lcome to the world of urnalism, where porters have been gging dirt, raking muck, king headlines and adlines for centuries w. It’s a history full of bloid trash, of slimy nsationalists, of runkards, deadbeats and mmers” (as a Harvard iversity president once scribed reporters). But it’s a history full of roes, too: men and men risking their lives tell stories of war and agedy, risking prisonment to defend ee speech. And as you n see here, reports have come beloved characters p culture, too, turning up movies, comics and TV ows as if guided by an cult hand.

Every culture seeks effective ways to spread new information and gossip. In ancient times, news was written on clay tablets. In Caesar’s age, Romans read newsletters compiled by correspondents and handwritten by slaves. Wandering minstrels spread news (and the plague) in the Middle Ages. Them came ink on paper. Voices on airwaves. Newsreels, Web sites, And 24-hour cable news networks. Thus when scholars analyze the rich history of journalism, some view it in terms of technological progress—for example, the dramatic impact of bigger, faster printing presses. Others see journalism as a specialized form literary expression, one that’s

constantly evolving, reflecting and shaping its culture. Others see it as an inspiring quest for free speech, an endless power struggle between Authority (trying to control information) and the People (trying to learn the truth). Which brings to mind the words of A.J. Liefling: “Freedom of the press is guaranteed only to htose who own one.” In the pages ahead, we’ll take a quick tour of 600 years of journalism history, from hieroglyphics to hypertext: the media, the message and the politics. Technical advances and brilliant ideas forged a new style of journalism. It was a century of change, and newspapers changed

dramatically. The typi newspaper of 1800 wa undisciplined mishma legislative proceedinglong-winded essays a secondhand gossip. B1900, a new breed of tor had emerged. Jourhad become big busin Reporting was becom disciplined craft. And newspapers were becmore entertaining and essential than ever, wmost of the features w expect today: Snappy headlines, Ads, Comic Sports pages. And an “inverted pyramid” sty writing that made stori tighter and newsier. Radio and television brought an end to newspapers’ media monopoly. Why? Well yourself: Which did yo

Broadcast journalism

Inside ReportingTim Harrower

9

Broadcast journalism• Broadcast news• Writing for broadcast• Radio news reporting• Television news reporting

Broadcast news

Print journalism offers depth, context and information.

Broadcast journalism –emotional appeal, realism, and immediacy.News as entertainment.

TV, radio journalism neither better nor worse than print journalism

Broadcast news

News director serves as one-person newsroom.Report local stories.Rework wire copy.Read news on the air.

If reporters, assignments often vary.

How a radio broadcast news story comes together

Broadcast news

Start day with news meeting to collect assignments.

Assignments vary.Stand-ups often done live.Must fit to the precise second in

broadcast.

How a TV broadcast news story comes together

Broadcast newsAll the news that fits – and that’s really not much

• 70% of stories last less than one minute.

• 75% of stories are local.

• Crime stories appear most often.

• Most stories of controversies give one point of view.

Writing for broadcast

Use friendlier, conversational tone.

Keep it short. Simple. And easy to follow.

Don’t use inverted-pyramid form.

Stories require different styles

• Use present tense as often as possible.

• Contractions are acceptable.

• Treat attributions and quotes differently.

Writing for broadcast

Add phonetic pronunciation.

Use punctuation to help – not hinder –delivery.

In different media…

• Avoid abbreviations and symbols.

• Round off numbers and spell them out.

Radio news reporting

Write to your bites.Read stories aloud.Record natural sound.Paint word pictures.

Radio may be most challenging

Best radio reporting• Conversational, yet concise.

• Friendly,yet authoritative.

• Snappy,yet eloquent.

Radio news reporting

Record yourself.Adjust your delivery.Most common problems

can be avoided.

It takes practice to sound like a pro Study the

pros. Practice.

• Voicer – news story that does not use actualities.

• Lead-in – words that introduce an element in the story.

• Live – not prerecorded.

