sense?

§ bacteria →3.5 billion years ago (glycolysis)§ free O2 →2.7 billion years ago (photosynthesis)§ eukaryotes →1.5 billion years ago (aerobic

respiration = organelles → mitochondria)

1937 | 1953

Hans Krebs1900-1981

41

AP Biology

4C

2C acetyl CoACount the carbons!

3Cpyruvate

42

AP Biology

4C

2C acetyl CoACount the carbons!

3Cpyruvate

oxidationof sugars

42

AP Biology

4C

2C

6Ccitrate

acetyl CoACount the carbons!

3Cpyruvate

oxidationof sugars

42

AP Biology

4C

6C

2C

6C

5C

citrate


3Cpyruvate

oxidationof sugars

42

AP Biology

4C

6C

2C

6C

5C

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

oxidationof sugars

42

AP Biology

4C

6C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

oxidationof sugars

42

AP Biology

4C

6C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

oxidationof sugars

42

AP Biology

4C

6C

4C

4C

4C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

oxidationof sugars

42

AP Biology

4C

6C

4C

4C

4C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

x2

oxidationof sugars

This happens twice for each glucose molecule

42

AP Biology

4C

2C acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!

3Cpyruvate

43

AP Biology

4C

2C

6Ccitrate

acetyl CoACount the electron carriers!

3Cpyruvate

43

AP Biology

4C

6C

2C

6C

5C

citrate


3Cpyruvate

43

AP Biology

4C

6C

2C

6C

5C

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

43

AP Biology

4C

6C

2C

6C

5C

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

NADH

43

AP Biology

4C

6C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

NADH

43

AP Biology

4C

6C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

NADH

43

AP Biology

4C

6C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

NADH

NADH

43

AP Biology

4C

6C

4C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

NADH

NADH

43

AP Biology

4C

6C

4C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

NADH

NADHATP43

AP Biology

4C

6C

4C

4C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

NADH

NADHATP43

AP Biology

4C

6C

4C

4C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

NADH

NADH

FADH2

ATP43

AP Biology

4C

6C

4C

4C

4C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

NADH

NADH

FADH2

ATP43

AP Biology

4C

6C

4C

4C

4C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

NADH

NADH

NADH

FADH2

ATP43

AP Biology

4C

6C

4C

4C

4C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

This happens twice for each glucose molecule x2 NADH

NADH

NADH

FADH2

ATP43

AP Biology

4C

6C

4C

4C

4C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

This happens twice for each glucose molecule x2

CO2

NADH

NADH

NADH

FADH2

ATP43

AP Biology

4C

6C

4C

4C

4C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

This happens twice for each glucose molecule x2

CO2

NADH

NADH

NADHNADH

FADH2

ATP43

AP Biology

4C

6C

4C

4C

4C

2C

6C

5C

4C

CO2

CO2

citrate


3Cpyruvate

reductionof electron

carriersThis happens twice for each glucose molecule x2

CO2

NADH

NADH

NADHNADH

FADH2

ATP43

AP Biology

Whassup?

44

AP Biology

So we fully oxidized glucose

Whassup?

44

AP Biology


C6H12O6

Whassup?

44

AP Biology


C6H12O6↓

Whassup?

44

AP Biology


C6H12O6↓

CO2

Whassup?

44

AP Biology


C6H12O6↓

CO2

& ended up with 4 ATP!

Whassup?

44

AP Biology


C6H12O6↓

CO2

& ended up with 4 ATP!

Whassup?

What’s the point?

44

AP Biology

Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers

ADP+ Pi

45

AP Biology

§ Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriers


ADP+ Pi

45

AP Biology

§ Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriersuNADH


ADP+ Pi

45

AP Biology

§ Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriersuNADHuFADH2


ADP+ Pi

45

AP Biology



What’s so important about

electron carriers?

ADP+ Pi

45

AP Biology


ugo to Electron Transport Chain!



electron carriers?

ADP+ Pi

45

AP Biology





electron carriers?

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+H+H+

H+

ADP+ Pi

45

AP Biology





electron carriers?

