CHAPTER 9: C ardiovascular Disease
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Transcript of CHAPTER 9: C ardiovascular Disease
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CHAPTER 9: Cardiovascular Disease
Ece Tathan Merve Kültepe
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CARDıOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Heart Arteries (atardamar) Veins (toplardamar)
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www.byhealth.com/ cardiovascular-system
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*Purpose of Cardiovascular System- pump blood throughout body- provide transportation for oxygen and nutrients- disposal of wastes
*Integration of systems-cardiovascular-respiratory-digestive-endocrine
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http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Body/019852403x.blood-circulation.2.jpg
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ARTERIES (atardamar), ARTERIOLES, CAPILLARIES, VEINS (toplardamar)
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CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Coronary Artery DiseaseCoronary Heart DiseaseStroke
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MYOCARDIUM
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/1097.jpg
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STRAIN IN THE HEART Safe Route: Small scar tissue and no problem Injury Route:
Atheromatous PlaquesAtherosclerosis
InelasticityArterisclerosis
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ATHEROSCLEROSIS
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ARTERISCLEROSIS
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Damage to coronary arteries (atherosclerosis, arterisclerosis)
Damage to myocardium (insufficient blood supply)
Coronary Artery Disease Coronary Heart Disease
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CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
blood platelets (pıhtı hücresi) are formedstick to blood clotsform plaquesfully close the arteriesrestriction of blood flowIschemia (iskemi)
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Damage to coronary arteries (atherosclerosis, arterisclerosis)
Damage to myocardium (insufficient blood supply)
Coronary Artery Disease Coronary Heart Disease
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CORONARY HEART DISEASE
Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)
No blood flow/no oxygen supply to myocardium causes death of myocardial tissue
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MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
netnewsdaily.com/.../ 04/heart_attack2_full.jpg
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MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Signals for Myocardial Infarction* feeling of weakness, dizziness* nausea* cold sweating* difficulty in breathing* sensation of crushing or squeezing pain in
arms, shoulders, jaw or back * rapid loss of consciousness (sometimes
alertness through the process)
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ANGINA PECTORIS
www.heart2hearts.co.uk/ images/angina1.gif
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ANGINA PECTORIS
Symptoms* pain in chest * difficulty in breathing
Reasons* exercise* stress
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TREATMENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASES
Bypass surgery Cardiac rehabilitation
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BYPASS SURGERY
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TREATMENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASES
Bypass surgery Cardiac rehabilitation by psychologists
minimize risk factorslessen chances of future attacks
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CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Coronary Artery DiseaseCoronary Heart DiseaseStroke
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STROKE
Atherosclerosis & Arterisclerosis
Arteries in the neck and brain
Stroke by restriction of blood flow to that area of brain (damage in brain due to lack of oxygen)
Other causes:bubble of air (air embolism) / infectionaneurysm____hemorrhagic stroke
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STROKE
Damages in neurons- no replacement Billions of neurons, remaining healthy
neurons Most common cause of stroke:
Atherosclerosis
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BLOOD PRESSURE
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9124.jpg
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SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
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ELEVATIONS OF BLOOD PRESSURE
Normal/adaptive elevations sympathetic nervous system:
increase in heart rate constriction of blood vessels
blood pressure elevation parasympathetic returns it normal level so no permanent increase.
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ELEVATIONS OF BLOOD PRESSURE
HYPERTENSION Best predictor of heart attack and stroke Can cause eye damage and kidney failure Primary (essential) Hypertension
no cause, related to age, race, weight, sodium intake, tobacco use and lack of exercice
Secondary Hypertensionless common, caused by other diseases
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HYPERTENSION
People with hypertension cannot diagnose their own blood pressure reliably.
Progression of hypertensionelevated systolic pressure with
normal/slightly elevated diastolic pressure
elevations of both systolic and diastolic pressure
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HYPERTENSION
Systolic higher than 200 mm Hg danger!!! rupture in arterial walls, rupture in
aorta/cerebral artery Diastolic higher …vascular damage, damage
in organs such as kidneys, liver, pancreas, brain and retina
Underlying cause??? No treatment for basic cause Treatment by drugs or changes in behavior or lifestyle to decrease blood pressure.
Behavioral changes & Health psychologists
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MEASURES OF CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION
Blood pressure tests: easy but not enough to detect cardiovascular problems
Measurements of electrical activity in the heart
Electrocardiogram (ECG)Stress Test
AngiographyAngioplasty
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MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN THE HEART Electrocardiogram: electrical impulses produced by
heartbeat, abnormalities in heartbeat but not reveal plaques in coronary arteries.
Stress test: during exercise to measure heart’s electrical impulses. More useful and sensitive than electrocardiogram. can be used with angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, bypass surgery
New techniques: nuclear perfusion technique, echocardiography
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ANGIOGRAPHY & CATHETERIZATION
Most definite method of diagnosis of coronary artery disease, used to determine coronary artery disease in angina pectoris, after a positive result from stress test/after myocardial infarction.
Invasive surgical procedures, patients are awake, slight risk of death/injury.
Cardiac catheterization is a treatment process by clot dissolving drugs and inflatable tips.
Angioplasty: balloon tip catheter into blocked arteries, inflating tip to reduce artery blockage.
Catheterization by installing a stent to the artery.
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ANGIOPLASTY
www.heart2hearts.co.uk/ images/angina1.gif
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CATHETERIZATION (STENT)
www.memorialcare.org/ medical_services/heart-c..
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THE CHANGING RATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
From 1920s to 1950s & 1960s…rise in CVD deaths in US
From 1950s &1960s to 2000…decline in CVD deaths in US
31% of deaths: heart disease, 6.7% of deaths: stroke in US
During 20th Century, rate of deaths due to heart disease changed in men and women. Men died from CVD at younger ages than women…gender gap
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REASONS FOR THE DECLINE IN DEATH RATES
Improved emergency coronary care Changes in lifestyle: smoking less, be aware of
blood pressure levels, control serum cholesterol levels, watch weight, follow exercise program
Two studies prompted awareness: Framingham Heart Study & 1964 Surgeon General’s Report
Which factor contributed most to the declining of death rate from heart disease? 50% behavior and lifestyle changes 43% improvements in treatment
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HEART DISEASE MORTALITY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
30% of all deaths throughout the world In US, dramatic reductions due to lifestyle
changes In Finland, from 1970s to 1990s CVD rates
decreased 70% due to effort to change risk factors In New Zealand & Australia: 3% decline per year
from mid 1980s to mid 1990s In Soviet Union, increase in CVD in last 10 years In Eastern part of Europe: 80% of all deaths by
CVD, due to lack of social support and stress Both industrialized and developing, undeveloped
countries, CVD is the leading cause of death