Chapter 9

Section 1- Byzantine Empire

Constantinople • Who: Romans & Byzantines, Constantine• What: capital city of the Byzantine Empire • Where: in between Black & Mediterranean Seas & Asia /

Europe; Byzantine Empire• When: 330-1453• Why: the city had an excellent harbor, was guarded on 3

sides by water; Emperors built an elaborate system of walls to protect the city; was the center of key trade routes that linked Asia & Europe; was the connecting point of 2 main seas & 2 continents = everyone wanted it = war

Constantinople

• Who: Romans, Byzantines, Constantine• What: capital of the Byzantine Empire• Where: In b/n Black & Med seas; in b/n Asia & Europe;

Byzantine Empire, ME • When: 330-1453• Why: Constantine named the capital of the Byzantine

Empire after himself; vital center of the Byzantine Empire; heavily fortified city; key trading & business center- linked trade routes from Asia to Europe; reminder of Roman heritage

Justinian (6th)

• Who: Byzantine Emperor• What: leader that wanted to revive ancient Rome

by recovering lands that had been lost • Where: Byzantine Empire • When: 527-565• Why: was unsuccessful in recovering land; after the

riots he rebuilt the Empire & his great triumph was the Hagia Sophia; reformed the law (Justinian’s Code); ruled as an autocrat w. complete control

Justinian• Who: Emperor of Byzantine Empire• What: was determined to revive Ancient Rome by recovering

land that was taken by Germanic invaders when Rome fell • Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire• When: 527-565• Why: The Byzantine reached its peak in power under his

reign; he lost the land he attempted to gain back; his great triumph was rebuilding Hagia Sophia; reformed the law (Justinian’s code); ruled as an autocrat; ruled the church- Christ’s co-ruler on earth; his wife Theodora helped him rule

• 313- Constantine made Christianity the legal religion & rebuilt Constantinople

• 527- Justinian becomes ruler of the Byzantine Empire • 532- riots & fires swept Constantinople making Justinian want

to rebuild• 600s-700s Arab armies gained control of the Western World• 700s- Byzantine emperor outlawed the

veneration/worshipping of icons• 1054*- controversies led to the Great Schism/split of the

Christian church into 2: Greek Orthodox & Catholic• 1090- Byzantine Emperor called for help from the West to

fight off the Seljuk Turks who were invading• 1100s- Justinian’s Code had reached Europe; the Byzantine

Empire flourished • 1453*- the Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople, took over,

& est. the Ottoman Empire; the Byz. Emp was no more

• 313- Constantine makes Christianity the official religion of Byz Emp

• 527- 565 : the peak of the Byzantine Empire under the rule of Justinian

• 600-700: Arab armies gradually gained control of the Mediterranean

• 700s- Byzantine emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons

• 1054*- controversies led to the Great Schism/split of the Christian church into 2: Greek Orthodox & Catholic

• 1090- Byzantine Emperor called for help from the West to fight off the Seljuk Turks who were invading

• 1100s- Justinian’s Code had reached Europe; the Byzantine Empire flourished

• 1453*- the Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople, took over, & est. the Ottoman Empire; the Byz. Emp was no more

Justinian’s Code (6th) • Who: Byzantines, Justinian• What: a collection of laws, Corpus Juris Civilis

“Body of Civil Law”, that included laws passed by Roman assemblies or Emperors, and legal writings of Roman judges; law code of Byzantine Empire

• Where: Eastern Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire• When: 500s-1100s• Why:

Justinian’s code• Who: Romans, Byzantines, Justinian• What: a massive collection that included laws by Roman

assemblies & legal writings of Roman judges; Body of Civil Law for the Byzantine Empire

• Where: Byzantine Empire; Eastern Roman Empire• When: 500s- 1100s• Why: this law code impacted WE in that they modeled their

laws on this & it helped to strengthen & centralize their power; led to legal thinkers creating international law; Justinian used this to unify his power under one central power

Autocrat

• Who: Justinian• What: a sole ruler with complete authority• WherE: Byzantine Empire• When: 500s- 1100s• Why: Justinian used the law to unify the

Empire under his control; ruler of both political & religious spheres

Autocrat (6th)