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+H+H+

H+

ATP

ADP+ Pi

45

AP Biology

Energy accounting of Krebs cycle

46

AP Biology


pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO2

46

AP Biology


pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C

46

AP Biology


pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C 3x 1C

46

AP Biology


4 NAD + 1 FAD 4 NADH + 1 FADH2

pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C 3x 1C

46

AP Biology


1 ADP 1 ATPATP


pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C 3x 1C

46

AP Biology


1 ADP 1 ATPATP

2x


pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C 3x 1C

46

AP Biology


Net gain = 2 ATP

1 ADP 1 ATPATP

2x


pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C 3x 1C

46

AP Biology


Net gain = 2 ATP = 8 NADH + 2 FADH2

1 ADP 1 ATPATP

2x


pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO23C 3x 1C

46

AP Biology

Value of Krebs cycle?

47

AP Biology

Value of Krebs cycle?§ If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was the Krebs

cycle an adaptation?u value of NADH & FADH2

§ electron carriers & H carriersw reduced molecules move electronsw reduced molecules move H+ ions

§ to be used in the Electron Transport Chain

47

AP Biology

Value of Krebs cycle?§ If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was the Krebs

cycle an adaptation?u value of NADH & FADH2

§ electron carriers & H carriersw reduced molecules move electronsw reduced molecules move H+ ions

§ to be used in the Electron Transport Chain

like $$in the bank

47

2006-2007AP Biology

48

2006-2007AP Biology

What’s thepoint?

48

2006-2007AP Biology

What’s thepoint?

The pointis to make

ATP!

ATP

48

AP Biology

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+


49

AP Biology

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+




of Pi to ADP

49

AP Biology

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+




of Pi to ADP

ADP + Pi → ATP

49

AP Biology

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+


ADP



of Pi to ADP

ADP + Pi → ATP

49

AP Biology

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+


ADP P+



of Pi to ADP

ADP + Pi → ATP

49

AP Biology

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+


ATP

ADP P+



of Pi to ADP

ADP + Pi → ATP

49

AP Biology

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+


ATP

But… Have we done that yet?

ADP P+



of Pi to ADP

ADP + Pi → ATP

49

2006-2007AP Biology

50

2006-2007AP Biology

NO!The final chapter to my story is

next!Any Questions?

50

2006-2007AP Biology

Cellular Respiration Stage 4: Electron Transport Chain

51

2006-2007AP Biology

52

2006-2007AP Biology

What’s thepoint?

52

2006-2007AP Biology

What’s thepoint?

The pointis to make

ATP!

ATP

52

AP Biology

ATP accounting so far…

53

AP Biology

ATP accounting so far…§ Glycolysis → 2 ATP

53

AP Biology

ATP accounting so far…§ Glycolysis → 2 ATP § Kreb’s cycle → 2 ATP

53

AP Biology

ATP accounting so far…§ Glycolysis → 2 ATP § Kreb’s cycle → 2 ATP § Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to

extract more energy than 4 ATP!

I need a lotmore ATP!

53

AP Biology



A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second


53

AP Biology



A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

There’s got to be a better way!


53

AP Biology

There is a better way!

54

AP Biology

There is a better way!§ Electron Transport Chain

u series of proteins built into inner mitochondrial membrane§ along cristae§ transport proteins & enzymes

u transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient

u yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose!u only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration)

54

AP Biology





Thatsounds more

like it! 54

AP Biology





O2That

sounds morelike it!

54

AP Biology

Mitochondria

55

AP Biology

Mitochondria § Double membrane

u outer membraneu inner membrane

§ highly folded cristae§ enzymes & transport

proteinsu intermembrane space

§ fluid-filled space between membranes

55

AP Biology

Mitochondria § Double membrane

u outer membraneu inner membrane

§ highly folded cristae§ enzymes & transport

proteinsu intermembrane space

§ fluid-filled space between membranes

Oooooh!Form fits function!

