Chapter 9Chapter 9Chapter 9Chapter 9

9-1 Carbon Compounds• An_________ compound contains

________ and_________, often combined with a few other elements such as oxygen and nitrogen.

• There are millions of organic compounds- more than _______ percent of all known compounds.

Forms of Carbon• __________, ___________

and__________are forms of carbon.• In each form, there is a different

_________ of bonded__________ atoms.

Diamond• Cutting, grinding, and drilling tools are

often coated with diamond because no substance is _____________ than ________.

• Diamond is an example of a _______________.

• In a network solid, all the atoms are linked by __________ bonds.

Graphite• It is extremely_______ and______. • It is a good lubricant for

moving______ parts in machinery. • Pencil “_______” is a mixture of

graphite and clay.• Carbon atoms are arranged______

spaced layers.

Fullerenes• ___________ are large hollow

spheres or cages of carbon.

Saturated Hydrocarbons

• A _________ is an organic compound that contains only the elements________ and_______.

• __________is a saturated hydrocarbon.• In a __________hydrocarbon, all the bonds are

single bonds.• A saturated hydrocarbon contains the

___________ possible number of hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom.

• Another name for a hydrocarbon is an_________

Saturated Hydrocarbons

• Factors that determine the properties of a hydrocarbon are the ______ of carbon atoms and how the atoms are __________.

• The carbon atoms can be arranged in a _________ chain, _________chain, or a _______

Straight Chains• Look at figure 4 on page 264.• ______ formula shows the type and the

number of atoms in a molecule of the compound.

• A _______ formula show how those atoms are arranged.

• The number of carbon atoms in a straight-chain _________ affects the state of alkane at room temperature.

Branched Chains• Compounds with the same

molecular formula but different structural formulas are _________.

Rings• The carbon atoms in cyclobutane

are linked in a four-carbon ________.

• Most ring alkanes, or cyclic hydrocarbons, have rings with ______ or____________.

• Look at figure 5 on page 265.

9-1 ContinuedUnsaturated

Hydrocarbons• A hydrocarbon that contains one or

more_________ or_________ bonds is an__________ hydrocarbon.

• There are three types of unsaturated hydrocarbons-_________, ________, and ____________ hydrocarbons

• See figure 6 on page 266

Alkenes/Alkynes/Aromatic Hydrocarbons• _______ – hydrocarbons that have one or

more carbon-carbon________ bond. Example – ethene

• _______- straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbons that have one or more__________ bond

• __________ Hydrocarbons contain similar _________ structures

Fossil Fuels• _______fuels are mixtures of

hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of________ or animals.

• Three types of fossil fuels are_______, __________, and_________.

Coal• ________ is a solid fossil fuel that

began to form about 300 million years ago in ancient swamp.

• Burning coal produces more_______ than burning other fossil fuel does

Natural Gas• The second main fossil fuel formed

from the remains of________ organisms.

• Used for__________, _______, and to generate some __________.

Petroleum• The _______ main fossil fuel, also formed

from the remains of marine organisms.• Often known as _____oil, is pumped

from deep beneath Earth’s ________.• It must be separated into simpler

mixtures, or fractions, such as _______ and heating ______.

Combustion of Fossil Fuels

• The primary products of the complete combustion of fossil fuels are __________ and ________.

• Some _________ oxides and _________dioxide are produced during the combustion of fossil fuels.

• C3H8 +5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

Incomplete Combustion• In stoves and furnaces, there may

not be enough________ available for complete combustion of all the fuel.

• A deadly gas, carbon________ is produced.

• 2C3H8 +7O2 6CO + 8H2O

Acid Rain• The combustion of fossil fuels causes

the _______ of rain to increase.• Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

released into the atmosphere also dissolve in water, forming sulfuric acid, _______,and nitric acid, _________

• Acid rain damages _____ structures, ______ and ______.

Complete the following questions

• Name the three categories of unsaturated hydrocarbons

• Name the three main fossil fuels.