• Who: Justinian• What: Sole ruler w. complete authority• Where: Byzantine Empire• When: 500s-1100s• Why: combined both political power &

spiritual authority; had control of the church as well as the gov’t

Theodora

• Who: Justinian’s wife• What: she was an advisor & co-ruler to the

emperor Justinian• Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire• When: 497-548• Why: she constantly challenged the Emperor’s

authority to pursue her own authority- she convinced him to stay in Constantinople when it was under siege; very good politician

Theodora (6th)

• Who: Justinian’s wife • What: advised her husband & pursued her own

policies; was a shrewd politician• Where: Byzantine Empire• When: 497-548• Why: she helped her husband become a better

ruler; she forced Justinian to stay in Constantinople during the riots of 532- he then rebuilt into a great empire after

Patriarch

• Who: Emperor & Church official• What: pious church official in the Byzantine

Empire; leader of the Eastern Orthodox church • Where: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire• When: 330-1453• Why: Different from WE’s Catholic church- could

marry & didn’t have complete control like the Pope; he controlled church affairs & was the highest church official

Patriarch (6th) • Who: Byzantine Emperor & ruler of the Eastern Orthodox

church• WhaT: highest church official of the Eastern Orthodox church

in Constantinople• Where: Byzantine Empire• When: 330-1613• Why: the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire would appoint a

leader right under him that would help the Emperor make decisions about the church; this leader was similar to the Catholic Pope in the West except he could marry & didn’t have complete control

Icons• Who: Byzantine Christians & Emperor• What: holy images• Where: Eastern Europe & Byzantine Empire• When: 330-1613• Why: many Byzantine Christians used these images of Jesus,

Mary & the saints in their worship; in the 700s a Byzantine Emperor outlawed the use of these icons b.c. it violated God’s commandment agnst worshipping; this was one of the main reasons for the Great Schism b.n Catholic & Orthodox Christianity- Catholics were ok, Orthodox said no

Icons (6th)

• Who: Christians• What: a dispute over holy images contributed to the

Great Schism / split• Where: Byzantine Empire• When: 700-1000s • Why: many Byzantine Christians worshipped holy

images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints; the Byzantine Emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons b.c. it violated God’s command against worshipping = one of the main disputes of the Great Schism

Icons (7th)

• Who: Byzantine Christians• What: holy images portraying Jesus, Mary, & saints • Where: Byzantine Empire• When: 700s- 1000s• Why: Christians used these in church to show their

religious devotion; Byzantine Emperor outlawed the veneration/worshipping of icons b.c. it violated God’s command against worshipping = one of the main disputes of the Great Schism

Great Schism

• Who: Eastern & Western Roman Christians• What: a split b.n the Eastern & Western churches

into 2 different Christian churches• WherE: Byzantine Empire & Western Europe• When: 1054*• Why: controversies b.n the 2 empires led to a split

in the churches & the way they worshipped- Roman Catholic (West) & Greek Orthodox (East) ; they became rival Christian churches instead of branches

Great Schism (6th)• Who: Christians• What: a controversy over certain characteristics in the

church led to the split/schism of the Christian( Catholic) church into 2 parts

• Where: Western Europe (West) & Byzantine Empire (East) • When: 1054*• Why: this split led to 2 diff Christian churches- Roman

Catholic (West) & Greek Orthodox (East); controversy over things like use of icons, priests marrying, & what language to use

Great Schism (7th) • Who: Byzantine Christians & Western Christians• What: a religious split where the Byz Emp (East) &

West. Europe (West) split into 2 types of Christianity

• Where: Byzantine Empire & Western Europe• When: 1054*• Why: this split was over controversies in the

church such as the use of icons, marriage of priests, & what language to use; it led to 2 diff churches: Byzantine (East)- Greek Orthodox & West Europe- Roman Catholic

Quiz

• 1. Identify Justinian’s code. • 2. Give an effect of Justinian. • 3. Who was Theodora?• 4. Identify the Great Schism. • 5. What 2 religions came about

from #4?