55

AP Biology

Electron Transport Chain

56

AP Biology


Innermitochondrialmembrane

56

AP Biology


Intermembrane spaceInnermitochondrialmembrane

56

AP Biology


Intermembrane space

Mitochondrial matrix


56

AP Biology


Intermembrane space


NADH dehydrogenase


56

AP Biology


Intermembrane space


NADH dehydrogenase

cytochromebc complex


56

AP Biology


Intermembrane space


NADH dehydrogenase


cytochrome coxidase complex


56

AP Biology


Intermembrane space


Q

NADH dehydrogenase




56

AP Biology


Intermembrane space


Q

C

NADH dehydrogenase




56

AP Biology

G3P

Remember the Electron Carriers? glucose

57

AP Biology

G3PGlycolysis

Remember the Electron Carriers? glucose

57

AP Biology

G3PGlycolysis

Remember the Electron Carriers?

2 NADH

glucose

57

AP Biology

G3PGlycolysis Krebs cycle


2 NADH

glucose

57

AP Biology


8 NADH2 FADH2


2 NADH

glucose

57

AP Biology


8 NADH2 FADH2


2 NADH

Time tobreak open

the piggybank!

glucose

57

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix

innermitochondrialmembrane

Q

C

NADH

dehydrogenasecytochromebc complex


58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


Q

C

NADH



NADH → NAD+ + H

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


Q

C

NADH



NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


Q

C

NADH



H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH NADH



H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH NADH



H

H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH

e–

NADH dehydrogenase



H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH

H+

e–

NADH dehydrogenase



H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH

H+

e–

NADH dehydrogenase



e–

H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH

H+H+

e–

NADH dehydrogenase



e–

H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH

e–

H+H+

e–

NADH dehydrogenase



e–

H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH

H+

e–

H+H+

e–

NADH dehydrogenase



e–

H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH

H+

e–

H+H+

e–FADH2

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–

H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH

H+

e–

H+H+

e–FADH2

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–

H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH

H+

e–

H+H+

e–FADH2

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–

H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH

H+

e–

O2

H+H+

e–FADH2

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–

H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH

H+

e–

2H+ + O2

H+H+

e–FADH2

12

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–

H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH H2O

H+

e–

2H+ + O2

H+H+

e–FADH2

12

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–

H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH H2O

H+

e–

2H+ + O2

H+H+

e–FADH2

12

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–

H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

Building proton gradient!

58

AP Biology


intermembranespace

mitochondrialmatrix


NAD+

Q

C

NADH H2O

H+

e–

2H+ + O2

H+H+

e–FADH2

12

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–

H → e- + H+

NADH → NAD+ + H

pe

Building proton gradient!

What powers the proton (H+) pumps?…58

AP Biology

NAD+

QC

NADH H2O

H+

e–

2H+ + O2

H+H+

e–FADH2

12

NADH dehydrogenase

cytochrome bc complex


FAD

e–

Stripping H from Electron Carriers

59

AP Biology

NAD+

QC

NADH H2O

H+

e–

2H+ + O2

H+H+

e–FADH2

12

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–

Stripping H from Electron Carriers§ Electron carriers pass electrons & H+ to ETC

u H cleaved off NADH & FADH2

u electrons stripped from H atoms → H+ (protons)§ electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in

mitochondrial membrane (ETC)§ flowing electrons = energy to do work

u transport proteins in membrane pump H+ (protons) across inner membrane to intermembrane space

59

AP Biology

NAD+

QC

NADH H2O

H+

e–

2H+ + O2

H+H+

e–FADH2

12

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–






H+

59

AP Biology

NAD+

QC

NADH H2O

H+

e–

2H+ + O2

H+H+

e–FADH2

12

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–






H+ H+

59

AP Biology

NAD+

QC

NADH H2O

H+

e–

2H+ + O2

H+H+

e–FADH2

12

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–






H+ H+ H+

59

AP Biology H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+H+H+

H+

NAD+

QC

NADH H2O

H+

e–

2H+ + O2

H+H+

e–FADH2

12

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–






ADP+ Pi

H+ H+ H+

59

AP Biology H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+H+H+

H+

ATPNAD+

QC

NADH H2O

H+

e–

2H+ + O2

H+H+

e–FADH2

12

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–






ADP+ Pi

H+ H+ H+

59

AP Biology H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+H+H+

H+

ATPNAD+

QC

NADH H2O

H+

e–

2H+ + O2

H+H+

e–FADH2

12

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–






ADP+ Pi

TA-DA!!Moving electrons

do the work!