• What are the two primary products of the complete combustion of fossil fuels?

• What are three ways that carbon atoms can be arranged in hydrocarbon molecules?

9-2 Substituted Hydrocarbons

• A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an atom or group of atoms is a _____________ hydrocarbon.

• The substituted atom or group of atoms is called a__________ group because it determines the ____________ of the compound.

• ________, organic______, organic_____, and esters are substituted hydrocarbons.

Alcohols• Methanol, ______ is used as a fuel in

some motorcycles. • Ethanol, __________, is often mixed with

gasoline to help the gasoline burn more completely.

• Ethanol and methanol are__________• The functional group in an alcohol is a

hydroxyl group, ________Drawing:

Organic Acids• The functional group in organic

acids is a _________group, -_______• Organic acids tend to have

___________ and___________.Drawing:

Organic Bases• _________ are organic bases.• The functional group in an amine

is an ______ group -_________• Aminos are found in _______,______,

and__________.

Esters• _________ form when organic______ react

with ________.• The second product of the reaction is

_________.• Easter are used in many processed

foods to produce__________ such as strawberry, banana, and grape.

Drawing

Complete the following Questions

1. What functional groups are found in alcohols, organic acids, and organic bases?

2. Which types of compounds can react to produce esters?

3. What are two properties of organic acids?

9-3 Polymers• A __________ is a large molecule that

forms when many smaller molecules are linked together by covalent bonds.

• The smaller molecules that join together to form a polymer are __________.

• Poly- means “______”• Mono – means “______”

Polymers• Polymers can be classified as ________

polymers or __________ polymers.• Many important types of ___________

molecules are natural polymers.• ____________ polymers are developed by

chemists in research laboratories and manufactured in factories

Synthetic Polymers• ________, _______, and__________

are three examples of compounds that can be___________.

Rubber• The supply of ___________rubber is

limited.• Chemists produce synthetic rubber

using hydrocarbons from__________• ________will resist wear and be less

likely to leak if they are made of synthetic rubber.

Nylon• _______fibers are very strong,

durable, and shiny.• Nylon is used in ________,

__________, _________,_______, and ________.

Polyethylene• Plastic milk bottles and plastic wrap

are made of ____________.• The number of carbon atoms in a

polyethylene chain affects the___________of the polymer.

• The more carbon atoms in the chain, the _________ the polymer is.

Review Questions1. Describe the two ways that

polymers can be classified.

2. Name the three synthetic polymers

9-3 ContinuedNatural Polymers

• Four types of polymers produced in plant and animal cells are :

1. _______________2. _______________3. _______________4. _______________

Starches• Typically, a _________ contains hundreds

of glucose monomers.• Plants store starches for _______ and to

build stems, _________ and roots.• Simple sugars, slightly more complex

sugars such as _______, and polymers built from sugar monomers are all classified as ____________.

Cellulose• The ______________ cellulose is the

main component of cotton and wood.

• _____________gives strength to plant stems and tree trunks

Nucleic Acids• ______________ are large nitrogen-

containing polymers found mainly in the nuclei of cells.

• There are two types of nucleic acids, ________ and ________

• The monomers in a nucleic acid are ______________.

Protein• A ___________ is a polymer in which at least

100 ______________ monomers are linked through bonds between an amino group and a carboxyl group.

• An _____________ is a compound that contains both ___________and_________functional groups in the same molecule.

• Proteins make up the fibers of your__________, your hair and ______________, and the hemoglobin in your blood.

Review Question• What are four types of polymers

that can be found in the cells of organisms.

• What two functional groups are found in amino acids?

Distinguishing Sugars from Starches Activity

• Materials• 1 slice of potato• Ripe apple• Bread• Cornstarch• Table sugar• Iodine solution

Observations

Analyze and Conclude1. How can an iodine solution be used to

distinguish a sugar from a starch?

2. Which of the food samples contain starch?

3. What other foods would turn dark when tested with iodine solution?