Russia

Section 2

Steppe

• Who: Nomadic peoples, peoples from Russia• What: an open, treeless grassland • Where: Russia• When: 500s-600s• Why: it offered splendid pasture for the herds &

horses of nomadic peoples; nomads traveled on this land & it provided easy land to migrate from one place to another; they were able to travel from Russia to Byzantine to WE

Steppe

• Who: Asians, Europeans, & nomadic peoples• What: open grassland b/n Asia & Europe• Where: Asia to Europe• When: 330-1613• Why: offered splendid pasture for the herds &

horses of the nomadic ppls; nomads traveled on this land & it provided easy land to migrate from one place to another; they were able to travel from Russia to Byzantine to WE

Kiev (3rd)

• Who: Slavic peoples, Vikings, & Russians • What: the capital of present-day Ukraine, center of the

first Russian state• Where: Ukraine, Eastern Europe• When: 500s- today• Why: this city’s culture & growth were a result of the

mixing of the Vikings & Slavs; Vladimir made Orthodox Christianity the official religion= Russia adopted aspects of Byz culture; Kiev gained strength under Vladimir- the Russian ruler controlled the church too

Kiev

• Who: Russians, Slavic peoples• What: capital of present-day Ukraine, was the

center of the 1st Russian state• Where: Russia• When: 500s-600s• Why: Slavic peoples lived here in 700s/800s;

Vikings were here & mixed w. Slavic peoples; they conducted trade w. Constantinople

Kiev (7th)

• Who: Russians• What: capital of the present day Ukraine, the center

of the 1st Russian state• Where: Russia• When: 500s-1613• Why: its culture & growth were the result of a mixing

of the Vikings & the Slavs; Vladimir made Orthodox Christianity the official religion= Russia adopted aspects of Byz culture; Kiev gained strength under Vladimir- the Russian ruler controlled the church too

Cyrillic (3rd)

• Who: 2 Greek brothers, Russians, Ukranians, Bulgarians• What: an alphabet that became written script still used

in Russia & E. Europe today• Where: Russia, E. Europe• When: 863• Why: the Byzantine Empire sent missionaries to convert

Slavs in Russia in the 800s, 2 Greek brothers adapted the Greek alphabet into this so they could translate the bible into Slavic tongues in order to convert the ppls of Russia & EE

Cyrillic (7th)

• Who: 2 Greek brothers, Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians

• What: an alphabet that was adapted from the Greek alphabet

• Where: From the Byz Emp; to Russia, EE• When: 863• Why: this allowed the Byzantine Greeks to translate

their bible into Slavic language so they could convert the ppls of Russia & EE to Orthodox Christianity= Russia became Russian Orthodox Christian

Golden Horde (3rd)• Who: Batu, Grandson of Genghis Khan• What: Mongol armies that looted & burned Kiev & other

Russian towns, fierce conquerors that control Russia for 150 years

• Where: Russia• When: 1236-1241• Why: because they burnt Russian towns many ppl were

killed, Golden Horde ruled Russia for more than 150 years; areas suffered destructive raids from the Mongols; Russian princes had to acknowledge Mongols as the rulers & pay tribute; they tolerated the Russian Orthodox Church; their rule served as an ex. To later Russian rulers

Ivan the Great (6th)

• Who: Russian War hero, Russian prince, Ivan III• What: brought most of Northern Russia under his

rule & reconquered land from the Mongols• Where: Northern Russia• When: 1462-1505• Why: he built the framework for absolute rule; he

tried to limit the power of the Boyars(nobles); he adopted Byzantine customs to show their influence on Russia; he created the title Tsar

Ivan the Great

• Who: Ivan III, Russian prince • What: he brought much of Northern Russia

under his rule• Where: Russia• When: 1462-1505• Why: recovered Russian territory that had

fallen into the hands of others

Tsar (3rd)

• Who: Ivan III, Ivan the Great• What: the Russian name for Caesar, title of

Russia’s leader• Where: Russia• When: 1504-1917• Why: the Tsar was like the highest God, leader of

all of Russia; Ivan the Great created this title which remained until the end of absolute rule in Russia

Tsar (6th)

• Who: Russian ruler• What: Russian word for Caesar, absolute ruler

of Russia• Where: Russia• When: 1500s • Why: Ivan the Great created this title to

symbolize his absolute power, this title remained the name of Russia’s leader until 1917

Tsar (7th)

• Who: Ivan III (the Great) • What: Russian word for Caesar, title of Russia’s

leader• Where: Russia• When: 1504- 1917• Why: Ivan III (the Great) created this title; title

of Russia’s absolute leader; Ivan IV was the first official Tsar

Ivan the Terrible (6th) • Who: the first Russian ruler officially crowned tsar, Ivan the