H+ H+ H+

59

AP Biology

60

AP Biology

But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC?

60

AP Biology


O2

60

AP Biology


O2

H2O

60

AP Biology


electronsflow downhill

to O2

O2

H2O

60

AP Biology


electronsflow downhill

to O2 oxidative phosphorylation

O2

H2O

60

AP Biology

Electrons flow downhill

61

AP Biology

Electrons flow downhill§ Electrons move in steps from

carrier to carrier downhill to oxygenu each carrier more electronegativeu controlled oxidationu controlled release of energy

61

AP Biology

Electrons flow downhill§ Electrons move in steps from

carrier to carrier downhill to oxygenu each carrier more electronegativeu controlled oxidationu controlled release of energy

make ATPinstead of

fire!

61

AP BiologyH+

ADP + Pi

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+We did it!

62

AP BiologyH+

ADP + Pi

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+We did it!

§ Set up a H+

gradient

62

AP BiologyH+

ADP + Pi

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+We did it!

§ Set up a H+

gradient§ Allow the protons

to flow through ATP synthase

62

AP BiologyH+

ADP + Pi

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+We did it!

§ Set up a H+



§ Synthesizes ATP

62

AP BiologyH+

ADP + Pi

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+We did it!

§ Set up a H+



§ Synthesizes ATP

ADP + Pi → ATP

62

AP BiologyH+

ADP + Pi

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+We did it!

§ Set up a H+



§ Synthesizes ATP

ADP + Pi → ATP

Are wethere yet?

62

AP BiologyH+

ADP + Pi

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+We did it!

ATP

§ Set up a H+



§ Synthesizes ATP

ADP + Pi → ATP

Are wethere yet?

62

AP BiologyH+

ADP + Pi

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+

H+H+H+We did it!

ATP

§ Set up a H+



§ Synthesizes ATP

ADP + Pi → ATP

Are wethere yet?

“proton-motive” force

62

AP Biology

Chemiosmosis

63

AP Biology

§ The diffusion of ions across a membraneu build up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow

through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP

Chemiosmosis

63

AP Biology



Chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis links the Electron Transport Chain to ATP synthesis

63

AP Biology



Chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis links the Electron Transport Chain to ATP synthesis

So that’sthe point!

