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Transcript of Chapter 9
Chapter NinePrejudice: Disliking OthersCarol SaccaggiPsych 2C – Social Psychology22-23 April 2013
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What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice? Defining Prejudice
Preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members
Prejudice is an attitude (a combination of feelings, inclinations to act and beliefs) Supported by stereotypes
Beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people
Although stereotypes can be positive and true, they also result in overgeneralization
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What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice? Defining Prejudice
Discrimination Unjustified negative behaviour toward a
group or its members Racism
Prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviour toward people of a given race
Sexism Prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory
behaviour toward people of a given sex
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What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice? Prejudice: Implicit and Explicit
Dual attitude system Explicit
Conscious Implicit
Automatic
Our actions don’t alwaysmatch our beliefs/attitudes
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What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?
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Racial Prejudice Is racial prejudice disappearing?
South Africa:
Study published in 2003 by Smith et al. compared young adults’ racial attitudes in 1995 and 1999. Some findings:• Small increase in tolerance, but not significant• English speaking whites less tolerant of racial
differences than Black and Coloured participants• White individuals’ levels of tolerance increased
more than those of Black individuals
What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice? Racial Prejudice
Subtle forms of prejudicePrejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviour have gone into “hiding”
Labor market discrimination Patronization
Avoiding criticisms Overpraising accomplishments
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What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice? Racial Prejudice
Automatic prejudice Involves primitive regions of the brain
(amygdala) are associated with fear Critics note that unconscious associations
may only indicate cultural assumptions, perhaps without prejudice
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What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice? Gender Prejudice
Gender stereotypes Strong gender stereotypes exist Members of the stereotyped group accept
the stereotypes Most believe that men and women are
different yet equal
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What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice? Gender Prejudice
Sexism: Benevolent and Hostile Attitudes toward women have changed rapidly Most see women as understanding, kind, and
helpful (“women-are-wonderful effect”) Gender Discrimination
Disappearing in democratic Western countries, but lives on in subtle forms
Non-Western countries gender bias is still strong
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Sources of PrejudiceSocial
Sources•Social inequalities•Socialization•Institutional support
Motivational sources
•Frustration and aggression (scapegoat theory)•Social Identity Theory (Feeling superior)•Motivation to avoid prejudice
Cognitive sources
•Categorization•Distinctiveness•Attribution (just world hypothesis)
What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice? Social Inequalities: Unequal Status and
Prejudice Unequal status breeds prejudice (they are poor
because they are not as good as I am) Social dominance orientation
Motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups
Being in a dominant high-status position tends to promote this orientation and justification
People high in social dominance tend to embrace prejudice
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What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice? Socialization
Authoritarian personality Personality that is disposed to favor
obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status Ethnocentricity
Believing in the superiority of one’s own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups
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What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice? Socialization
Religion and Prejudice In almost every country, leaders invoke religion to
sanctify the present order Use of religion to support injustice helps explain a
pair of findings concerning North American Christianity Church members express more racial prejudice than
nonmembers Those professing traditional or fundamentalist Christian
beliefs express more prejudice than those professing more progressive beliefs
Remember that this is correlational, not causal
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What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice? Socialization
Conformity If prejudice is socially accepted, many
people will follow the path of least resistance and conform to the fashion
If prejudice is not deeply ingrained in personality, then as fashions change and new norms evolve, prejudice can diminish
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What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice? Institutional Supports
Government Schools Magazines and newspapers
Face-ism Films and television
2012 BigMovies:
• Skyfall• The Dark
Knight Rises• The Hobbit• The Twilight
Saga
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The Bechdel Test for Movies:
1) Two or more female characters (with names)
2) Talking to each other
3) About something other than a man
What Are the Motivational Sources of Prejudice? Frustration and Aggression: The
Scapegoat Theory Displaced aggression
Hate crimes Realistic group conflict theory
Prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
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What Are the Motivational Sources of Prejudice? Social Identity Theory: Feeling Superior
to Others The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the
part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships We categorize We identify (ingroup) We compare (outgroup)
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What Are the Motivational Sources of Prejudice? Social Identity Theory: Feeling Superior
to Others Ingroup bias
Tendency to favor one’s own group Because of our social identifications, we
conform to our group norms When our group succeeds, we feel better by
identifying strongly with it
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What Are the Motivational Sources of Prejudice? Social Identity Theory: Feeling Superior
to Others Need for status, self-regard, and
belonging High status can only exist if someone else
has low status Terror management
People’s self-protective emotional and cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of their mortality
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What Are the Motivational Sources of Prejudice? Motivation to Avoid Prejudice
Motivation to avoid prejudice can lead people to modify their thoughts and actions Self-conscious people will feel guilt and try
to inhibit their prejudicial response
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What Are the Cognitive Sources of Prejudice? Categorization: Classifying People into
Groups Spontaneous categorization
Social identity theory implies that those who feel their social identity keenly will concern themselves with correctly categorizing people as us or them
Necessary for prejudice
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What Are the Cognitive Sources of Prejudice? Categorization: Classifying People into
Groups Perceived Similarities and Differences
Outgroup homogeneity effect Perception of outgroup members as more
similar to one another than are ingroup members
Own-race bias Tendency for people to more accurately
recognize faces of their own race
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What Are the Cognitive Sources of Prejudice? Distinctiveness: Perceiving People Who
Stand Out Distinctive people
Feeds on self-consciousness Stigma consciousness
Person’s expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination
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What Are the Cognitive Sources of Prejudice? Distinctiveness: Perceiving People Who
Stand Out Vivid cases
Given limited experience with a particular social group, we recall examples of it and generalize Can prime the stereotype
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What Are the Cognitive Sources of Prejudice? Distinctiveness: Perceiving People Who
Stand Out Distinctive events
Stereotypes assume a correlation between group membership and individuals’ presumed characteristics
Attentiveness to unusual occurrences can create illusory correlations
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What Are the Cognitive Sources of Prejudice? Attribution: Is It a Just World?
Group-serving bias Explaining away outgroup members’
positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions
Just-world phenomenon Tendency of people to believe that the
world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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What Are the Consequences of Prejudice? Self-Perpetuating Stereotypes
Whenever a member of a group behaves as expected, we duly note the fact; our prior belief is confirmed
When a member of a group behaves inconsistently with our expectation, we may interpret or explain away the behavior as due to special circumstances
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What Are the Consequences of Prejudice? Self-Perpetuating Stereotypes
Subtyping Accommodating individuals who deviate
from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as “exceptions to the rule”
Subgrouping Accommodating individuals who deviate
from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group
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What Are the Consequences of Prejudice? Discrimination’s Impact: The Self-
Fulfilling Prophecy Social beliefs can be self-confirming Prejudice affects its targets
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What Are the Consequences of Prejudice?
Figure 9.10
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Stereotype Threat Disruptive concern,
when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
What Are the Consequences of Prejudice? Do Stereotypes Bias Judgment of
Individuals? Yes, but people often evaluate individuals
more positively than the groups they compose
Strong Stereotypes Matter Stereotypes Bias Interpretations
Affect how events are interpreted We evaluate people more extremely when
their behavior violates our stereotypes
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