Great’s grandson, Ivan IV• What: ruler of Russia that centralized royal power by

limiting Boyars, granted land in exchange for military service

• Where: Russia• When: 1530-1584• Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land;

unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible; introduced Russia to extreme absolutism

Ivan the Terrible (7th)

• Who: Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia• What: introduced Russia to extreme absolute

power; abused his power as Tsar = called Ivan the Terrible

• Where: Russia• When: 1530-1584• Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the

land; unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible

Ivan the Terrible (3rd)

• Who: Ivan IV, Ivan the Great’s grandson• What: he abused his powers as the Tsar of Russia = Ivan

the Terrible• Where: Russia• When: 1541-1584• Why: introduced new laws that tied serfs to the land;

unstable ruler that trusted no one & very violent= slaughtered many ppl (including his son) = he was called Ivan the Terrible; introduced Russia to extreme absolutism; after his rule Russia was left seeping w. rebellion

• 500/600- the Slavic ppls spread east into Russia & south to BE

• 700s-900s- Vikings arrive• 862- Russians claim their country started here

when a prince called “the Rus” started controlling Novgorod, Russia

• 863- 2 Greek brothers created Cyrillic so they could translate bible into slvaic tongue to convert Russians to Christianity

Timeline (workbook)• 500s/600s- Slavic ppls spread east into Russia & South into

Byzantine Empire• 862- Russia dated it’s origins of their country when Prince

“the Rus” began his rule in Novgorod, Russia• 800s- Constantine sent Christian missionaries to convert

the Slavs• 863- 2 Greek brothers invented Cyrillic to convert the Slavs

of Russia• 957- Pricess Olga (ruler in Russia) converted to Christianity• 1200s- young leader (Genghis Khan) united nomadic

warriors in Central Asia to start conquering land• 1236-1241- Batu (Mongol) led army into Russia, took over,

& started Golden Horde (Mongol rule of Russia)

Timeline (contd)

• 1500- Ivan III (the Great) recovers Russian lands from the Golden horde (the Mongols)

• 1547- Ivan IV becomes first Russian ruler officially crowned Tsar

• 1560- Ivan IV became increasingly unstable• 1584- Ivan the IV (Terrible) dies leaving his

lands seething w. rebellion

Eastern Europe

Section 3

Balkan Peninsula

• Who: E. Europeans• What: rough triangular arm of land that goes

south into Mediterranean Sea• Where: E. Europe & Slavic nations & Russia• When: 330-1613• Why: this wide piece of land lies between central

Europe to the West; this links W. Europe & Russia; important trade routes came into Europe through here = this region having a large Byz influence

Balkan Peninsula (6)

• Who: Slavs, E. Europeans• What: a triangular arm of land surrounded by the

Mediterranean Sea• Where: E. Europe/Southern Russia/Mediterranean

Sea• When: 330-1613• Why: this land was in between E. & W. Europe &

Russia- it allowed for good trade in the region which led to many cultural influences in the Balkans

Balkan Peninsula (7)

• Who: Eastern Europeans• What: roughly triangular piece of land • Where: E. Europe, southern Russia in the

Mediterranean Sea• When: 330-present• Why: the Danube & Vistula rivers travel through

this region = trade from We. Europe/ Byzantine Empire/ Russia flourishes = allows for trade b.n cultures

Ethnic group

• Who: the Czech & Slavic ppls• What: a group of people that share the same

language & culture heritage• Where: E. Europe, Balkans• When: 330-1613• Why: groups of people that were part of the

same ethnic group had more in common & this led them to forming cultural identities of their group of ppl; various groups migrate to E. Europe making E. Europe diverse

Ethnic group (6)

• Who: Slavs & E. Europeans• What: a group of ppl that share the same language &

culture heritage• Where: the Balkans, E. Europe• When: 330-1613• Why: groups of people that were part of the same

ethnic group had more in common & this led them to forming cultural identities for their group of ppl; various groups migrated to E. Europe making E. Europe diverse (numerous ethnic grps in 1 area)

Ethnic Group (7)

• Who: E. Europeans, Slavs• What: a group of people that share the same language

& cultural heritage• Where: E. Europe & South Russia• When: 330-1613• Why: : groups of people that were part of the same

ethnic group had more in common & this led them to forming cultural identities for their group of ppl; various groups migrated to E. Europe making E. Europe diverse (numerous ethnic grps in 1 area)