63

AP Biology

H+

H+

O2+

Q C

ATP

Pyruvate fromcytoplasm

Electrontransportsystem

ATPsynthase

H2O

CO2

Krebscycle

IntermembranespaceInner

mitochondrialmembrane

2H+

NADH

NADH

Acetyl-CoA

FADH2

ATP


21

H+

H+

O2

H+

e-

e-

e-

e-

64

AP Biology

H+

H+

O2+

Q C

ATP



ATPsynthase

H2O

CO2

Krebscycle



1. Electrons are harvested and carried to the transport system.

2H+

NADH

NADH

Acetyl-CoA

FADH2

ATP


21

H+

H+

O2

H+

e-

e-

e-

e-

64

AP Biology

H+

H+

O2+

Q C

ATP



ATPsynthase

H2O

CO2

Krebscycle




2. Electrons provide energy to pump protons across the membrane.

2H+

NADH

NADH

Acetyl-CoA

FADH2

ATP


21

H+

H+

O2

H+

e-

e-

e-

e-

64

AP Biology

H+

H+

O2+

Q C

ATP



ATPsynthase

H2O

CO2

Krebscycle





3. Oxygen joins with protons to form water. 2H+

NADH

NADH

Acetyl-CoA

FADH2

ATP


21

H+

H+

O2

H+

e-

e-

e-

e-

64

AP Biology

H+

H+

O2+

Q C

ATP



ATPsynthase

H2O

CO2

Krebscycle






NADH

NADH

Acetyl-CoA

FADH2

ATP

4. Protons diffuse back indown their concentrationgradient, driving the synthesis of ATP.


21

H+

H+

O2

H+

e-

e-

e-

e-

64

AP Biology

H+

H+

O2+

Q C

ATP



ATPsynthase

H2O

CO2

Krebscycle






NADH

NADH

Acetyl-CoA

FADH2

ATP

4. Protons diffuse back indown their concentrationgradient, driving the synthesis of ATP.


21

H+

H+

O2

H+

e-

e-

e-

e-

ATP

64

AP Biology


65

AP Biology


2 ATP

65

AP Biology


2 ATP 2 ATP+65

AP Biology


2 ATP 2 ATP ~36 ATP+ +65

AP Biology


2 ATP 2 ATP ~36 ATP+ +

~40 ATP

65

AP Biology

Summary of cellular respiration

66

AP Biology


C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +

66

AP Biology


§ Where did the glucose come from?

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +

66

AP Biology


§ Where did the glucose come from?§ Where did the O2 come from?

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +

66

AP Biology


§ Where did the glucose come from?§ Where did the O2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 come from?

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +

66

AP Biology


§ Where did the glucose come from?§ Where did the O2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 go?

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +

66

AP Biology


§ Where did the glucose come from?§ Where did the O2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 go?§ Where did the H2O come from?

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +

66

AP Biology


§ Where did the glucose come from?§ Where did the O2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 go?§ Where did the H2O come from?§ Where did the ATP come from?

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +

66

AP Biology


§ Where did the glucose come from?§ Where did the O2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 come from?§ Where did the CO2 go?§ Where did the H2O come from?§ Where did the ATP come from?§ What else is produced that is not listed

in this equation?

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ~40 ATP→+ + +

66

AP Biology

Taking it beyond…§ What is the final electron acceptor in

Electron Transport Chain?

67

AP Biology



O2

67

AP Biology



O2

§ So what happens if O2 unavailable?

67

AP Biology

§ ETC backs up



O2


67

AP Biology

§ ETC backs upunothing to pull electrons down chain



O2


67

AP Biology

§ ETC backs upunothing to pull electrons down chainuNADH & FADH2 can’t unload H



O2


67

AP Biology


§ ATP production ceases



O2


67

AP Biology


§ ATP production ceases§ cells run out of energy



O2


67

AP Biology


§ ATP production ceases§ cells run out of energy§ and you die!



O2


67

AP Biology


§ ATP production ceases§ cells run out of energy§ and you die!



O2


NAD+

QC

NADH H2O

H+

e–

2H+ + O2

H+H+

e–FADH2

12

NADH dehydrogenase



FAD

e–

67

2006-2007AP Biology

68

2006-2007AP Biology

What’s thepoint?

68

2006-2007AP Biology

What’s thepoint?

The pointis to make

ATP!

ATP

68

2006-2007AP Biology

Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration

69

AP Biology


70

AP Biology

Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates

71

AP Biology

Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates§ Glycolysis accepts a wide range of

carbohydrates fuels

71

AP Biology


carbohydrates fuels

polysaccharides → → → glucosehydrolysis

71

AP Biology


carbohydrates fuels


§ ex. starch, glycogen

71

AP Biology


carbohydrates fuels


other 6C sugars → → → glucosemodified


71

AP Biology


carbohydrates fuels


other 6C sugars → → → glucosemodified


§ ex. galactose, fructose

71

AP Biology

Beyond glucose: Proteins

72

AP Biology

Beyond glucose: Proteinsproteins → → → → → amino acids

hydrolysis

72

AP Biology

NH

HC—OH||OH

|—C—

|R

Beyond glucose: Proteinsproteins → → → → → amino acids

hydrolysis

72

AP Biology

NH

HC—OH||OH

|—C—

|R


C—OH||OH

|—C—

|R

proteins → → → → → amino acidshydrolysis

72

AP Biology

NH

HC—OH||OH

|—C—

|R


C—OH||OH

|—C—

|R

glycolysisKrebs cycle


2C sugar = carbon skeleton = enters glycolysis or Krebs cycle at different stages

