CHAPTER 8 THE CONFEDERATION ERA Notes for 8.1 The Move West The West composed of all land west of the Appalachian Mountains After the Rev. War, the population in West grew from 2,000 to 100,000 people According to the Articles of Confederation, states deemed this land as public, belonging to the central government The West So who protects this public land? The government did not have money to send troops or purchase land from the Native Americans. The West To raise money, the central government sold large tracts of land to Land speculators (dealers) who would then sell them for profit Westerners did not like these land speculators Settlers in Tennessee and Kentucky threatened to leave the U.S. so Congress replied with two laws: Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance Land Ordinance of 1785 Land Ordinance of law that established a plan for dividing the federally owned lands west of Appalachian Mountains Land Ordinance of 1785 Land north of the Ohio River would be divided into townships 6 miles square Each township would again be divided into 36 sections each 1 mile square Money from the sales of this land had to go to establish a public school To attract land speculators, land cost $1 per acre and one had to buy an entire section 1 square mile = 640 acres Land speculators could divide the land into smaller rectangular tracts to sell for profit Northwest Ordinance Northwest Ordinance- law that described how the Northwest Territory was to be governed Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Land enclosed by the Ohio River, Great Lakes, and the Mississippi River were to be divided into 3 to 5 territories Population = 5,000 male citizens, they could set up a territorial government with elected legislatures Population = 60,000 can apply for statehood Outlawed slavery north of the Ohio River Northwest Ordinance of 1787 The Utmost Good Faith Clause Utmost Good Faith Clause of the Northwest Ordinance Article III. Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and, in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity, shall from time to time be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them. Continental Congress. "The Northwest Ordinance," July 13,1787. Northwest Ordinance Importance of Northwest Ordinance: Set foundation in how to organize a state Restricted slavery in that land Made provisions for public education Included Utmost good faith clause for dealing with the Native Americans in the Northwest Territory Problems with Britain and Spain Britain -Refused to evacuate military from forts south of the Great Lakes (wanted part of the fur trade) -Barred American-owned ships from British waters in the Caribbean. Spain-Put up barriers to American shipping in the Caribbean. -Refused to allow Americans to use the Mississippi River to deposit goods in New Orleans. -Spain and the Confederation Congress (U.S. national legislative body formed by the Articles of Confederation) argued over the boundary of Florida. Economic Problems and Shayss Rebellion PROBLEMWhich Led ToRESULT U.S. owed money for war debt. Congress did not have the power to levy (collect) taxes. Angry soldiers protest outside the State House, where Congress was meeting. Congressmen fled the city! States owed war debt, therefore they taxed the citizens. Shays Rebellion- uprising of Massachusetts farmers who demanded debt relief. Arsenal- a place where weapons are stored. The governments economic problems led to armed rebellion The Confederation Era The Rebellion caused the U.S. government to realize they needed more power to be effective. Government Under the Articles * Unicameral Legislature * One vote per state * 2/3 majority needed to pass legislation * Unanimous vote needed to amend Articles Weaknesses of the Articles * No national executive * No national court system * National government could not collect taxes * National government could not raise an army * National government could not regulate trade Problems under the Articles * Currency Problems: Many states printed their own money. The national currency, meanwhile, became almost worthless * Interstate Commerce: States placed tariffs on each other's goods. This, combined with currency problems, led to a sharp decline in intrastate commerce * Foreign Trade: Other countries placed tariffs and trade restrictions on US goods; the US was not able to reciprocate. The absence of a strong navy also left US merchant ships vulnerable to pirates. * Foreign Affairs: The inability of the national government to raise an army left the US vulnerable. For example, key provisions of the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Revolutionary War, were not enforced. As a result, the British continued to occupy forts in the Northwest territory -- landed that had technically been ceded to the US. Assignment Complete the vocabulary sheet Answer questions 2-4 on page 225 Title Chapter 8 sec.1 CREATING THE CONSTITUTION Chapter 8 Section 2 A Constitutional Convention is called 12 delegates from 5 states meet to create national trade Annapolis Call for national meeting in Philadelphia Afraid