Bubbles on the wkbook:• Northern regions bordering Germany &the Baltic Sea forged

close links to W. Europe• Rivers & trade in the Balkans• Ease of migration = ppl seeking new homes• Slavs migrate throughout E. Europe = diverse• Asian peoples migrated to E. Europe (Huns, Avars, Bulgars,

Magyars)• Vikings & Germanic ppls migrated to E. Europe• Byzantine culture & religion (Orthodox) spread into E. Europe• Jews had been persecuted & kicked out of W. Europe = E.

Europe became refuge

Bubbles on Workbook (6)• A wide area of land that has many Slavs in Russia to the East &

German ppl to the West• The Slavs spread all over E. Europe- W. Slavs (Poland), S. Slavs

(Balkans)• Asians migrated into E. Europe- Huns, Magyars, Bulgars, Chazars,

Avars• Byzantine Missionaries spread into E. Europe to spread their

Orthodox religion • Jews migrated from W. Europe to E. Europe as refuge from

persecution • Rivers & trade in the Balkans• Ease of migration = ppl seeking new homes

Bubbles on workbook (7th) • Migrations of peoples into E. Europe• Foreign conquest- the Ottomans took over much of E. Europe• Wars among different peoples• E. Europe served as a midway point for Russians (East)

Germans (West)= many types of ppl = diverse• Goods from other cultures were traded along the rivers =

shared goods/culture • Different religions formed (Catholic & Greek Orthodox)• Asians migrated into E. Europe (Huns, Magyars, Agars,

Khazars)• Vikings & Germanic ppls migrated in• Persecuted Jews from W. Europe escaped here for refuge

Golden Bull of 1222

• Who: Hungarian king• What: a charter that recognized nobles’ right• Where: Hungary• When: 1222• Why: strictly limited royal power & recognized

nobles’ rights; the Mongols end up overthrowing Hungary in 1241 so this charter didn’t last long

Golden Bull of 1222 (6)

• Who: Hungarian king• What: a charter that recognized nobles’ rights &

strictly limited royal power• Where: Hungary• When: 1222• Why: the charter limited Hungarian king’s power=

weakened him = the Mongols took over in 1241 killed half the population but the invasion didn’t last long; similar to Magna Carta

Golden Bull 1222 (7th)

• Who: Hungarian king• What: a charter that strictly limited royal power

by giving more power to the nobles• Where: Hungary• When: 1222• Why: this charter limited the king’s power = he

was weak = Mongols came in and took over = Mongol rule didn’t last long; similar to Magna Carta

Poland (wksht)-6th

• Missionaries brought Catholicism to Slavs in Poland (900s)

• 910- first Polish king was crowned• 1386- Poland’s greatest age (height of power) • 1683- Polish king broke the Ottoman Siege of

Vienna (defeated the Ottomans)• 1783- Poland was taken over by invaders

Important events in E. Europe (wkbook)

• Poland:• Missionaries brought Roman Catholicism in 900s• The 1st Polish king was crowned by 1000• Poland-Lithuania was the greatest age of Poland• Political power gradually shifted from monarch to

nobles• The Polish king broke the Ottoman Siege of Vienna

Hungary (wkbook)

• The Magyars from Asian steppes settled in Hungary

• They adopted Catholicism• Hungarian king was forced to sign Golden Bull of

1222 giving nobles more power• The Mongols overran Hungary in 1241 killing half

the population• The Ottoman Turks eventually invaded & took

over

Hungary:

• The Golden Bull was signed 1222• 1241 Mongols overran Hungary• Mongols were then run out of Hungary• 1526 Ottoman Turks expanded into Hungary &

took over• Hungarian independence ended

• The Magyars settled in Hungary• The king was forced to sign the Golden Bull

1222• Mongols overran Hungary 1241• Mongols left Hungary• The Ottoman Turks invaded, took over, &

ended Hungarian independence

Serbia (wkbook)

• Serb leaders recognized the Ottoman Empire as in charge

• By 800s most Serbs had accepted Orthodox Christianity as their religion

• By 1100s the Serbs had set up their own country• At the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 Serbs fought

against the Ottomans but lost- the Ottoman Empire had taken over