72

AP Biology

NH

HC—OH||OH

|—C—

|R


NH

HC—OH||OH

|—C—

|R

glycolysisKrebs cycle



72

AP Biology

NH

HC—OH||OH

|—C—

|R


amino group = waste product

excreted as ammonia, urea,

or uric acid

NH

HC—OH||OH

|—C—

|R

waste glycolysisKrebs cycle



72

AP Biology

Beyond glucose: Fats

73

AP Biology

Beyond glucose: Fats fats → → → → → glycerol + fatty acids

hydrolysis

73

AP Biology

Beyond glucose: Fats fats → → → → → glycerol + fatty acids

hydrolysis

glycerol (3C) → → G3P → → glycolysis

73

AP Biology


3C glycerol

entersglycolysis

as G3P

fats → → → → → glycerol + fatty acidshydrolysis


73

AP Biology

fatty acids → 2C acetyl → acetyl → Krebs groups coA cycle


3C glycerol

entersglycolysis

as G3P



73

AP Biology

fatty acids → 2C acetyl → acetyl → Krebs groups coA cycle


3C glycerol

entersglycolysis

as G3P

enterKrebs cycle

as acetyl CoA

2C fatty acids



73

AP Biology

Carbohydrates vs. Fats

74

AP Biology


fat

74

AP Biology


fat

carbohydrate

74

AP Biology


fat

carbohydrate

§ Fat generates 2x ATP vs. carbohydrateu more C in gram of fat

§ more energy releasing bondsu more O in gram of carbohydrate

§ so it’s already partly oxidized§ less energy to release

74

AP Biology


fat

carbohydrate

§ Fat generates 2x ATP vs. carbohydrateu more C in gram of fat

§ more energy releasing bondsu more O in gram of carbohydrate

§ so it’s already partly oxidized§ less energy to release

That’s whyit takes so much

to lose a pound a fat!

74

AP Biology

Metabolism

CO2

75

AP Biology

§Coordination of chemical processes across whole organismu digestion

§ catabolism when organism needs energy or needs raw materials

u synthesis§ anabolism when organism has

enough energy & a supply of raw materials

u by regulating enzymes§ feedback mechanisms§ raw materials stimulate production§ products inhibit further production

Metabolism

CO2

75

AP Biology

Metabolism

CO2

76

AP Biology

§ Digestionu digestion of

carbohydrates, fats & proteins§ all catabolized through

same pathways§ enter at different points

u cell extracts energy from every source

Metabolism

CO2

76

AP Biology

§ Digestionu digestion of

carbohydrates, fats & proteins§ all catabolized through

same pathways§ enter at different points

u cell extracts energy from every source

Metabolism

CO2

Cells areversatile &

selfish!

76

AP Biology

Metabolism

77

AP Biology

Metabolism§ Synthesis

u enough energy? build stuff!u cell uses points in glycolysis

& Krebs cycle as links to pathways for synthesis§ run pathways “backwards”

w have extra fuel, build fat!

77

AP Biology

Metabolism

pyruvate → → glucose

§ Synthesisu enough energy? build stuff!u cell uses points in glycolysis



77

AP Biology

Metabolism

Krebs cycleintermediaries → → amino

acids





77

AP Biology

Metabolism


acids


acetyl CoA → → fatty acids




77

AP Biology

Metabolism


acids


acetyl CoA → → fatty acids




Cells areversatile & thrifty!

77

AP Biology

Carbohydrate MetabolismThe many stops on the Carbohydrate

Line

78

AP Biology


Line

from Krebs cycle back through

glycolysis

78

AP Biology


Line

“gluconeogenesis”

from Krebs cycle back through

glycolysis

78

AP Biology

Lipid Metabolism

The many stops on the Lipid Line

79

AP Biology

Lipid Metabolism

The many stops on the Lipid Line

from Krebs cycle (acetyl CoA)