Radio news reporting

Anchor – person hosting newscast.

Actuality – sound bite.Natural sound – ambient

sound.Script – written version of

story.

Common radio news terms & jargon

• Tag – closing line; also called sign-off, sig-out, lockout, standard outcue.

• Talent – reporters, anchors, disc jockeys.

• Tease – brief headline or promo for coming story.

Radio news reporting

Wrap – story begins and ends with reporter.

Intro – the lead to a reporter’s wrap.

In-cue – first words of a cut or wrap.

Out-cue –final words of a cut or wrap.

Common radio news terms & jargon

Television news reporting

Collaborate.Write to the video.Don’t overload with

facts.

TV journalism’s unique approach

• Engage viewers’ emotions.

• Look professional.

• Talk into camera and depend on video.

Television news reporting

Find location.Maintain eye

contact.Rephrase and re-ask

questions.

TV journalism’s unique approachInterviewing tips

• Watch for good sound bites.

• Avoid “stepping on” sound bites.

• Shoot cutaways.

Television news reporting

• B-roll – video images shot at news scene (also called cover).

• Stand-up – shot of reporter at news scene.

• Package – story prepared by reporter.

Common TV news terms & jargon

• Audio – sound heard on TV.

• Video – images seen on TV.

• Sound bite – recorded comment.

• Track – audio recording of reporter.

• Toss – what’s said as one reporter hands off to another.

• On cam – on-camera.

• VO – voice-over.• SOT – sound on tape.

Television news reporting

• Anchor intro –introduction to piece read by anchor (also called lead-in).

• Bridge – stand-up that moves story from one angle to another.

Common TV news terms & jargon

Television news reporting

• Rundown – order stories will appear.

• Prompter – device that projects script for anchor to read.

Common TV news terms & jargon

• Talking head – person being interviewed.

lcome to the world of urnalism, where porters have been gging dirt, raking muck, king headlines and adlines for centuries w. It’s a history full of bloid trash, of slimy nsationalists, of runkards, deadbeats and mmers” (as a Harvard iversity president once scribed reporters). But it’s a history full of roes, too: men and men risking their lives tell stories of war and agedy, risking prisonment to defend ee speech. And as you n see here, reports have come beloved characters p culture, too, turning up movies, comics and TV ows as if guided by an cult hand.

Every culture seeks effective ways to spread new information and gossip. In ancient times, news was written on clay tablets. In Caesar’s age, Romans read newsletters compiled by correspondents and handwritten by slaves. Wandering minstrels spread news (and the plague) in the Middle Ages. Them came ink on paper. Voices on airwaves. Newsreels, Web sites, And 24-hour cable news networks. Thus when scholars analyze the rich history of journalism, some view it in terms of technological progress—for example, the dramatic impact of bigger, faster printing presses. Others see journalism as a specialized form literary expression, one that’s

constantly evolving, reflecting and shaping its culture. Others see it as an inspiring quest for free speech, an endless power struggle between Authority (trying to control information) and the People (trying to learn the truth). Which brings to mind the words of A.J. Liefling: “Freedom of the press is guaranteed only to htose who own one.” In the pages ahead, we’ll take a quick tour of 600 years of journalism history, from hieroglyphics to hypertext: the media, the message and the politics. Technical advances and brilliant ideas forged a new style of journalism. It was a century of change, and newspapers changed

dramatically. The typi newspaper of 1800 wa undisciplined mishma legislative proceedinglong-winded essays a secondhand gossip. B1900, a new breed of tor had emerged. Jourhad become big busin Reporting was becom disciplined craft. And newspapers were becmore entertaining and essential than ever, wmost of the features w expect today: Snappy headlines, Ads, Comic Sports pages. And an “inverted pyramid” sty writing that made stori tighter and newsier. Radio and television brought an end to newspapers’ media monopoly. Why? Well yourself: Which did yo

Broadcast journalism

Inside ReportingTim Harrower

9