of rebellion, 12 states (except Rhode Island) send delegates (New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia) The Conventions Delegates 55 state delegates meet at Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia Delegates include George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and James Madison James Madison Noted as one of the ablest delegate In preparation for the convention- read more than 100 books on democracy ABSENT TJJAPH When Jefferson read the list of delegates, he wrote, It is really an assembly of demigods. The Delegates Assemble Delegates want to create government strong enough to maintain order But also want government that protects peoples rights. The Convention Begins George Washington elected president of the Constitutional Convention. Delegates do not want decisions influenced by political pressures To ensure this, they decide that discussions will remain secret The Virginia Plan The Virginia Plan divides government into 3 branches: - Legislature- makes the laws Legislature has two houses Representation is based on each states population or wealth -Executive- enforces the laws -Judiciary- interprets the laws THE VIRGINIA PLAN Larger states support the plan, smaller states oppose Smaller states are afraid larger states will control them FOR UNDERSTANDING The purpose of the Constitutional Convention was: 1)to divide up the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. 2) to resolve problems with the Articles of Confederation. 3) to declare independence from Great Britain 4) to set up a confederate governmental system. The Constitutional Convention was held in: 1) ) ) ) 1791 Who of the following was present at the Constitutional Convention? 1) Thomas Jefferson 2) John Adams 3) James Madison 4) Patrick Henry Who of the following was absent from the Constitutional Convention? 3) James Madison 4) Benjamin Franklin 1) George Washington 2) Patrick Henry ______ served as the president of the convention. 1) George Washington 2) Benjamin Franklin 3) James Madison 4) Edmond Randolph The ______, proposed a government with three branches. 1) Great Compromise 2) delegates from Philadelphia 3) Three-Fifths Compromise 4) Virginia Plan The three branches proposed by the Virginia Plan were: 1) an executive, a legislative, and a congressional. 2) an executive, a litigious, and a judiciary. 3) an elite, a legislative, and a judiciary. 4) an executive, a legislative, and a judiciary. New Jersey Plan New Jersey Plan is an alternative plan for U.S. government legislature has one house each state has one vote The large states favored the Virginia Plan The small states favored the New Jersey Plan A committee was selected to find a compromise Delegates pass the Great Compromise Each state is given equal votes in the senate: this satisfies the small states States population determines representation in House of Representatives: This satisfies the larger states The Great Compromise Delegates place few limits on Congresss power to regulate commerce Southerners succeed in banning Congress from taxing imports Native Americans are not foreign nations or part of separate states The Great Compromise The Legislative branch would have two houses. Both houses in the Legislature would assign representatives by state population or wealth. The Legislature would have one House. Each state would have one vote in the Legislature. The Legislature would have two houses. The Senate would give each state equal representation. The House of Representatives would have representation according to state population. Virginia PlanNew Jersey Plan Slavery And The Constitution Southern states want slaves counted for representation, not for taxes Northern states want slaves counted for taxes, not for representation To solve the dispute, delegates agree to the Three-Fifths Compromise 3/5 of slave population counts for direct taxes 3/5 of slave population counts for representation Delegates agree that slave trade cannot be banned until 1808 The Delegates agree on the Constitution On September 15, 1787 delegates approve the Constitution Constitution sent to the states for ratification FOR UNDERSTANDING The ______ proposed a legislature with two houses, the members of which were based on the population and wealth of each state. The ______ suggested a single house where each state had equal value. 1) Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan 2) Madison Plan, Randolph Plan 3) Carolina Plan, New York Plan 4) Monroe Plan, Jefferson Plan The ______ created a legislative branch with two houses, one based on the population of each state, and one that gave an equal voice to each state. 1) Virginia Plan 2) Federalist Papers 3) Great Compromise 4) New Jersey Plan For purposes of taxation and representation in the House of Representatives, the ______ counted slaves as partial citizens. 1) Three-Fifths Compromise 2) Missouri Compromise 3) Virginia Plan 4) Articles of Confederation Congress was granted the power to regulate, promote and tax______, make treaties, and be the sole coiner of money. 1) slaves 2) commerce 3) exports 4) incomes