to a variety of lipid synthesis pathways

79

AP Biology

Amino Acid Metabolism

The many stops on the

Amino Acid Line

80

AP Biology



Amino Acid Line

from Krebs cycle & glycolysis to an

array of amino acid synthesis pathways

80

AP Biology



Amino Acid Line

from Krebs cycle & glycolysis to an

array of amino acid synthesis pathways

8 essential amino acids12 synthesized aa’s

80

AP Biology

Nucleotide


GATC Line

• sugar from glycolysis• phosphate & N-base

from Krebs cycle

81

AP Biology

coenzyme Aacetyl group

Acetyl coA

ATPFat

CO2

Protein

Lipid

NADH

NAD+

Pyruvate

Glycolysis Glucose

Krebscycle

ETC

Glycolysis

Pyruvateoxidation

Central Role of Acetyl CoA

82

AP Biology


Acetyl coA

ATPFat

CO2

Protein

Lipid

NADH

NAD+

Pyruvate

Glycolysis Glucose

Krebscycle

ETC

Glycolysis

Pyruvateoxidation


§ Acetyl CoA is central to both energy production & biomolecule synthesis

82

AP Biology


Acetyl coA

ATPFat

CO2

Protein

Lipid

NADH

NAD+

Pyruvate

Glycolysis Glucose

Krebscycle

ETC

Glycolysis

Pyruvateoxidation


§ Acetyl CoA is central to both energy production & biomolecule synthesis

§ Depending on organism’s needu build ATP

§ immediate useu build fat

§ stored energy

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Control of Respiration

Feedback Control

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Feedback Inhibition

A → B → C → D → E → F → G enzyme

1

→ enzyme2

→ enzyme3

→ enzyme4

→ enzyme5

→ enzyme6

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Feedback Inhibition§ Regulation & coordination of production

u final product is inhibitor of earlier step§ allosteric inhibitor of earlier enzyme

u no unnecessary accumulation of product u production is self-limiting


1

→ enzyme2

→ enzyme3

→ enzyme4

→ enzyme5

→ enzyme6

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AP Biology





1

→ enzyme2

→ enzyme3

→ enzyme4

→ enzyme5

→ enzyme6

→X

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A → B → C → D → E → F → G

allosteric inhibitor of enzyme 1

enzyme1

→ enzyme2

→ enzyme3

→ enzyme4

→ enzyme5

→ enzyme6

→X

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Respond to cell’s needs

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Respond to cell’s needs§ Key point of control

u phosphofructokinase § allosteric regulation of

enzymew why here? “can’t turn back” step before

splitting glucose§ AMP & ADP stimulate§ ATP inhibits§ citrate inhibits

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Why is this regulation important?

§ Key point of controlu phosphofructokinase

§ allosteric regulation of enzymew why here? “can’t turn back” step before


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Why is this regulation important?Balancing act: availability of raw materials vs. energy demands vs. synthesis

§ Key point of controlu phosphofructokinase

§ allosteric regulation of enzymew why here? “can’t turn back” step before


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A Metabolic economy

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A Metabolic economy§ Basic principles of supply & demand regulate

metabolic economyu balance the supply of raw materials with the products

produced u these molecules become feedback regulators

§ they control enzymes at strategic points in glycolysis & Krebs cyclew levels of AMP, ADP, ATP

n regulation by final products & raw materialsw levels of intermediates compounds in pathways

n regulation of earlier steps in pathwaysw levels of other biomolecules in body

n regulates rate of siphoning off to synthesis pathways

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AP Biology ATPFat

Protein

Lipid

Glucose

Krebscycle

ETC

Glycolysis

Pyruvateoxidation

Pyruvate

GlycolysisIt’s a Balancing Act

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AP Biology ATPFat

Protein

Lipid

Glucose

Krebscycle

ETC

Glycolysis

Pyruvateoxidation

Pyruvate

GlycolysisIt’s a Balancing Act§ Balancing synthesis

with availability of both energy & raw materials is essential for survival!u do it well & you

survive longeru you survive longer &

you have more offspringu you have more offspring &

you get to “take over the world”

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2006-2007AP Biology

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Got the energy…Ask Questions!!

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Chapter 9 (Cellular Respiration - Complete)

Technology

Transcript of Chapter 9 (Cellular Respiration - Complete)